外文文献-动画

1、外文文献-动画 附录 英文原文 Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways

2、. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawing

3、s, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people worki

4、ng on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to chang

5、e something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Méliès discovered this technique accidentally when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to be passing by just

6、as Méliès restarted rolling the film, his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years. The earliest surviving stop-motion advertising film was an English short by Arthur Melbourne-Coop

7、er called Matches: An Appeal 1899. Developed for the Bryant and May Matchsticks company, it involved stop-motion animation of wired-together matches writing a patriotic call to action on a blackboard. J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American film-maker to use the techniques of stop-motion

8、and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing 1900 and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces 1906 were film versions of Blackton&#

9、39;s "lightning artist" routine, and utilized modified versions of Méliès' early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves. 'Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' is regularly cited as the first true animated film,

10、and Blackton is considered the first true animator. Fantasmagorie by Emile Cohl, 1908 Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that require

11、d a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are Little Nemo 1911, Gertie the Dinosaur 1914 and The Sinking of the Lusitania 1918. The produ

12、ction of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movie theaters. The most successful early animation producer was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, paten

13、ted the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade. El Apóstol Spanish: "The Apostle" was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the world's first animated feature film. Traditional animation The traditional cel

14、animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final an

15、imated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35?mm film and newer media such as digital video. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Some

16、animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology. Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio United States, 1940, Animal Farm United Kingdom, 1954, and Akira Japan, 1988. Traditional anima

17、ted films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King US, 1994 Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi Spirited Away Japan, 2001, and Les Triplettes de Belleville France, 2003. Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films, which

18、regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement. Fully animated films can be done in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works such as those produced by the Walt Disney studio Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Lion King to the more 'cartoony' styles of those produced by

19、 the Warner Bros. animation studio. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works such as The Secret of NIMH US, 1982, The Iron Giant US, 1999, and Nocturna Spain, 2007 Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings an

20、d methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing US, 1951, Yellow Submarine UK, 1968, and much of the anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, h

21、owever, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios and later the Internet web cartoons。 Rotoscoping is a technique, patented by Fleischer in 1917, where animators trace live-action movement,

22、frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings US, 1978, or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life US, 2001 and A Scanner Darkly US, 2006. Some other examples are: Fire and Ice USA, 1983 and He

23、avy Metal 1981 Live-action/animation is a technique, when combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots. One of the earlier uses of it was Koko the Clown when Koko was drawn over live action footage. Other examples would include Who Framed Roger Rabbit USA, 1988, Space Jam USA, 1996 and Osm

24、osis Jones USA, 2002 Computer animation 2D animation 2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of, interpolated morp

25、hing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping. 2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation and PowerPoint animation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form of an animated GIF file of which part is animated. 3D animation 3D animation is digital

26、ly modeled and manipulated by an animator. To manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital skeletal structure that can be used to control the mesh. This process is called rigging. Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions ex. gravity, particle simulations, simulated fur or

27、hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of motion capture to name but a few, these techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics. Well-made 3D animations can be difficult to distinguish from live action and are commonly used as visual effects for recent movies. Toy Story 1995, USA is th

28、e first feature-length film to be created and rendered entirely using 3D graphics. Terms Cel-shaded animation, is used to mimic traditional animation using CG software. Shading looks stark, with less blending colors. Examples include, Skyland 2007, France, Appleseed Ex Machina 2007, Japan, The Legen

29、d of Zelda: Wind Waker 2002, Japan Machinima, Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds Motion capture, is used when live action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include Polar Express 2004, USA, Beowulf 2007

30、, USA, A Christmas Carol 2009, USA, The Adventures of Tintin 2011, USA Photo realistic animation, is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life. Using advanced rendering that makes detailed skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. to mimic real life. Examples include Up 2009, US

31、A, Kung-Fu Panda 2008, USA, Ice Age 2002, USA 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create images that seem real to the viewer. Other animation techniques Drawn

32、on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass, for example by A

33、leksandr Petrov Erasure animation: a technique using tradition 2D medium, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example, William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films, and Piotr Duma?a for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster Pinscreen animati

34、on: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with tradi

35、tional cel animation Sand animation: sand is moved around on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast Flip book: A flip book sometimes, especially in British English, called a fli

36、ck book is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, but may also be geared towards adults a

37、nd employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip boo

38、ks 中文翻译动画 动画是2-D或3-D的艺术品或职位建模的一系列的想象的快速的表现来创造一种运动的幻觉。 这个影响是移动上的一种视觉上的错觉由于视觉持续的现象,并且能够在几种方式上被创造和被展示。最常见的方法当前动画是作为一幅移动的图片或是视频节目,尽管有其他的方法。 一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画中,近似于4000年,在行动上展示了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出现相似于一系列的动画的图案,没有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。它的确是,然而,在描写运动中表明了艺术家的意图。 没有单一的人能够被考虑成电影动画的“创造者”,像有几个人工作在项目中,它能够同时被考虑成动画。 乔治斯是一名特殊效果电影的创造者

