工业设计专业英语第三版第十课翻译1

1、精品文档On The Case Study Method Of Research And Teaching In Design设计的研究和教学方法案例学习Case studies have a rich history for exploring the space between theworld of theory and the experience of practice. It is one thing to havean ideaand anotherthingto makethatidea concreteand real. /Designers,by the nature of

2、 what theydo, must becomeskilledat moving between thosetwo places.But recognizingand understandingthetransitionfrom theoneplace to the other, and back again, is difficult. / Case studies are ausefultoolfor researchand teachingthat focus on thetransitionbetweentheoryand practice.The formathas been wi

3、delyused inotherdisciplines,and it can be used effectively in design.Word：Concreteadj.混凝土的；实在的，具体的；有形的vi.凝结 vt.使凝固；用混凝土修筑 n. 具体物；凝结物format n.格式；版式；开本vt.使格式化；规定的格式vi.设计版式discipline n. 学科；纪律；训练；惩罚 vt.训练，训导；惩戒Translation:案例研究在探索世界之间的空间理论和实践的经验有着丰富的历史。有一个想法是一回事和按照想法做出具体和真实的事情是另一回事。/ 设计师 , 他们所做的事情的本质就是有技

4、巧的调和这俩者。但是从一个地方到另一个过渡的认识和理解, 再反过来 ,是很困难的。 /案例研究对研究和教学是一个有用的工具, 注重理论与实践之间的过渡。这种模式已广泛应用于其他学科 , 并且它可有效地在设计使用。Law schools firstshowed theway for thecase study approach,beginningin 1870. Before that, law was taught by the Dwight Method德怀特法 ( , whichemphasizedmemorizationandrecall,andleftmuch ofthepractic

5、allearningto apprenticeships./ChristopherLangdellchanged thatway ofteaching when he arrivedat Harvard Law School. He believedthat, at itsroot, the art of practicing law involved understanding core principlesand beingable toapplythoseprinciplesindifferentsituations./Of course, the legal profession wa

6、s fortunate in this respect, becausethere already existed an infrastructure by which cases were written toexplain and interpret the principles used to reach legal judgment. /When Langdell started teaching, he had his students read the originalsources, which were the cases,and developtheirown conclus

7、ions,guidedby conversationand discussionintheclassroom.The dialecticofdiscussion,ratherthan simplymemorizing thegrammar of thelaw,enabledthe student to better understand legal principles and their possibleapplicationindifferentsituations. /Langdellset in motiona teachingapproach that initiallywas me

8、t withresistancebut,by 1920, became thedominant teaching mode in law schools and continues to this dayWord:apprenticeshipn.学徒期；学徒身分fortunateadj.幸运的；侥幸的；吉祥的；带来幸运的infrastructuren.基础设施；公共建设；下部构造interpretvt.说明；口译 vi.解释；翻译resistance n. 阻力；电阻；抵抗；反抗；抵抗力。1 欢迎下载精品文档dominant adj.显性的；占优势的；支配的，统治的n.显性Translatio

9、n:从 1870 年开始 , 法学院第一个展示了案例研究的方法。在这之前, 法律通过德怀特方法教育 , 它强调学生记忆和回忆, 而且离开实际学习。Christopher Langdell来到哈佛大学法学院改变了教学方式。他认为 , 在它的本质 , 参与法律实践的艺术理解核心原则 , 能够在不同的情况下应用这些原则。 当然 , 在这方面法律职业是幸运 , 因为已经存在有基础设施的情况下写来解释和解释原则用于达到法律判决。Langdell教学的时候 , 他的学生阅读原始的来源,这是情况下 , 而且通过在教室里对话和讨论，发展自己的结论。辩证的讨论 , 而不是简单的语法记忆法 , 使学生更好地理解法

10、律原则及其可能的应用情况漠不关心。Langdell启动一种教学方法 , 最初遇到阻力 , 但到 1920 年 , 成为占主导地位的教学模式在法律学校, 一直持续到今天。Around 1920, the Harvard Business School began exploring the possibility of using the case study approach in their graduate program.They, too, realized the need to prepare students for the job of making and implement

