奶牛营养与代谢病

1、nutritional approach for cattle foot care通过营养的办法护理牛的体部infectious skin diseases(multifactorial problem)disease organismspirochaetedeep slurry 厚的泥浆泥浆浆浆wet hooves 蹄部潮湿潮潮湿湿low oxygen 氧foot wartshousing systemnutrition (protein)感染性皮肤病（多种因素引起的问题）病原生物螺旋体属氧气含量低蹄疣（蹄部肉赘）圈舍条件营养（蛋白质）clinical lesions in hoofresu

2、lt from:poor horn qualitydepends on 决quality epidermal tissues nutrition keratinizationintercellular substances临床上蹄部损伤由以下因素造成：角质质量差决定于表皮组织的质量营养角质化细胞间的物质horn quality* keratin filaments and associated proteins* cross linkages by disulphide bonds to form keratin masses* intercellular cementing substanc

3、esrequired nutrients* sulphur containing amino acids, cystine, methionine and histidine* fatty acids* calcium, zinc* biotin角质质量角质蛋白丝和相关的蛋白通过二硫键的交叉联接形成交织基质细胞间的粘接基质需要的营养物质含硫氨基酸，胱氨酸，蛋氨酸和组氨酸脂肪酸钙，锌生物素concentrate feeding and hoof disorderslarge amount ofno effectstarch or restricted fibre leadsbergsten an

4、d frank (1998)to hoof disordersolsson et al. (1998)peterse et al. (1989)liversay and fleming (1980)manson and lever (1988)(concrete cubicles)rubber mats(tie stall)精料喂量与蹄病大量的淀粉或纤维饲料供给有限导致蹄病无效（混凝土隔间） 橡胶垫（拴系栏位）rumen fermentation patterns as a consequence of adaption due to ph regulation0204060807.26.86

5、.46.05.65.24.8rumen phmolar(%)acetic acidpropionic acidlactic acid适应ph 值变化规律的瘤胃发酵形式瘤胃ph 醋酸 丙酸 乳酸克分子（%）changes of rumen ph throughout a 24 hour period in dairy cows fed clover pasture plus small amounts of maize silage5.55.86.16.46.77048101216182024time(h)phclover pasturepasture + silage(stockdale, 1

6、994)放牧饲喂苜蓿草加少量玉米青贮的奶牛的24间的瘤胃ph值变化情况时间（小时）苜蓿草苜蓿草加青贮sequence of events leading to laminitisnutritionexcessive grainfinely chopped forageslug grain feedinglactic acid productiondecreased phdeath of gram negative bacteria & endotoxin releaseinfectious diseases environmentmetritis histamine stressmas

7、titis concussionfoot rot traumavaso-constraction/dilationlaminae destructionhoof deteriorationlaminitis导致板炎的原因（事件的结果导致板炎）营养环境传染病子宫炎乳房炎蹄腐烂组胺应激震动外伤（创伤）板炎蹄部变质板层破坏血管收缩/扩张革兰氏阴性菌死亡和内毒素释放ph值下降产生乳酸谷物过多粗料切割过细谷物懒汉喂法（谷物饲喂次数过少）0501001502002503003504004505001020304050prediction of microbial nitrogen flows to the

8、 duodenum in dry and lactating cows(from firkin et al. 1998)microbial nitrogen flows (g/day)net energy (lactation) mcal/daydry cowlactatingrationsn.r.c. regressionfirkin et al. (1998)(from published data)微生物氮流入干奶牛和泌乳奶牛十二指肠的预测干奶牛泌如日粮n.r.c.回归直(发表的数据)净能(产奶)mcal/日微生物氮流量(克/日)051015202530dry cows30 litres

9、40 litresfirkin et al. (1998)nrc (1989)methionine g/drequirement for methionine in high yielding dairy cows compared to estimated synthesis of microbial methionine in rumen40 litres methionine requirement30 litres methionine requirementmilk production l/day高产奶牛的蛋氨酸需要量与估测的瘤胃微生物蛋氨酸合成的比 较产40升奶蛋氨酸需要量产30

10、升奶蛋氨酸需要量牛奶产量40升干奶牛蛋氨酸 克/日amino acid composition of protein meals and rumen bacterial protein(g/100g amino acids)methioninecystinelysinemilkmeat mealblood mealfish mealcottonseed mealsunflower mealrapeseed mealsoyabeanmaize grainmaize gluten feedsorghum grainbacteria2.041.271.182.401.132.281.891.101.

