语音、构词fa

1、语音、词法第一篇 语音知识1、 有关语音的概念 1. 字母：语言的书写形式。英语中的元音字母是a, e, i, o, u。 2. 音标：词的语音形式。 3. 音素：音的最小单位。英语中有48个音素。 4. 音节：由元音和辅音组成的发音单位。如stu·dy, tea·cher, un·der·stand。 5. 元音：发音响亮；气流从口腔或鼻腔出来时不受任何阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语 中有20个元音（长元音5个，短元音7个，双元音8个）。 6. 辅音：发音不响亮；气流从口腔或鼻腔出来时受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语 中有28个辅音。（清辅音11个

2、，浊辅音15个，半元音2个） 7. 开音节： 1）相对开音节：辅音+元音（r除外）+默音e。如cake, home。 2）绝对开音节：辅音+元音。如no, he。 8. 闭音节： 1）辅音+元音+辅音。如dad, sit, not, bus。 2）元音+辅音。如is, on, up。 9. 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。2、 48个音标：元音12个单元音长元音/i:/:/:/u:/:/短元音/u/e/ /æ/8个双元音/e/a/u/au/u/辅音10对轻辅音/p/ /t/k/f/s/t/ts/tr/浊辅音/b/d/g/v/z/ð/d/dz/dr/3个鼻音/m/n/3个

3、似拼音/h/r/l/2个半元音/w/ /j/三、相关音标词汇（摘自新概念一）/i:/bean, beef, believe, between, east, employee, green, meat, meet, cheap, cheese, clean, dream, easy, eat, feel, Greece, greet, immediately, keep, keep, key, lean, least, leave, meal, mean, measles, need, overseas, pea, me, peach, people, piece, please, see, s

4、eason, sleep, Sweden, sweep, sweet, tea, teacher, teeth, thief-thieves, tree, weekend, steal, steel发/i:/字母组合最常见的字母组合有ee, ea, ie, ey, 也有少部分e/ability, assistant, belong, biscuit, Brazil, building, busy, cinema, chicken, city, December, describe, difficult, dinner, dish, Egypt, electric, enough, exam,

5、excuse, give, expensive, give, film, hill, his, intelligent, interesting, Italy, Italian, kitten, lift, limit, list, listen, litter, little, live, living room, picture, pity, pretty, ticket, mechanic, middle, milkman, mince, minute, miss, quickly, sister, slip, still, Sunday, swim, Sydney, till, tin

6、, trip, village, win, winner, winter, zipi, y, e不重读时，ui偶尔会发，u有时发这个音，个别情况下a也发此音/:/Berlin, bird, certainly, church, dirty, early, German, girl, her, hurt, nurse, person, return, serve, skirt, shirt, sir, Turkey, turn, urgent, work, world, worse, worst, worther, ir, ur, or, ear不在词尾时发此音/across, ago, alo

7、ng, asleep, attendant, banana, cupboard, envelope, Korean, quiet, restaurant, surprise, vegetable, doctor, workera,e,o,u在不重读时发/音 impossible, ur, oar, er在词尾时读此音/:/afford, always, August, autumn, awful, because, bought, call, chalk, course, daughter, fall, floor, fork, instalment, keyboard, morning, n

8、orth, Norway, porter, reporter, short, small, story, talk, tall, torch, walk, wall, warm, your, water ( on installments )or, au, aw, ou, ough, augh, al, our, a, oor, ar都可以此音/Australia, Austria, bottle, boss, box, chocolate, coffee, compact, cost, deposit, dog, doctor, drop, holiday, host, hot, impos

9、sible, knock, long, model, October, offer, office, officer, operator, opposite, orange, pocket, prosecute, shop, soft, beauty spot, swallow, teapot, top, want, water, whato大多数发此音，a在w前发此音/u:/blue, fool, flu, food, fruit, glue, June, move, pool, room, school, shoe, soon, spoon, suit, threw, through, t

