新编英语语法教程19.不定式(一)

1、Infinitive (I)l英语动词：限定动词和英语动词：限定动词和非限定动词非限定动词，也叫动，也叫动词的限定形式和非限定形式。两者间最重要词的限定形式和非限定形式。两者间最重要的区别在于限定动词有时的标记，非限定动的区别在于限定动词有时的标记，非限定动词没有。词没有。 例：例：teach l限定形式：限定形式： teaches (现在时现在时) teached (过去时过去时)l非限定形式：非限定形式： to teach(不定式不定式) teaching (ing分词分词) teached (ed分词分词)1. 不定式的一般形式、进行体和完成体形式不定式的一般形式、进行体和完成体形式 不

2、定式没有时的标记，但有体和态的变化不定式没有时的标记，但有体和态的变化体：不定式一般形式体：不定式一般形式( to do ) 进行体形式进行体形式( to be doing ) 完成体形式完成体形式( to have done) 完成进行体形式完成进行体形式(to have been doing)态：主动态态：主动态(to do) 被动态被动态(to be done) 完成被动态完成被动态(to have been done)2. 不定式的用法不定式的用法1） 作主语作主语 To make transistor is not very difficult.注：比较常见用注：比较常见用it作形式

3、主语作形式主语 Its our duty to take good care of the old. How long did it take you to finish the work? It is difficult for us to finish writing the article in an hour. (该句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，该句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等等) It is stupid of you to write down every

4、thing the teacher says. (该句型中，常用表示赞扬或批评及该句型中，常用表示赞扬或批评及人物性格特征的词，如：人物性格特征的词，如：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice , right, silly , stupid, wise等，并用等，并用of + sb. 引出不定式的逻辑主语引出不定式的逻辑主语) = You are stupid to write down It seemed (appeared) impossible to save money.2） 作宾语作宾语 I find it

5、difficult to understand him. (后有补足语时，用形式宾语后有补足语时，用形式宾语it代替不定式代替不定式)3）作宾语补足语）作宾语补足语 The policeman observed the man open the window. (有些动词后用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去有些动词后用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去 不定式符号不定式符号to，这些动词有，这些动词有make, let, see, watch, hear, have, feel.) (Help后可省可不省后可省可不省)4）作定语）作定语 I write with a pen. I use a pen

6、 to write with. The woman has three children to look after.5）动词）动词 + 疑问词疑问词 + 不定式不定式 I dont know what to do. When to start has not been decided. The problem is which to take first.6）作状语）作状语 We went to the station to welcome the delegation. (表示目的表示目的) We finished the experiment to find that the resul

7、ts were all the same.(表示结果表示结果) I have enjoyed my visit here. Ill be very sorry to leave. (表示原因表示原因)3. 不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语 通常由通常由for + 名词或代词名词或代词 It is easy for you to teach Mary. Can you arrange for a car to take us there? It was very nice of you to think so much of us.4. 不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式 在不定式符号在不定式符号

8、to前加上前加上not He asked us not to be late. Their decision not to go to school is surprising.5. 带带to 不定式与不带不定式与不带to 不定式不定式 不定式通常带不定式通常带to, 在某些固定搭配中不带在某些固定搭配中不带to, 在另外在另外一些搭配中带一些搭配中带to 不带不带to 均可。均可。1）在情态助动词之后）在情态助动词之后 must, can, may, need, dare. +动词原形动词原形 need, dare作情态助动词跟不带作情态助动词跟不带to 不定式；不定式； 作主动词跟带作主动

9、词跟带to 不定式不定式 我们必须更加努力学习。我们必须更加努力学习。We need work harder. 你不必这么大声讲话。你不必这么大声讲话。You neednt talk so loud.你非得走这么快吗？你非得走这么快吗？Need you walk so quickly?We need to work harder.You dont need to talk so loud.Do you need to walk so quickly?她不敢做那件事。她不敢做那件事。She dare not do it. She doesnt dare to do it.2）在半助动词之后）在半

