GRE线上第三日讲义

1、一、 加强削弱题问法 1： What of the following, if true/false, would most strengthen/weaken the argument inthe passage?解法 1： 寻找文章中一个结论( Conclusion) 所有使用的证据( Evidence) ， 加强或者削弱证据(Evidence)自然导致结论的被加强或者削弱。根据问题，回原文找到观点找到观点所有相关的证据直接排除与证据无关选项剩下的选项代入思考加强/削弱/不改变问法 2: If sth in the passage was true/false, which of the

2、following is likely to happen?解法 2：回文定位，寻找Sth，并找到文中由于Sth 引起的结果，直接针对结果取反。例： In later studies, we found that injecting insulin into a rat s bloodstream also caused parallelelevations in blood and brain tryptophan levels and in serotonin levels. The increased serotonineventually made scientists believe

3、d that insulin should be at least one factor among the many that can influence the rat s memorization process.【题】 If the injection of insulin did not result in an elevation of rat s serotonin level, which ofthe following would happen?A. The rat s tryptophan level shall decrease despite the injection

4、 of insulinB. Scientists will have to further explore the specific effect of rat s serotoninC. The contributing factors of the memorization process will become less definiteD. There will be no other way to determine for sure the relationship between insulin andtryptophanE. The rat s memorization fun

5、ction will become less active二、 态度题在判定态度前必须明白的两件事态度属于谁有名字为名字态度，没名字为作者态度态度分类单向态度：纯正，纯负，无态度；混合态度：偏正，偏负，偏中立。可以体现态度的语言信号有哪些形容词，强名词请注意某些中性词在特定背景（context）下会产生出情感倾向来：This theory makes intuitive sense.引号例： All in the name of "protecting" the health of the women.某些表示评价的实义动词, 用于研究类文章负评价 : Fail to, i

6、gnore, overlook, neglect, overestimate, and underestimate,例 1： Scholars often fail to see that 例2： In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship正评价；show, support， prove, demonstrate, find, discover, determine例： I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued res

7、pect for例： Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.The author s attitude toward “ Most economists in the United States” can best be describA. spiteful

8、 and enviousB. scornful and denunciatoryC. critical and condescendingD. ambivalent but deferentialE. uncertain but interestedUntil the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the

9、 end of theCretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have caused the climatic changes that resulted in this extinction as well as the extinction of many ocean species.This view was seriously challenged in the 1980s

10、 by the discovery of large amounts of iridiumin a layer of clay deposited at the end of the Cretaceous period. Because iridium is extremelyrare in rocks on the Earth s surface but common in meteorites, researchers theorized that it wasthe impact of a large meteorite that dramatically changed the ear

11、th s climate and thus trithe extinction of the dinosaurs.Currently available evidence, however, offers more support for a new theory, the volcanic-eruption theory. A vast eruption of lava in India coincided with the extinctions that occurred atthe end of the Cretaceous period, and the release of car

12、bon dioxide from this episode of volcanism could have caused the climatic change responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs.Such outpourings of lava are caused by instability in the lowest layer of the Earthlocated just above the Earth s core. As the rock that constitutes this layer is heated by th

13、e Earthcore, it becomes less dense and portions of it eventually escape upward as blobs or molten rock, called “ diapirs, ” that can, under certain circumstances, erupt violently through the EarthMoreover, the volcanic-eruption theory, like the impact theory, accounts for the presence of iridium in

14、sedimentary deposits; it also explains matters that the meteorite-impact theory does not. Although iridium is extremely rare on the Earth s surface, the lower regions of the Earthmantle have roughly the same composition as meteorites and contain large amounts of iridium, which in the case of a diapi

15、r eruption would probably be emitted as iridium hexafluoride, a gas that would disperse more uniformly in the atmosphere than the iridium-containing matter thrown out from a meteorite impact. In addition, the volcanic-eruption theory may explain why the end of the Cretaceous period was marked by a g

16、radual change in sea level. Fossil records indicate that for several hundred thousand years prior to the relatively sudden disappearance of the dinosaurs, the level of the sea gradually fell, causing many marine organisms to die out.This change in sea level might well have been the result of a disto

