英语单词的结构(共5页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语单词的结构什么是词？词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。就其句法功能来说，词可以分为功能词（function word）和实义词（content word）两类。功能词指的是没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词，包括_、_、_、_、_、_等。实义词指的是本身有完整词汇意义的词，包括_、_、_、_等。英语单词是由字母拼写而成的，可以由一个字母组成一个单词，如_，也可以由45个字母组成一个单词，如：（n.肺尘病）。英语单词的内部结构也不尽相同，让我们来分析以下三组词：1. book, books, bookish, bookcase2. tolerate

2、, tolerance, tolerant, toleration, tolerable, intolerable3. telephone, telegram, telescope, telecommunication在第一组词里，book可以再分吗？在第二组词中，toler ate ance ation able in第三组例词中都有一个共同成分_, 意思是_,-phone有声音的意思，如microphone; -gram往往表示书写或描绘出来的东西，如telegram; -scope表示“观察的仪器，镜”，如microscope.从上面的分析可以看出，如果撇出能不能独立运用这一点，词就不是

3、最小的有语义的单位，语言中最小的“语音和语义的结合体”称为“词素”(morpheme)。上述三组词中，除了book外，都是由两个或两个以上的词素组成的。什么是词素？二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untiein

4、-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-misdoings, misun

5、derstand, misfortunererewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele远程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-supermarket, superpower, under-underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之间international, interact, inter-changesub-下，次subtit

6、le, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi两个bicycle, biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎multi-多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured，multiculturalkilo-

7、千kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀例 词名词-er-essprincess, -or-arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istcommunist, socialist, -ent/-antassistant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tion-ingbuilding, wedding, painti

8、ng-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ageshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthfu

9、l, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial, arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -domfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后 缀例 词形容词-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, so

10、uthern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, hel

11、pless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant

12、, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excellent, frequent -lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后 缀例 词动词-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后

13、 缀例 词副词-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward-lyslowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendlyMatch the right words from the right column with the words on the left. ( ) 1. enrichA. trying to find jobs( ) 2. semicircleB. remove, get rid of ice, frost( ) 3. troublesomeC. of, having, us

14、ing imagination( ) 4. sharpenD. make or become sharp( ) 5. job-huntingE. half a circle( ) 6. limitlessF. causing trouble( ) 7. imaginativeG. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.( ) 8. defrostH. without limitUse the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother didnt know

15、 why her daughter was crying _. (noise)2. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match. (play)3. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy)4. It snowed _ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent)6. More and more

16、_ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）7. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)8. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my task. (simple)9. The boy had the _ of being half starved. (appear)10. The police have _ a plot against the President. (cover)11. The docto

17、r said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate)12. She hoped that her son would become a _. (music)13. Few _ words made us excited. (speak)14. The days on the moon get hotter than _ water. (boil)15. Thank you for your _. (kind)16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _. (expens