39、;一般来说他是使用他的机器制作动画的第一人。他偶然的发现了一种技术这即将去停止照相机旋转在场面中改变一些事情,然后继续旋转胶卷。这个思想后来被称作单格拍制动画。当摄影一辆公共汽车驱动时乔治斯偶然的发现这项技术,当时他的照相机就出现了故障。当他已经修好照相机时,一辆灵车碰巧通过时刚巧乔治斯重启旋转胶卷,他的最后结果他设法使一辆公共汽车转变成一辆灵车。在早些年对于动画他是一位伟大的创造者。 最早期继续存在的单格拍摄广告电影是一种英语的缺乏被阿瑟墨尔本库珀称作火柴:一种呼吁(1899)。开发的布赖恩特和五月火柴梗公司,它涉及到接有点电线的火柴的单格拍制动画在一个黑板上写爱国的行动呼吁。 J.斯图尔特

40、布莱克顿可能是美国第一电影制作人用来使用单格拍制技术和手绘的动画。被爱迪生发明电影制作,他倡导这些概念在20世纪的转变,随着他的第一个受版权保护的注有日期1900。几个他的电影,在他们之中被施魔法的图画(1900)和风趣的脸的幽默阶段(1906)是布莱克顿的“作家快手”路线的版本,并且修改乔治斯早期的单格拍制技术的版本用来制作一系列的黑板上的图画出现移动并且改造他们自己。风趣的脸的幽默阶段有规律的被引用作为第一个真实的动画电影,布莱克顿被称为第一位真实的动画家。 随着布莱克顿和埃米尔的成功,许多其他的艺术家开始用动画进行试验。一位这样的艺术家名叫温瑟,一位成功的报纸漫画家,他创作了详细的动画片

41、这需要一组艺术家并且对于细节艰苦的注意。每一个框架在纸上被描述,这总是需要背景图片和人物特征来被重画和有生气的,在莫卡的大多数显著的电影中有小尼莫(1911),恐龙葛蒂(1914)和尼西塔尼亚号的沉没(1918)。 动画短片的作品,尤其被称作“卡通动画”,在1910s期间变成了它自己的一个工业,卡通动画短片在电影院制作被放映。最成功的早期动画生产者是布雷,他,跟随制片家贺德一起,取得赛璐珞动画处理的专利这支配着动画工业对于其他的十年。 E1 导师(西班牙语:“信徒”)是1917年阿根廷动画电影利用挖剪图片动画,并且是世界上第一部最佳动画长片电影。 这个完整品质的摄制一个接一个的被拍照在电影被一

42、台活动照相机倚靠一个被描画的背景。 赛璐珞动画推移在21世纪的开端变得淘汰了。今天,动画家的图纸和背景图片或者是已扫描的或者是直接绘图在一个电脑系统中的。各种各样的软件程序被用于给图纸图颜料、模仿照相机运动和效果。最后的动画块输出是几个交付媒体中的一个,包括传统的35mm电影和更新的媒体例如数字视频。传统的赛璐珞动画的样子仍旧是保留的,特征动画的工作已经从本质上保留了过去的70年。一些动画的生产者已经用“传统数字”术语来表述赛璐珞动画这使得计算机技术广泛的使用。 传统的最佳动画长片电影的例子包括木偶奇遇记(美国,1940),动物庄园(英国,1954),和阿基拉(日本,1988).传统的最佳动画

43、长片在电脑技术的帮助下被制作包括(狮子王,1994)千与千寻(日本,2001),美丽城三重唱(法国,2003)。 完全动画涉及到制作高质量传统的动画电影过程,这有规律地使用详图和貌似真实的运动。完全动画电影能够用各种各样的模式来制作,从更多显示的动画作品例如由迪士尼工作室(美女与野兽,阿拉丁,狮子王)被制作到由迪士尼被制作的更多的“卡通化”风格。许多迪士尼经典动画长片是完全动画片的例子,正如非迪士尼例如勇敢鼠妈妈(美国,1982),钢铁巨人(美国,1999),和星星大作战(西班牙,2007)。 有限的动画涉及到更少详细的和/或更多风格的详细描绘和运动的方法。在美国的美国工作室联合制作有艺术家作为先驱,有限的动画能够被用于程式化的一种表现方法,像在杰拉尔德McBoing定票(美国,1951),黄色