高中生物 第7章 第2节 现代生物进化理论的主要内容课件 新人教版必修2 (75)

1、what与that引导名词性从句的区别1.what 引导名词性从句时，意为“什么”，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 What was the most important to her， she told me， was her family.她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家庭。 China is no longer what she used to be.中国再也不是从前的中国了。2.that引导名词性从句，不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义；引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，谓语动词用单数；引导宾语从句时，that常被省略。 That she will succeed is c

2、ertain.It is certain that she will succeed.她一定会成功。 It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.应该为将来做好准备，这一点学生们相当清楚。1.同位语从句常放在fact， news， idea， truth， hope， problem， information， belief， thought， doubt等抽象名词的后面，是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。 The hope that he may rec

3、over is not gone yet.他恢复的希望还没有破灭。 The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved. (if 不能代替whether 来引导同位语从句, if作“是否”讲，只能引导宾语从句)我们是否应该继续做实验的问题已经解决了。 I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。同位语从句2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明，连词that只起引导作用，不在句中作任何成分，一般不可省略

4、。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制，关系代词that在句中作一定的句子成分。做宾语的关系代词that可省略。 The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(此句为同位语从句，进一步解释“the news”的内容) The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing.你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(此句是定语从句，它指的是“你昨天告诉我的那个消息”)“疑问词ever”与“no matter疑问词”

5、的区别“疑问词ever”与“no matter疑问词”虽然都有“无论”的意思，但是用法有区别,“疑问词ever”既可以引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句，而“no matter疑问词”只能用来引导状语从句。 The poor young man is ready to accept whatever help he can get.这位可怜的年轻人无论什么样的帮助都乐意接受。(宾语从句) The how-to book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.指南类的书对想从事这项工作的人会有帮助。（宾语从句） Whatever/No matte

6、r what you say， I will not believe you.无论你说什么，我不会相信你。 （状语从句） Whoever/No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished. 无论谁违法，都将受到惩罚。（状语从句）.单句填空1.Sometimes _ might be helpful to use examples to explain abstract concepts. 【解析】本句考查的是it作为形式主语，而把真正的主语to use examples to explain abstract concepts放在句末。 【答案

7、】1.it2.The police will reward _ provides useful information to catch the robber. 【解析】本句考查的是名词性从句中的宾语从句，“特殊疑问词+ever”既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句。本题中的whoever引导的是宾语从句，whoever在句中做主语【答案】2.whoever3.We were told that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week, but for the week after. I didnt understand _ this w

8、ould happen. 【解析】本句是一个宾语从句。名词性从句的连词的选择主要通过上下文的语义实现。根据句意可知此处用why。【答案】3.why4.The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal. 【解析】本题属于名词性从句中的表语从句。句意：对这位球星来说最好的时刻就是他射门得分的时候。when表示的是时间。【答案】4.when5.Some people believe _ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in

9、the future. 【解析】本句考查的是“特殊疑问词+ever”引导的主语从句。句意：一些人认为之前发生的或现在正在发生的任何事情在将来都会重复发生。“Whatever has happened before or is happening now”是一个主语从句，whatever既引导这个主语从句，也在从句中做主语。【答案】5.whatever6.Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.【解析】本题考查的是名词性从句中的主语从句。句意：土豆被

10、引进到欧洲的准确时间还不确定，但是大约是在1565年左右。根据后半句“it was probably around 1565”可知本句谈论的是时间。【答案】6. when7.As John Lennon once said， life is _ happens to you while you are busy making other plans. 【解析】本题考查表语从句的引导词。本题中的what happens to you是一个表语从句，从句中缺少主语和连词，所以使用what引导这个表语从句，what在句中做主语。句意：正如John Lennon曾经说过的那样，当我们正在为生活疲于奔波

11、时，生活已离我们远去。【答案】7.what8.It is difficult for us to imagine _ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. 【解析】本题考查的是名词性从句。动词imagine后面含有一个宾语从句，what引导这个宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作为介词like的宾语。句意：对我们来说很难想象古代奴隶的生活是什么样子。【答案】8.what9.Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “Thats _ I was born.” 【解析】本题考查表语从句的引导词。本句中的关键词是

12、the hospital，表示的是地点，故用where引导表语从句。句意：奶奶指着那家医院说：“那就是我出生的地方。”【答案】9.where10.I think _ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses. 【解析】本题中的I think是一个插入语，可以省略。实际上本句中的what impresses me是一个主语从句，what既是这个主语从句的引导词，也在句中做主语。句意：关于他的画，我认为给我留下深刻印象的是他所使用的颜色。【答案】10.what11.“Every time you eat a sweet, drin

13、k green tea.” This is _ my mother used to tell me.【解析】本题考查表语从句的引导词。what my mother used to tell me和系动词is构成系表结构，what既是这个从句的引导词，也在从句里充当动词tell的宾语。句意：这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的事情。【答案】11.what12.Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? Yeah, but I have no idea _ he did it; thats one of his