10、ooth, truth 美音中suit发/su:t/u/bookcase, butcher, cooker, foot, full, good, July, look, sugar, wood/:/after, answer, ask, bar, car, card, carpet, charge, darling, Denmark, father, garden, glass, brass, hard-working, large, last, march, pardon, park, part, passport, sharp, smart, tomato, vase/above, amo

11、ng, another, another, blunt, brother, butter, color, come, company, conductor, country, cover, cup, customs, customer, cut, dust, in front of, funny, honey, hundred, hurriedly, husband, jump, London, lovely, lucky, lunch, Monday, money, mother, none, number, rubbish, run ,Russia, rusty, shut, some,

12、son, subject, suddenly, summer, sun, tongue, ugly, umbrella, uncomfortable, under, upstairs, worried, worry, young/e/address, again, already, any, bedroom, best, better, bread, breakfast, chemist, cigarette, clever, dentist, depend, desk, dress, dressing table, egg, empty, engineer, enter, extra, ev

13、er, February, forget, fresh, friend, guess, heavy, instead, kettle, left, less, letter, lettuce, medicine, mess, pencil, penny, pleasant, plenty, present, ready, recognize, regularly, rest, sell, send, September, set, shelf, spell, spend, telephone, television, tell, temperature, terrible, weather,

14、Wednesday, west, wet, yellow, yes, yet/æ/absent, actor, actress, add, apple, aspirin, bad, banana, basket, blackboard, cabbage, can, Canada, carry, catch, crash, Dad, embarrassed, family, fashion, fat, grandfather, hammer, handbag, handle, cattle, handwriting, happen, hat, Italian, jam, January

15、, lamb, lamp-post, madam, magazine, manager, married, mass, match, mathematics, matter, mechanic, nationality, pack, pad, Paris, parrot, passenger, perhaps, platform, Saturday, stand, tap, thanks, tobacco, track, tramp, travel, understand, valley/a/arrive, behind, beside, buy, climb, climate, cry, d

16、escribe, drive, dry, either, exciting, find, fine, fly, Friday, guy, kindly, knife, high, ice, cream, idea, invite, library, licence / license, light, like, line, mild, mile, night, pilot, quiet, right, ripe, rise, retire, shine, sign, size, sky, smile, Thai, tidy, tie, tired, try, type, tire/tyre,

17、untidy, white, wife, wine/e/able, agent, April, baby, baker, break, Bombay, cake, Canadian, case, change, day, earache, fail ,famous, favorite, grape, grey, hate, headache, label, late, latest, stale, lazy, lemonade, May, make, mistake, name, neighbour/ neighbor, overtake, paint, phrase, place, plat

18、e, play, potato, race, rain, remain, sales, same, say, shave, Spain, stay, steak, stomachache, suitcase, take, table, today, toothache, train, wave, way/appointment, boil, boy, choice, coin, enjoy, noise, toilet, toy, voice/beard, beer, cheer, curiously, engineer, hear, near, Nigeria, stereo/aeropla

19、ne / airplane, air, armchair, careful, dairy, fare, hairdresser, millionaire, pair, pear, repair, upstairs, wear, where/u/poor, sure, tourist/u/boat, bone, cold, coat, cloakroom, clothes, greengrocer, grow, hope, hostess, joke, low, moment, Moscow, most, note, November, photograph, Polish, postman,

20、open, over, road, roast, Rome, Seoul, show, slow, soap, Stockholm, swallow, throw, wardrobe, window/au/blouse, brown, cloud, count, counter, crowd, flower, house, how, loud, pound, powder, sour, south, surround, town, trousers, hour2个半元音/w/one, wait, wave, which, why, windy/j/amused, beautiful, curi

21、ously, during, duty, excuse, few, future, introduce, newspaper, nuisance, pure, student, stupid, Tuesday, usually, year, young, youth清辅音与浊辅音音标例词/p/b/t/d/k/chemist, track/g/f/herself, himself/v/live, never, ourselves, river, visitor/s/advice, except, price, since/z/news/Anything, Athens ,bath, everyt