11、ing decisions in a murky world. /The biggest hurdle was the lack of existing case studies, so Wallace P. Donham, the dean of the Harvard Business School.created a group known as the Bureau of Business Research, ,which developed and wrote case studies from 1920 to 1925. /These cases served as a start

12、ing place. and the writing of additionalcase studies became an integral part of a law professor's duties.Word:implementingn. 实施，执行；实现v.贯彻，执行（ implement 的现在分词）integraladj.积分的；完整的，整体的；必须的n.积分；部分；完整Translation:大约在 1920 年 , 哈佛商学院开始探索使用案例研究方法的可能性在研究生的课程中。他们也意识到需要学生在一个未知的世界准备和实施决策的工作。最大的障碍是缺乏现有的案例研究 ,

13、 所以华莱士 p . Donham,哈佛商学院 (Harvard Business School)院长。创建一组称为商业研究、 开发和案例研究从1920 年到 1920 年。这种情况下作为一个开始的地方。额外的案例研究的写作成为一个法学教授的职责的一部分。The case study method continued to make inroads into new professionswhen the Harvard Medical School哈佛医学院adopted it in the mid-1980s. Professors there realized that the art

14、ofpracticing medicine lay in the connection of scientific and medicalprincipleswith the uniquesocialcontextsin whichdoctorsfoundthemselves making decisions. /Since the need to constantly be learningnew techniques and approaches is more prevalentin the medical professionthan in the law or business pr

15、ofessions, the case study method evolvedfrom being a practicalexample of principlein context toa catalyst forlearningpreviouslyunknown principlesWhenwhat one already knew did notanswer the question, one sought out other ideas that could. This was dialectic in a productive form, moving from the known

16、 to the unknown. seeking new ideas and methods.Word:。2 欢迎下载精品文档context n.环境；上下文；来龙去脉constantlyadv.不断地；时常地prevalentadj.流行的；普遍的，广传的catalyst n.物化 催化剂；刺激因素dialecticn.辩证法；逻辑论证 adj.辩证的；辩证法的；方言的Translation:案例研究方法继续打入新的职业，哈佛医学院在1980年代中期采用它。教授意识到行医的艺术在于连接科学和医学的原则与独特的社会环境中, 医生发现自己做决定。由于需要不断地学习新技术和方法在医学界比法律或商业

17、职业更为普遍, 案例研究方法原则演变是从一个实际的例子在上下文中学习未知的催化剂的原则，当人们已经知道没有回答这个问题,一个可能寻找其他的想法。这是辩证的生产形式,从已知到未知的事物，寻求新的思路和方法。In each instanceof case studyadoption, therewas an understanding thatproblem-solvinglayatthecoreoftheprofessionalexperience.Scholarshipcouldteachtheunderlyingfoundationofknowledge thatinformedthe to

18、pic,butcould not alwaysmake cleartheprocessofanalysis./ Case studies are not a perfect solution to the problem. Theycannot tellwhat decisionsshould be made. butthey can connectthe studentto socialphenomena, reallifeexperience, and existentialsituationsina way that helps to sharpen thinking and infor

19、m decision-making.Word:instance n.实例；情况；建议 vt.举 . 为例underlyingadj.潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的v. 放在的下面；为的基础；优先于（ underlie的 ing形式）existentialadj.存在主义的；有关存在的；存在判断的Translation:采用案例研究的每个实例中, 有一个理解解决问题的核心专业经验。学识可以传授这个话题的根本基础知识, 但过程分析可能并不总是明确的。案例研究并不是一个完美的解决问题的办法。他们不知道应该做出什么决策。但是他们可以连接学生社会现象,现实生活经验存在的情况下 , 有助于提高思维和通知

20、决策。Much of the groundwork forthe use of case studiesin designwas laidin thelastdecade. Forexample,the continuum of designtheoryand designstudieshas developeda view of designers as problem-solvers who employ diverse methods and techniques./ In turn,designresearch has evolved intoa formalcomponent oft

21、he design process.However, designers have not yet made the leap to writing and using case studies asan important part of design education and research development.Word:groundwork n. 基础；地基，根基employ vt.使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使从事于n.使用；雇用diverse adj.不同的；多种多样的；变化多的evolved n.进化了的 v. 使逐步形成（ evolve的过去分词）leap vi.跳，跳跃