14、favorite universities.【解析】答句实际上是一个同位语从句，是对名词idea的内容进行的说明。句意：Mike拒绝了耶鲁大学的录取，这是真的吗？是的，我不知道他为什么要这样做。耶鲁大学是他最喜欢的大学之一。短语have no idea后面可以使用多种形式的同位语结构，如have no idea where to go等。根据句意可知使用why表示原因。【答案】12.why13._ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. 【解析】此题题干部分is为系动词，the cre

15、ative imagination of the writer为表语，故is之前为主语从句。从句中缺少主语，故用what。意为：使得这本书如此不同寻常的是作者富于创造的想象力。 【答案】13.What14.Experts believe _ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.【解析】动词believe之后为宾语从句，从句陈述一个事实，不缺少成分，故使用that表陈述。 【答案】14.that 15.Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can

16、 never tell _ close you may be to victory. 【解析】动词tell之后为宾语从句，并可以看出宾语从句部分为感叹句转换而来，描述形容词close用how。【答案】15.how16.Its good to know _ the dogs will be well cared for while were away. 【解析】动词know之后为宾语从句，从句中不缺少成分，故用that表陈述一件事实。【答案】16.that17.It remains to be seen _ the newly formed committees policy can be pu

17、t into practice. 【解析】题干中it作形式主语，真正主语为横线后的主语从句。判断主语从句中不缺少主干成分， “有待被观察”的事情应是不确定的事而不是表陈述，应用whether表“是否”。【答案】17.whether_ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.【解析】主句谓语为is，之前为主语从句，从句中缺少动词tell的直接宾语，指事物，故填what。 【答案】18.What19.Police have found _ appears to be the lost ancient

18、 statue.【解析】动词found后所接为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语指事物，故填上代词what。【答案】19.what 20.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. 【解析】 belief后所接的从句是对其内容进行解释说明，故为同位语从句，陈述belief的内容。 【答案】20.That21._ struck me most in the movie was the fathers de

19、ep love for his son. 【解析】主句谓语动词was之前为主语从句；主语从句中缺少主语指事物，故使用代词what。【答案】21.What22.From space, the earth looks blue. This is _ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. 【解析】本题考查表语从句的引导词。句意：从太空看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为其表面71%是被水覆盖的。分析前后两句之间的逻辑关系，此处为“前果后因”，故用because。【答案】2.because23.This helps creat

20、e parents expectations for the student and helps the student know _ the expectation will be, which reduces stress. 【解析】本句是一个宾语从句，做know的宾语，缺引导词，在宾语从句中作be的表语，结合句意可知，答案为what。【答案】23. what24.Each time the eagle let his dreams be known, he was told it couldnt be done. That is _ the eagle learned to believ

21、e. 【解析】本句是一个表语从句，表语从句中缺引导词，且引导词在从句中作believe的宾语，因此应该用what引导，等于the thing that，即相当于一个名词加一个定语从句。【答案】24.what25.Success partly depends on _ you have the patience to do simple things perfectly.【解析】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：成功部分取决于你是否有耐心把简单的事情做得完美。在题干中，介词“on”后面是宾语从句，结合语境可知，应用whether。【答案】25.whether26.Long before they gr

22、aduate from high school, these students take special courses to prepare for advanced study.They may also take one or more examinations that test _ well prepared they are for the university. 【解析】考查宾语从句的引导词。test之后接的是宾语从句，well prepared是形容词短语，应用how来修饰。【答案】26.how27.Her only problem, if you can call it a

23、problem, is _ she expects to be successful all the time. 【解析】分析句子结构可知，“if you can call it a problem”是插入语，这个句子的主干是“Her only problem is she expects”,空格后为表语从句。该从句不缺少句子成分，应使用that作为引导词。【答案】27.that28.The problem is _ we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.【解析】考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：问题是我们怎样才能在这么短的时间

24、内提高我们的阅读技巧。所填词引导表语从句，意为“怎样”，应用how。【答案】28.how29._ comes to our school will be stricken by the beauty of the campus. 【解析】考查主语从句的引导词。在题干中，“will”之前为主语从句，又结合语境可知，应用whoever(相当于anyone who)作为引导词。【答案】29.Whoever30.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather c

25、losely modeled on his own life.【解析】考查表语从句的引导词。句意：狄更斯喜欢他自己创作的小说大卫科波菲尔的部分原因是小说非常贴近他本人的真实生活。从句为一个句意完整的陈述句，引导词没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只是起连接作用，故用that。【答案】30.that.单句改错1.I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is that he never finishes anything.【解析】句意：比起实践我恐怕他更擅长空谈，那就是他一事无成的原因。本句“which is”引导的非限定性定语从句中有

26、一个表语从句，根据句意用“why”引导。【答案】1.thatwhy2.She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do which it takes to save her life.【解析】句意：我们非常珍视她, 我们已经准备做任何事来拯救她的生命。句中缺少宾语, whatever可引导宾语从句，作动词do的宾语并在从句中充当动词take to的宾语。 【答案】2.whichwhatever3.It suddenly occurred to him whether he had left his keys in the office.【解

