句子成分、简单句、并列句与复合句(1)

1、非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”。 1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式

2、可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：1）It is good to help each other.2）To help each other is good.3）I dont think it right to do it that way. 4）You are old enough to take care of yourself now.5）My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 6）She wishes to be a musician.；7）I am determined to give up sm

3、oking.；8）Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 9）Tell the children not to play on the street.10）Every morning he gets up very early to read English.11）We hurried to the classroom only to find none there . 注意：1. A 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、pro

4、mise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。 B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain1)He taught us how to use the tool.2)No one could tell me where to get the book.2.

5、 如果句中的谓语动词为see, watch, look at ,hear, listen to ,have, make, let, feel , observe ,notice, 等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. 变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。 3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the m

6、an to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.4. 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。 We hurried to the station only to find the train had left . 5、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词

7、（或代词宾格）+ to do sth. 如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.6、疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副

8、词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.7、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.8.不定式的完成时的特殊用法。 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。 The novel was said to have been 

9、published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。 此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成

10、时，但要注意与一般时的区别。 Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等） Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久） 8. 不定式的省略同一结构并列由and或or连接。 I want to finish my homework&#

11、160;and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：To be or not to be,this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比) 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do

12、时，后面的to省略。 What he did was lose the game. 句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。 Dont do anything silly, such as marry him. 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。 Why&#

13、160;not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如： He could not but walk home. 9.不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to. 但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的hav

14、e或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如： -Susan is not what she used to be.  You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 非谓语动词（二）动词

15、-ing形式1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词 语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone2、-ing形式的基本用法。作主语,表语,宾语, 定语, 宾语补足语,状语1）The sleeping child is only five years old. 2）Seeing is

16、believing.3）It isnt much good writing to them again.4）Its no use waiting here.5）Her job is washing and cooking.6) We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 7) Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 8) When crossing street, you must be careful.9) Being ill, he didnt go to school yest

17、erday. 10) Mary stood at the school gate, waiting for Betty. 注意：1 动名词作宾语。 下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep,&#

18、160;appreciate, eacape, permit。 下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay a

19、ttention to, be fond of, be worth。 介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。2 动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别： 1）. remember to do sth.记住要做的事  remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事 2）.

20、60;forget to do sth.忘记要做的事  forget doing sth.忘记做过的事 3） regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉  regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔 4）. try to do sth.设法，试图  try doing sth.试试看，试一试 5）. mean to do&

21、#160;sth.打算做，想要  mean doing sth.意味着，就是 6）. need/want/require doing 需要被做   need/want/require to be done需要被做 3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she we

22、nt on to read an English novel.4 、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.5 、-ing形式与动词不定式的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽

23、象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如: She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.非谓语动词（三）过去分词1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。The stolen car was found by the police last week.The glass is broken.When I opened the door, I f

24、ound the ground covered by fallen leaves.Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautifulGiven more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.独立主格：一般情况下-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。The bell ringing, we all stopped talk

25、ing. She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：（1） 语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech the inspired audience（2） 时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world； the changed w

26、orld。（3） 判断 -ing形式与过去分词的关键：先找逻辑主语，分词作定语时， 被分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语； 分词作表语时，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语；分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语；分词作状语时，句中的主语就是其逻辑主语。【1993-2003年高考试题选编】1 (93) How about the two of us_ a walk down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking2 (93) The computer centre, _ last year, is very popula

27、r among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened3.(93) Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented4 (94). -I must apologize for_ ahead of time. -That's all right. A. letting you n

28、ot know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know5.(94) The missing boys were last seen_ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play6 (94) The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having

29、added B. to add C. adding D. added7.(94) The first textbooks_ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written8. (95).-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: -Well, now I regret_ that. A. to do

30、B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done9 (95) Paul doesn't have to be made_. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning10 (95) We agreed_ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met11 (96) The patient was warned_ o

31、ily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating12 (96) _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose13 (97). I would love_ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go

32、B. to have gone C. going D. having gone14 (97) The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing15 (97) - Alice, why didn't you come yesterday? - I_, but I had an unexpected, visitor. A. had

33、B. would C. was going to D. did16 (97) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to17 (98). _ it with me and I'll see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leave D. Leave18 (98) Cleaning women in big cities usually get_