22、n.飞跃；跳跃 vt.跳跃，跳过；使跃过 n. (Leap) 人名； ( 法 )莱亚Translation:在过去的十年大部分案例研究设计的使用。例如, 可循环设计理论和设计研究启发了设计师解决问题采用不同的方法和技术的观点。反过来 , 设计研究已经发展成为设计过程的一个正式组件。然而 , 设计师还没有飞跃写作和使用案例研究设计教育和研究开发的重要组成部分。3 欢迎下载精品文档Theremay be severalreasonsforthis. First,unlike law,business,andmedicine, the principles underlying the design

23、 process are not welldocumented, articulated, or agreed upon. The pluralism of the field isa significant reality. / While most design processes follow a similarpattern,theyaresubjecttomany variationsinpractice,based onpersonalidiosyncrasiesas wellas differencesof circumstanceandproducttype./Indeed,

24、designprocessessometimes arc thought ofmoreas corporate or organizational intelligence than public knowledge. As aresult, a method of creating and developing a product often is regardedas privileged, proprietary information that cannot be shared with thepublic. / This secrecy does not lend itself to

25、 in-depth examinationby outsiders.Consequently,thereis not a repositoryofcases from whichto draw. Companies, themselves,sometimes attempt to conductcase studiesof theirwork,butthe resultsusually lackthe objectiverigornecessary.Word:pluralismn. 多元主义；多元论；兼任pattern n.模式；图案；样品vt. 模仿；以图案装饰vi.形成图案privileg

26、edadj.享有特权的；有特别恩典的v.给予特权；免除（privilege的过去分词）proprietaryn. 所有权；所有人adj. 所有的；专利的；私人拥有的Translation:可能有几个原因。首先, 法律、商业、医学、背后的原则设计过程没有很好的记载、铰接或约定。田野的多元化是一个重要的现实。虽然大多数设计过程遵循类似的模式, 他们在实践中有许多变化, 基于个人特质以及差异情况和产品类型。事实上 , 设计过程有时会认为比公共知识更多的是企业或组织的情报。因此, 创建和开发产品的方法经常被视为专有信息,不能与公众共享的特权。这个秘密不被外界深入检查。因此, 没有一个存储库的情况下公司

27、自己有时试图进行案例研究的工作, 但是结果通常缺乏必要的客观严谨。In fact, the tendency in design to publish what amount to marketingpieces in design magazines - self-promotional articles on the work of adesigner - has clouded the value of case studies as a tool of researchand teaching./Withoutfollowingthedisciplineorrigorofwell-co

28、nceivedcase study methods, the numerous descriptivearticlesthatmerely report on a design course, or a new product or a new technique,pass forcase studies but seldom are more than anecdoteswhen viewed fromthe perspective of research.Word:tendency n.倾向，趋势；癖好rigorn. 严厉；精确；苛刻；僵硬numerousadj.许多的，很多的perspe

29、ctiven. 观点；远景；透视图adj.透视的Translation:事实上 , 营销的设计趋势在设计杂志发布多少件自我宣传文章一个设计师的工作的案例研究的价值 , 研究和教学的工具 , 不遵循纪律或严格周密的案例研究方法的大量的描述性文章 , 通过案例研究 , 只是报告设计课程 , 或一个新产品或新技术 , 但很少从研究的角度超过轶事。4 欢迎下载精品文档A second reason for the relative dearth of case studies in designinvolves the practice of design as an art./ Well-desig

30、ned productsoften are attributed to the geniusof an individual or the innovation ofa moment; and designers may be reluctant to believe that there are universal ideas to be extracted from these stories.Word:involvevt. 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于genius n. 天才，天赋；精神individual adj. 个人的；个别的；独特的 n. 个人，个体 innovation n. 创新，革新；新方法extract vt. 提取；取出；摘录；榨取 n. 汁；摘录；榨出物；选粹 reluctant adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的Translation:案例研究相对缺乏设计涉及的实践设计作为一种艺术的第二个原因。精心设计的产品往往归因于个人或创新的天才, 而且设计师可能不愿相信从这些故事中提取的普遍的想