11、801.801.512.60min-max 1.1-4.90.721.180.970.811.411.922.401.272.131.702.23-6.664.4410.106.813.883.55.015.502.702.381.967.94.9-9.5蛋白饲料的氨基酸组成和微生物蛋白的氨基酸组成(克/100克氨基酸0蛋氨酸 胱氨酸 赖氨酸奶肉粉血粉鱼粉棉粕葵花粕菜粕大豆玉米玉米蛋白饲料高粱细菌最低-最高problems occur at calving* dry matter intakes fall (van saun 1993, grummer 1995)* protein accre

12、tion of uterus doubles in last 60 days (bell et al. 1998)* uterine uptake of amino acids represents 70% of total material pool (bell 1995)* colostrum (rich in sulphur amino acids containing immunoglobulins) and the high milk yield drains the animal of these essential amino acids* histidine and methi

13、onine first limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis* transient hypocalcaemia reduces calcium pool. (may last up to 6 weeks)* increased rumen acidity产犊时出现的问题干物质进食量下降子宫蛋白沉积在最后60天翻番子宫的氨基酸的获取量占了总营养物质池的70%初乳(含免疫球蛋白,含硫氨基酸丰富)和高的产奶量排除了动物体内的必需氨基酸组氨酸和蛋氨酸是乳蛋白合成的第一限制性氨基酸过度期低血钙降低了钙池中的钙(可能会持续6周)增加了瘤胃的酸度fe

14、ed intake changes prior to calving6.006.507.007.508.008.509.009.5010.0010.5011.00-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-20van saun et al., (1993)days prior to calvingdm intake (kg/d)产前的采食量变化产犊前日龄 干物质进食量(公斤?日)role of calcium in bovine hoof epidermal integritysynthesis of increased sulphur amino acid rich

15、proteins many sulphydral groupsborder of cornification process change from sulphydral groups to disulphide bonds cornification* sulphur amino acids important for formation of cellular envelope (marginal bond) * acts as protective sheath on inner side of cell membrane of keratinizing epidermal cellsc

16、alcium important* activator of epidermal transglutaminase (cross links)* induction of terminal differentation of keratinocytes钙在牛蹄部表皮完整性中的作用含硫氨基酸丰富的蛋白质的合成许多含硫基团角质化过程的边界由含硫基团转变为二硫键角质化含硫氨基酸对细胞的形成发展非常重要(边缘键)在角质化表皮细胞的细胞膜的内侧起到保护套的作用钙的重要性表皮谷氨酰胺转氨酶激活剂(交联键)诱导角质化细胞的最终分化5.005.506.006.507.007.508.008.509.009.5

17、010.00-7-5-3-2-10123anioniccationicblood calcium concentration (mg/100ml)lower level of normal (hove 1986)periparturient calcium concentration in plasma from cows fed an ionic or cationic diet prior to calvingday 0 was day of calving (goff et al. 1991)奶牛产前饲喂阴离子或阳离子日粮在临产前后血浆钙的浓度正常的低水平血液钙的浓度(毫克/100毫升0

18、日为产犊日阴离子阳离子effect of forage : concentrate ratio on rumen biotin synthesis in vitro 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6biotin mcg/day83/1767/3350/5033/6717/83forage : concentrate(da costa gomez, 1998)精饲料和粗饲料比例体外试验对瘤胃生物素合成的影响粗饲料:精饲料生物素 微克/日02468101214feedmilkurinefaecessteinberg et al. 1994mcg/d 泌乳奶牛的生物素平衡饲料

19、牛奶 尿 粪微克/日incidence of hoof abnormalities: control vs. biotin after 12 months at final hoof trimming5028435331245224*01020304050solehemorrhagesdouble soleridgesheel hornerosionaf f ect ed cow s (% )controlbiotin 20 mg*p0.05(bergsten et al., 1999)蹄部奇型发病率:12个月后最后一次修时蹄对照比生物素占发病奶牛(%)蹄底出血双重蹄底 脊(棱线)蹄跟角质糜烂

20、对照 生物素20毫克washington state biotin field study 150 cows, high producing herd computer feeder system allowed control and treatment groups: 0 or 20 mg/day biotin 1 year trial; clinical hoof evaluations 4x, hooftrimmed 3x milk production from dhia records outstanding lol nutritionist(bergsten et al., 19