22、hing, mouth, nothing, thin, thirsty, through, Thursday, worth/ð/with, neither, weather, themselves/association, conversation, dictionary, fashion, finish, nationality, sensational, ship, station, stationery, sugar, wash, wish/garage, usually/t/butcher, children, choice, church, kitchen, questio

23、n, temperature/d/bridge, charge, job, just, middle-aged, orange, passenger, refrigerator, urgent, jam/tr/track/dr/drink, Madrid/ts/boots/dz/crowds3个鼻音/m/summer, autumn/n/winter/bring, mink coat, pink, spring, thing, tongue3个似拼音/h/r/remember, rich, write, road, rule/l/48个音标的纵向比较20个辅音3个鼻音2个半元音3个似拼音20个

24、元音/p/b/m/w/ /h/i:/t/d/n/j/r/:/k/g/l/:/f/v/u:/u/z/:/s/ð/e/æ/a/e/t/d/ts/dz/u/tr/dr/u/au/四、学习英语发音规则前准备知识1、开音节1）绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节，例如：no, blue, baby, stu-dent, se-cret2） 相对开音节：单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母，再加一个不发音的字母e构成的重读音 节，例如：name, these, bike, home, ex-cuse2、闭音节 单个元音字母后面有辅字组（r w y除外），且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节

25、，例如：bag, egg, fish, not, cup3、重读音节-单词中读音特别响亮的音节。 用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时，应使用重读符号。 单音节词多数是重音节，标记读音时不需要使用，重读符号。4、多音词重读规则 多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读。 例如：el-e-phant mu-si-cal per-for-man-ce 词尾有-ic或-tion, -sion的词，在-ic或-tion, -sion的前一个音节重读。例如：scientific, impression, international五、读音规则 1. 元音字母在重读音节中的读音： a: 在开音节中 /e/ able

26、, agent, April, baby, baker, cake, Canadian, case, change, day, earache, fail ,famous, favorite, grape, hate, headache, label, late, latest, stale, lazy, lemonade, May, make, mistake, name, overtake, paint, phrase, place, plate, play, potato, race, rain, sales, same, say, shave, stomachache, suitcas

27、e, take, table, today, toothache, wave 在闭音节中 /æ/absent, actor, actress, add, apple, aspirin, bad, banana, basket, blackboard, cabbage, can, Canada, carry, catch, crash, Dad, embarrassed, family, fashion, fat, grandfather, hammer, handbag, handle, cattle, handwriting, happen, hat, Italian, jam,

28、January, lamb, lamp-post, madam, magazine, manager, married, mass, match, mathematics, matter, mechanic, nationality, pack, pad, Paris, parrot, passenger, perhaps, platform, Saturday, stand, tap, thanks, tobacco, track, tramp, travel, understand, valley e: 在开音节中 /:/ he, these, me, Chinese 在闭音节中 /e/a

29、ddress, any, bedroom, best, better, chemist, cigarette, clever, dentist, depend, desk, dress, dressing table, egg, empty, engineer, enter, extra, ever, February, forget, fresh, guess, heavy, kettle, left, less, letter, lettuce, medicine, mess, pencil, penny, plenty, present, recognize, regularly, re

30、st, sell, send, September, set, shelf, spell, spend, telephone, television, tell, temperature, terrible, Wednesday, west, wet, yellow, yes, yet i: 在开音节中 /a/arrive, behind, beside, climb, climate, cry, describe, drive, dry, either, exciting, find, fine, fly, Friday, guy, kindly, knife, high, ice, cre

31、am, idea, invite, library, licence / license, light, like, line, mild, mile, night, pilot, quiet, right, ripe, rise, retire, shine, sign, size, smile, Thai, tidy, tie, tired, untidy, white, wife, wine 在闭音节中 /ability, assistant, biscuit, Brazil, building, cinema, chicken, city, difficult, dinner, dis

32、h, electric, give, expensive, give, film, hill, his, intelligent, interesting, Italian, kitten, lift, limit, list, listen, litter, little, live, living room, picture, pity, mechanic, middle, milkman, mince, minute, miss, quickly, sister, slip, still, swim, till, tin, trip, village, win, winner, wint