27、析】 it作形式主语，真正的主语为that he had left his keys in the office，且that在句中无意义，并不充当任何成分。【答案】3.whetherthat4.He thought that what mattered most in improving ones spoken English were enough confidence and practice.【解析】此宾语从句中，what引导的从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。句意：他认为提高英语口语的关键是有足够的信心和练习。【答案】4.werewas5.As is known to us all is t

28、hat our planet is facing very serious environmental issues.【解析】主要考查主语从句引导词。首先分析句子结构， is known to us all在句中作主语,而as引导非限定性定语从句,what(=the thing that)引导名词性从句。【答案】5.AsWhat6.Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats what the best jobs are.【解析】句意：为什么不到市中心商业区去碰碰运气呢, 鲍勃？那里有最好的工作。where意为“的地方”, 在此引导表语从句表示地点。【答

29、案】6.whatwhere7.The shocking news made me realize how terrible problems we would face.【解析】 realize后面跟宾语从句，从句由what引导，并在从句中作we would face的宾语。【答案】7.howwhat8.I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. Thats why I dont agree. You should have a more active life.【解析】这就是我不同意的地方，ag

30、ree是不及物动词,所以用where引导表语从句。【答案】8.whywhere9.It is known to us all is that the living standard of the Chinese people has been greatly improved.【解析】分析题干结构 “is known to us all”是主语从句, 从句中缺少主语, what引导主语从句, 在从句中作主语。如果用it, 需去掉all后的is。 【答案】9.ItWhat/all is that10.People have heard what the president has said; t

31、hey are waiting to see when he will do.【解析】此题考查what引导的宾语从句, 在从句中作do的宾语。【答案】10.whenwhat11.We dont doubt whether he can do a good job.【解析】 doubt接宾语从句的引导词，在肯定句中为whether/if，否定句和疑问句中则需使用that。【答案】11.whetherthat12.The little boy knows so much about nature really surprises his teachers and classmates.【解析】句意

32、：小男孩对大自然了解得那么多，这确实震撼了他的老师和同学。句中的谓语动词是surprise,因此，其前的部分应是一个主语从句。句意肯定，应用that来引导，尽管that没有词义，但不可省略。【答案】12. the little boy That13.The reason why I like this book is because it is useful for my work.【解析】 the reason作主语，why引导定语从句,后面的表语从句用that引导，而不用because【答案】13.becausethat 。14.This surprised us very much th

33、at Tom should have left without a word. 【解析】 it作形式主语，引导主语从句，而真正的主语是that引导的从句。【答案】14.ThisIt15.We should consider the students request why the school library provide more books on popular science.【解析】句意：我们应该考虑学生们的请求学校图书馆应提供更多的科普书籍。request 后面的部分是同位语从句，引导词在从句中只起连接的作用，没有词义，因此用that。【答案】15.whythat16.Though

34、 having discussed it for long, they still havent reached an agreement that they should pour more money into the project.【解析】 reached可判断是尚未定下之事，因此用whether。不可用if引导同位语从句。句意：虽然讨论了很久,但是否投入更多的资金到该项目中去，他们还没有达成共识。引导同位语从句时，如非肯定之事，用whether; 如肯定的用that。由句中they still havent 【答案】16.thatwhether17.The three heroes,

35、 together with some of their brave schoolmates, jumped into the river to save the drowning boys despite the fact none of the 19yearolds could swim.【解析】句意：这三个英雄和他们的一些勇敢的同学一起跳进河里去救那名溺水的男孩，尽管这三个19岁的孩子都不会游泳。fact后是同位语从句，引导词that不可省略。【答案】17.the fact none that18.In the end, the self-important man had to adm

36、it that he had no idea of which influence this incident would have on the life in the ocean.【解析】句意：最后,那个妄自尊大的人不得不承认,他不知道这一事件会对海洋生命产生什么样的影响。what是泛指什么；which是特指哪一个。【答案】18.whichwhat19.They want to make it clear to the public they do an important job.【解析】 当用it作形式宾语时，真正的宾语从句引导词that不能省略。【答案】19. they do tha

37、t20.Id like to start my own business next yearthats I will face my big challenge in life.【解析】句意：明年我想开始我自己的生意，那时我将会面对一生中的大挑战。分析句子结构和句意可知，这里应该是when引导表语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，对前一句话中的next year进行解释和说明。【答案】20. thats I when21.When well finish translating the book depend on how difficult it is.【解析】名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。【

38、答案】21.depend ondepends on22.We thought strange that Tom did not come yesterday.【解析】考查it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是that引导的从句。it作形式宾语时不能省。【答案】22.thought it23.See to that the children dont catch cold. 【解析】 see to it that相当于make sure that, it作形式宾语不能省，真正的宾语是that引导的从句。【答案】23.to it24.There is evidence how the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundations programs to reduce newborn deaths