21、99)华盛顿洲进行的生物素领域研究150头高产奶牛电脑喂料系统保证了对照和处理组:0或20毫克生物素/日试验1年；蹄部临床症状评价4次，修蹄三次由牛群改良委员会记录产奶量湖手牛奶公司杰出的营养专家878*02004006008001000increase compared to controlprojected milk production (kg in 305 d)biotin 20 mginfluence of biotin on milk production in dairy cows (washington state biotin field study)n = 94(bergs

22、ten et al., 1999)*p0.01生物素对奶牛产奶量的影响（在华盛顿洲进行的生物素领域研究）与对照比增加生物素20毫克高出的产奶量（公斤/305天）rainfall pattern and number of wet days/months in the millaa millaa region of nth qld02468101214161820may-97jjasondjan-98fmam0100200300400500600700wet daysrainfall *mm/month(t. fitzgerald, b.w. norton, r. elliott and o.l

23、. svendsen, 1998)北昆氏兰州米拉米拉地区个月的降雨量和降雨天数降雨天数 降雨量 毫米/月97年5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月12月98年1月2月 3月 4月 5月mean locomotion scores of herds with or without biotin supplementation0.00.51.01.52.0may 97julyseptnovjan 98marmaylocomotion scorecontrolbiotin*significant difference : p0.05(t. fitzgerald, b.w. norton, r

24、. elliott and o.l. svendsen, 1998)补充生物素与不补充生物素牛群的平均运动评分对照 生物素运动评分显著水平：p0.0597年5月 7月 9月 11月 98年1月 3月 5月reported monthly incidence of lameness in cattle with or without biotin supplementation051015202530354045may-97jjasondjan-98fmambiotincontrolno of lame cows / month*significant difference : * p0.05,

25、 *p0.01, *p0.001(t. fitzgerald, b.w. norton, r. elliott and o.l. svendsen, 1998)补充或不补充生物素的奶牛个月的跛行发病率生物素 对照跛行奶牛头数/月97年 5月6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月98年 1月2月 3月 4月 5月显著水平: *p0.05 *p0.01 *p0.001influence of biotin supplementation on hoof health (totals for year)variablehooves showing moderate tosevere dama

26、ge to digitsunsupplementedbiotin supplementedsignificance left rear10121p0.001 right rear10047p0.001 left front427p0.001 right front176 p0.05affected digit inner4321 p0.05 outer14053p0.001number of cow shoes/slips applied5941n.s.number of antibiotic treatment10815p0.001(t. fitzgerald, b.w. norton, r

27、. elliott and o.l. svendsen, 1998)补充生物素对蹄部健康状况的影响(年合计)变量 没有补充生物素 补充生物素 显著水平 蹄部和蹄趾表现为中等或严重损伤左后蹄右后蹄左前蹄右前蹄蹄趾病变内侧外侧穿鞋或挂掌奶牛数抗生素治疗奶牛数0.750.80.850.90.951100200300400500600700time (days)survival functionunsupplementedsupplementedkaplan-meir plot of survival function in biotin supplement and unsupplemented c

28、ows补充生物素和不补充生物奶牛卡普兰-梅尔(人名)存活函数图时间(天)没有补充生物素补充生物素存活函数值01020304050cows with laminitiscows with sound hoovessole horn moisture content (%) in cows with clinical laminitis and cows with sound hooves. *signifcant difference (p 0.01)sole horn moisture content (%)*临床上为蹄板炎的奶牛和蹄部完好的奶牛的蹄底角质含水量(%)蹄板炎奶牛蹄部完好奶牛显著

29、水平(p0.01)蹄底角质湿度(%)050100150200250300350400cows with laminitiscows with sound hoovesmean serum biotin concentration (pg/ml) of cows with clinical laminitis and cows with sound hooves serum biotin concentrations (pg/ml)*临床上表现为蹄板炎奶牛和蹄完好奶牛的血清平均生物素含量 (微微克/毫升)蹄板炎奶牛蹄完好奶牛血清生物素浓度 (微微克/毫升)20253035404550280300320340360380400420n=14r=0.903p0.001serum biotin concentration (pg/ml)sole horn moisture content (%)临床上蹄板炎奶牛和蹄部完好奶牛的蹄底角质含水量 与血清生物素浓度(微微克/毫升)的关系血清生物素浓度(微微克/毫升)蹄底角质含水量(%)补充生物素对产奶量影响的实验结果总结出处 处理 设计 反应(结果)应用研究，圈养，一个农场 305天增加320公斤校正产奶量(处理组12,110公斤比对照组的11,790公斤，p0.05)0或20毫克/日0或20毫克/日 应用研究，经电脑喂料