33、er, zip o: 在开音节中 /u/bone, cold, clothes, greengrocer, grow, hope, hostess, joke, moment, most, note, November, photograph, Polish, postman, open, over, road, roast, Rome, Stockholm, wardrobe 在闭音节中 /bottle, boss, box, chocolate, coffee, compact, cost, deposit, dog, doctor, drop, holiday, host, hot, i

34、mpossible, knock, long, model, October, offer, office, officer, operator, opposite, orange, pocket, prosecute, shop, soft, beauty spot, teapot, top u: 在开音节中 /ju:/amused, beautiful, curiously, during, duty, excuse, few, future, introduce, newspaper, nuisance, pure, student, stupid, Tuesday, usually,

35、year, young, youth 在闭音节中 /blunt, butter, conductor, cup, customs, customer, cut, dust, funny, hundred, hurriedly, husband, jump, lucky, lunch, number, rubbish, run ,Russia, rusty, shut, subject, suddenly, summer, sun, ugly, umbrella, uncomfortable, under, upstairs其他规则： 1）在开音节中，元音字母u在辅音字母j, l, r, s后面

36、时读/u:/。如：June, blue, rule, suit, truth, sugar, glue, fruit, flu。 2）vague, vogue, plague, change, range, strange, paste, taste, waste, ache, scythe, opaque等单词中的gu, ng, st, ch, th, qu被看作一个整体，都被看作一个辅音字母， 其中的元音字母按开音节规则发音。 3）和以上读音现象不同的词有many /e/, any /e/, busy /, burry/:/ 。 4）police /i:/, machine /i:/源自法

37、语，保留法语发音。 5）live /, give /保留古英语发音。 2. 元音字母在非重读音节中的读音： a / ability, across, ago, along, another, asleep, assistant, attendant, banana, Brazil, breakfast, China, cinema, Italy, Sunday, vegetable, woman / cabbage, comrade, orange, village e / envelope, hundred, open, quiet, student, weekend / begin, be

38、long, chicken, children, cinema, pocket, vegetable i / / animal, beautiful, difficult, electric, expensive, family, holiday, intelligent, limit, mechanic /a/ exercise, satellite, pioneer, idea o / somebody, second, tonight, welcome, opinion, official /u/ also, hero, photo, zero, vocation u / autumn,

39、 difficult, surround, success, unless /ju（u:）/ congratulations, January, popular, unite popular January museum1） 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置，a读/e/音。如operate。2） u处在开音节位置，又在辅音j, l, r, s后面，读/u:/或/u/，如July, influence。3） 在非重读音节中，许多单词的元音字母a, e, i既可以读/音，也可以读/音。不符 合规则的词：robot / , alcohol /。 3. 元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音：元音字母读音例 词/

40、w/ + a/wash what quality watch swallowa在ss, st, sp, th, ph, f, n后美英读/æ/:/英class fast grasp bath after plant answer glass passport father fasti在gh, nd, ld前/a/find child mild light kindlyo在m, n, v, th前/some none love mother come company among honey front London Monday money brother mothero在ld, st

41、前/u/old most post gold cold hostess 4. "r+音节"元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音元音字母组合读音例 词ar/:/car hard farm dark bar carpet darling Denmark large pardon march garden /w/ + ar/:/warm wharf quarter towardsor/:/short horse force morning afford fork forty reporter morning short Norway torch /w/ + or/:/ work wor

42、d worse worst worth wormer, ir, ur/:/ her girl fur term certainly Thursday bird 其他规则： 1）辅音字母r双写时，前面的元音字母不能与r构成“-r音节”，而是按重读闭音节的拼 读规则发音。如：cherry, sorry, carry, hurry （例外worried, worry）。 2）“-r音节”在非重读音节中通常读/。如：farmer, dollar, forever, Saturday, surprise, forget。 5. “-re音节”元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音：元音字母组合读音例 词are/