17、rtion in the Earththat resulted from the movement of diapirs upward toward the Earth crsu st, and the more cataclysmic extinction of the dinosaurs could have resulted from the explosive volcanism that occurred as material from the diapirs erupted onto the Earth s surface.1. The passage suggests that

18、 during the 1980s researchers found meteorite impact a convincing explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs, in part because(A) earlier theories had failed to account for the gradual extinction of many ocean species atthe end of the Cretaceous period(B) geologists had, up until that time, underest

19、imated the amount of carbon dioxide that would be released during an episode of explosive volcanism(C) a meteorite could have served as a source of the iridium found in a layer of clay depositedat the end of the Cretaceous period(D) no theory relying on purely geological processes had, up until that

20、 time, explained the causeof the precipitous drop in sea level that occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period(E) the impact of a large meteorite could have resulted in the release of enough carbon dioxide to cause global climatic change2. According to the passage, the lower regions of the Earth s

21、 mantle are characterized by(A) a composition similar to that of meteorites(B) the absence of elements found in rocks on the Earth s crust(C) a greater stability than that of the upper regions(D) the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide(E) a uniformly lower density than that of the upper regi

22、ons3. It can be inferred from the passage that which one of the following was true of the lava that erupted in India at the end of the Cretaceous period?(A) It contained less carbon dioxide than did the meteorites that were striking the Earth during that period.(B) It was more dense than the molten

23、rock, located just above the Earth s core.(C) It released enough iridium hexafluoride into the atmosphere to change the Earthdramatically.(D) It was richer in iridium than rocks usually found on the Earth s surface.(E) It was richer in iridium than were the meteorites that were striking the Earththa

24、t period.4. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following?(A) describing three theories and explaining why the latest of these appears to be the best of thethree(B) attacking the assumptions inherent in theories that until the 1980s had been largely accepted

25、 by geologists(C) outlining the inadequacies of three different explanations of the same phenomenon(D) providing concrete examples in support of the more general assertion that theories must often be revised in light of new evidence(E) citing evidence that appears to confirm the skepticism of geolog

26、ists regarding a view held prior to the 1980sWhen Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United States in 1916, he arrived at precisely the right historical moment. What made the moment right was the return of African American soldiers from the First World War in 1918, which created

27、 an ideal constituency for someone with Garvey's message of unity, pride, and improved conditions for African American communities.Hoping to participate in the traditional American ethos of individual success, many African American people entered the armed forces with enthusiasm, only to find th

28、emselves segregated from white troops and subjected to numerous indignities. They returned to a United States that was as segregated as it had been before the war. Considering similar experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace has argued that when a perceptible gap arises between a culture s

29、expectations and the reality of that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a revitalization movement: an organized, conscious effort to construct a culture that fulfills longstanding expectations.Some scholars have argued that Garvey created the consciousness from which he built, in the 1920s,

30、the largest revitalization movement in African American history. But such an argument only tends to obscure the consciousness of identity, strength, and sense of history that already existed in the African American community. Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousne

31、ss its political expression.1. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to Marcus Garvey's success?A. He introduced cultural and historical consciousness to the African American community.B. He believed enthusiastically in the traditional American success ethos.C. His audienc

32、e had already formed a consciousness that made it receptive to his message.D. His message appealed to critics of African American support for United States military involvement in the First World War.E. He supported the movement to protest segregation that had emerged prior to his arrival in the Uni

33、ted States.2. The passage suggests that many African American people responded to their experiences in the armed forces in which of the following ways?A. They maintained as civilians their enthusiastic allegiance to the armed forces.B. They questioned United States involvement in the First World War

34、.C. They joined political organizations to protest the segregation of African American troops and the indignities they suffered in the military.D. They became aware of the gap between their expectations and the realities of American culture.E. They repudiated Garvey's message of pride and unity.