34、 by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay19 (98) European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make20 (99) Robert is said_ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be

35、 studying D. to have been studying21(99). The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. DO not make22 (99) When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door_ "Sorry to miss you; will call later." A. read B. re

36、ads C. to read D. reading23 (2000) I've worked with children before, so I know what_ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects24 (2000). The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry

37、 out25 (2001) _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered26 (2002) Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. se

38、en27 (2002) It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with itD. to do what with i28 (2002) The research is so designed that once_ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun2

39、9 (2003全国) The teacher asked us_ so much noise. A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make30 (2003全国). _ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given答案：1-5 CDCBA 6-10 CDDBC 11-15 CCBCC 16-20 DDCAA 21-25 BDBCA 26-30 BCDDD 【2004年高考试题选编

40、】1 The old man , _D_ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked2 You were silly not _B_ your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked3 Helen had to shout _D_ above the sound of the music.A. making herself

41、 hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard4 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _C_ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed5 Dont leave the water _B_ while you brush your te

42、eth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run6 They see you as something of a worrier, _C_ problems which dont exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them. A. settling B. discovering C. seeing D. designing7 There are eight tips in Dr Rogers lecture on sleep, and one of them is: _D_ to bed

43、 early unless you think it is necessary. A. doesnt go B. not to go C. not going D. dont go8 Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _A_.A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry9 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _B_ a

44、s 3M.A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known10 Ive never seen anyone run so fast- _A_ David go.A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watching D. just having watched11 _C_ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed

45、D. Having not completed12 If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _A_ it - youve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget13 I dont know whether you happen D , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September .Ato be heard Bto be hearing

46、 Cto hear Dto have heard 14 B by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm .AAttracting BAttracted CTo be attracted DHaving attracted 15 The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only_B_ the film stars had left.Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold16 Havin

47、g been ill in bed for nearly a month ,he had a hard time_D_ the exam.ApassBto passCpassedDpassing17 When flint _B_ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A, introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced18 "We can' t go out in this weather," said Bob, _A_ out

48、of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked19 _C_ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To waitB. Have waitedC. Having waitedD. To have waited 20 According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _C_ TV.

49、A. to watch B. to watchingC. watchingD. watch21 The flu is believed _C_ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being causedC. to be causedD. be have caused22 The flowers _B_ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of natu

50、re.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt23 The disc, digitally _A_ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.A. recorded B. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded24 Having been attacked by terrorists, _B_.A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC.

51、 an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 25 English has large vocabulary, hasnt it? Yes, _A_ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known26 I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon.  Do you

52、 have anything _B_?      A. to be buying            B. to buy C. for buying              D. bought27 The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain

53、_C_ as the plane was making a landing.     A. seat  B. seating  C. seated   D. to be seating28 Victor apologized for _C_ to inform me of the change in the plan.     A. his being not able     B. him not to be able C. his

54、not being able     D. him to be not able29 After his journey front abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _B_     A. exhausting               B. exhausted C. being exhausted   &

55、#160;       D. having exhausted30 Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _D_ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods.  A. seizing ., disappeared B. seized ., disappeared  C. seizing, disappearing D. seized ., disappearing答案： 1-5 DBDCB 6-10 CD

56、ABA 11-15 CADBB 16-20 DBACC 21-25 CBABA 26-30 BCCBD 【2005年高考试题选编】1. (北京卷). Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have hadB. Having hadC. HaveD. Having2. (北京卷) When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not _.

57、A. to arrive, leavingB. to arrive, to leaveC. arriving, leavingD. arriving, to leave3. (北京卷) The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. payingB. paidC. to be paidD. being paid4. (北京卷) I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. A. going onB. goes onC. went

58、onD. to go on5. （山东卷）Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reachedB. reaching C. to reachD. to be reaching6. (广东卷) He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.A. noting B. noted C.

59、to note D. having noted7. (广东卷He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left.A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found8. （湖北卷）The repairs cost a lot ,but its money well .Ato spendBspentCbeing spent Dspending9. （湖北卷）_from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.ABeing separatedBHaving separatedCHaving been separatedDTo be separated10. （湖南卷）_ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed11. （湖南卷）I send you 100 dollars today,