43、care hare fare rare dareere/或/here mere thereire/a/tired fire tire hire wireore/:/more score before boreure/ju/或/u/ cure pure sure 1）are, ire, ore很少出现在非重读音节中，ure在非重读音节中读/:/音，如：picture, Pleasure, temperature。 2）重读元音字母加r，再加非重读元音字母或字母组合时，重读元音字母应按“-re音节” 拼读规则拼读，字母r读/r/音，如：during, parent, story, zero, sp

44、ring。 3）不符合规则的词：are /:/，were /w:/ 4）某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化的现象。 如：orange, very, American, paragraph 6. 其他元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音：元音字母组合读音例 词ai, ay/e/wait afraid day May paint rain today stay play Spain gray May air/hair fair chair pair hairdresser repair al/:/talk ball call fall /:l/talk almost salt always al在f,

45、 m前/:/half palm calmau, augh, aw/:/cause autumn daughter lawea/i:/meat beat read defeat cheap clean least dream lean least mean peach eat/e/bread dead head weather heavy sweater/e/break greatear/ dear fear hear near beard clear/bear pear wear swear/:/learn early earth heardee/i:/meet green feet jeep

46、 beef cheese between employee feel Greece keep seeeer/deer beer hear pioneer cheer engineer ei, eigh, ey/e/veil eight grey they neighbourei, ey/i:/either keyew/ju:/new few newspaperew在l, r, j后/u:/blew drew Jew flewie/ei在s音之后/i:/believe field piece receiveig, igh/a/sign sigh night highia, ie, io/a/di

47、alogue quiet pioneer dietoa/u/coat boat goat load cloakroom goaloar, oor/:/roar board floor dooroi, oy/oil boil boy toy appointment point oo/u:/too tooth root foot school pool room/u/book look good foot cook cooker/blood floodou/au/house count blouse loud south sour surround count trousers/u/soul th

48、ought/young country enough rough/u:/group route wound youour/:/four course pour your/au/our hourow/u/snow low row throw down how brown/au/now cow flower downui/ju:/fluid suicide tuitionui在j, l, r, s后/u:/suit juice fruit 1）不符合规则的词：said /e/, mayor /e/, aunt /:/, because /, heart /:/, laugh /:/。 2）ou,

49、ow有另一种读音/。如：cough, though, bought 7. 非重读音节中字群的读音： 元音字组/字群 读音 例词字 群读音例 词ai/ay ei/ey/Foreign monkey Sundayow/u/Moscow sparrow swallow tomorrow window yellow元音字组在非重读音节中读/或/neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee-sion, -tion/n/impression expression nation exhibition dictionary sensational station-sion在元

50、音字母后/n/decision vision occasion television-tion在s后/tn/question-sten/sn/listen-stle/sl/whistle-sure/pleasure measure treasure-ture/t/picture culture future lecture 8. 元音字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音 1）复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号，但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍接重读音节拼读 规则拼读。如everyday/e/ handbag/æ/ blackboard/:/ 2）有些词随着语言的发展，前后两部分已失去其单独存在的

51、意义，融合成一个词，其中非 重读部分要按非重读部分要按非重读音节的规则发音。 例如：sun太阳+day/e/日子 Sunday/星期天 holy神圣+day/e/日子 holiday/假日 break中断+fast/:/斋戒 breakfast/早餐 cup茶杯+board木板/:/ cupboard/碗橱 9. 辅音字母及辅音字母组合的读音辅音字母组合读音例 词b/b/bee bus bag bed不发音bomb tomb debt climbc/k/cake cup music perfectc在e, i, y前/s/face city decide cyclech/t/chair watch much child/k/chemist stomach ache school/machine moustache chicageck/k/pocket clock rocket lockd/d/desk dear hand bad不发音handsome handkerchief Wednesdaydge/d/judge bridge fridgef/f/fast four beef wolfg/g/bag get pig gooseg在e, i, y/d/orange large giant gymgh/f/cough enough rough laugh不发音night ei