35、3. It can be inferred from the passage that the "scholars" mentioned in the highlight text believe which of the following to be true?A. Revitalization resulted from the political activism of returning African American soldiers following the First World War.B. Marcus Garvey had to change a

36、number of prevailing attitudes in order for his mass movement to find a foothold in the United States.C. The prevailing sensibility of the African American community provided the foundation of Marcus Garvey s political appeal.D. Marcus Garvey hoped to revitalize consciousness of cultural and histori

37、cal identity in the African American community.E. The goal of the mass movement that Marcus Garvey helped bring into being was to build on the pride and unity among African Americans.4. According to the passage, many African American people joined the armed forces during theFirst World War for which

38、 of the following reasons?A. They wished to escape worsening economic conditions in African American communities.B. They expected to fulfill ideals of personal attainment.C. They sought to express their loyalty to the United States.s political visionD. They hoped that joining the military would help

39、 advance the cause of desegregation. E. They saw military service as an opportunity to fulfill Marcus GarveyA recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in ca

40、rnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers di

41、smissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias b

42、ecause breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data.The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores ipna rticular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more t

43、horough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities

44、.1. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. present several explanations for a well-known factB. suggest alternative methods for resolving a debateC. argue in favor of a controversial theoryD. question the methodology used in a studyE. discuss the implications of a research finding2. According to

45、 the passage, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea areaA. included the same species, in approximately the same proportionsB. had a similar frequency of tooth fracturesC. populated the La Brea area more denselyD. consumed their prey more thoroughl

46、yE. found it harder to obtain sufficient prey3. According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakagein carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily byA. the aging process in individual carnivoresB. contact between the fossils in the pitsC. poor preservation

47、 of the fossils after they were removed from the pitsD. the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of their preyE. the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills4. The passage suggests that tooth fractures in Pleistocene carnivores probably tended

48、 to occur less frequentlyA. during periods in which more prey were availableB. at sites distant from the La Brea areaC. in older individual carnivoresD. in species that were not preserved as fossilsE. in species that regularly stole carcasses from other speciesYears before the advent of plate tecton

49、ics the widely-accepted theory, developed in the mid-1960s, that holds that the major features of Earth's surface are created by the horizontal motions of Earth's outer shell, or lithosphere siam ilar theory was rejected by the geological community. In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed, in a wid

50、ely-debated theory that came to be called continental drift, that Earth's continents were mobile. To most geologists today, Wegener s The Origin of Continents and Oceans appears an impressive and prescient document,containing several of the essential presumptions underlying plate tectonics theor

51、y: the horizontal mobility of pieces of Earth's crust; the essential difference between oceanic and continental crust; and a causal connection between horizontal displacements and the formation of mountain chains. Yet despite the considerable overlap between Wegener s concepts and thelater widel

52、y embraced plate tectonics theory, and despite the fact that continental drift theory presented a possible solution to the problem of the origin of mountains at a time when existing explanations were seriously in doubt, in its day Wegener thse ory was rejected by the vast majority of geologists.Most

53、 geologists and many historians today believe that Wegener's theory was rejected because of its lack of an adequate mechanical basis. Stephen Jay Gould, for example, argues that continental drift theory was rejected because it did not explain how continents could move through an apparently ocean

54、ic floor. However, as Anthony Hallam has pointed out, many scientific phenomena, such as the ice ages, have been accepted before they could be fully explained. The most likely cause for the rejection of continental drift a cause that has beenlargely ignored because we consider Wegener's theory t

55、o have been validated by the theory of plate tectonics tihse nature of the evidence that was put forward to support it. Most of Wegener's evidence consisted of homologies similarities of patterns and forms based on direct observations of rocks in the field, supported by the use of hammers, hand

56、lenses, and field notebooks. In contrast, the data supporting plate tectonics were impressively geophysical instrumentald| eterminations of the physical properties of Earth garnered through the use of seismographs, magnetometers, and computers.1. It can be inferred from the passage that geologists t

57、oday would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Wegener's The Origin of Continents and Oceans?A. It was a worthy scientific effort that was ahead of its time.B. it was based on evidence that was later disproved.C. It was directly responsible for the acceptance of

58、the theory of plate tectonics.D. It has been disproved by continental drift theory.E. It misrepresented how horizontal displacements cause the formation of mountain chains.2. The author of the passage suggests that the most likely explanation for the geological community's response to continental drift theory in its day was that the theoryA. was in conflict with certain aspects of plate tectonics theoryB. failed to account for how mountains were formedC. did not adequately explain how continents moved through the ocean floorD. was contradicted by