10、助动词之后 半助动词：介于主动词和助动词半助动词：介于主动词和助动词( can, may, must ,will ,should)之间的词类，本身带有词之间的词类，本身带有词义义. 如如, be about to, have to, had better 你肯定能成功。你肯定能成功。 You are sure/ certain/ bound /likely to succeed. 我在街上碰巧被老师碰到了。我在街上碰巧被老师碰到了。 I happen to be met in the street by my T.3）在情态成语之后）在情态成语之后 would rather/sooner/as

11、 soon (宁愿宁愿)； may/ might as well (不妨，可以不妨，可以)；cannot (help) but (不能不，不由得不不能不，不由得不) would rather/sooner/as soon do than/ as do 他宁死不投降。他宁死不投降。 He would rather die than surrender. 他宁愿呆在家里，也不愿去看电影。他宁愿呆在家里，也不愿去看电影。 He would sooner stay at home as go to the cinema.4）在）在rather than / sooner than 之后之后 “宁可宁可

12、(主句主句)而不而不(从句从句)” rather than / sooner than在句首时，带省在句首时，带省to 不定不定式式 rather than / sooner than在句中时在句中时, 带或不带带或不带to均均可可 他宁愿写信，也不愿发电子邮件。他宁愿写信，也不愿发电子邮件。 Rather than send an e-mail, he wrote a letter. He wrote a letter rather than (to) send an e-mail.5）在主动词）在主动词+ 主动词主动词 固定搭配的第一主动词之固定搭配的第一主动词之 后，即第二主动词不带后，

13、即第二主动词不带to make believe (假装假装)；hear tell of (听说听说)； make do with/ on (凑合，将就凑合，将就)6）在使役动词）在使役动词+ 宾语之后，用不带宾语之后，用不带 to不定式不定式 let, make, have do , 但在被动态中，转为但在被动态中，转为 带带to 不定式不定式 我要他在公园门口等我。我要他在公园门口等我。 I make him wait for me at the gate of the park. He was made to wait for me at the gate of the park.7）在感

14、觉动词）在感觉动词+宾语之后，不带宾语之后，不带to see/ look at/ hear/listen to/feel do, 但在被但在被 动态中，转为带动态中，转为带to 不定式不定式 抢劫者注意抢劫者注意/看到他进了银行。看到他进了银行。 The robber observed him enter the bank. 他被抢劫者注意到进了银行。他被抢劫者注意到进了银行。 He was observed to enter the bank by 8）在）在have known + 宾语之后宾语之后 看过，听过看过，听过，带省，带省to 不定式不定式, 但在被动态中但在被动态中 转为带转为

15、带to 不定式不定式 我从未看到过她发脾气。我从未看到过她发脾气。 I have never known her lose her temper. She has never been known to lose her temper9）在）在help 之后带或不带之后带或不带to均可均可10）在介词）在介词except/ but 之后之后 前有前有 do, 后省后省to, 前无前无 do, 后加后加do 注：注：在在SVC句型中，主语有句型中，主语有do，主补不定式可带，主补不定式可带to, 也可不带也可不带to 除了做饭之外她什么都会。除了做饭之外她什么都会。 She can do eve

16、rything but cook. 他什么都想过他什么都想过,唯独没考虑到天气。唯独没考虑到天气。 He had considered everything except to consider the weather.11) 在在why/ why not ? 之后，不带之后，不带to Why blame her? Why not tell her the truth?12）在其他一些习惯用法中，不带）在其他一些习惯用法中，不带to Go post a letter for me. (= Go and post) Come have a chat with me. (= Come and ha

17、ve)1.Rather than _ run the risk of losing every- thing they accepted his term.2. Did you feel the pickpocket _ snatch your bracelet?3. I could do nothing but _ pretend that I did not know it.4. Dont let there _ be any noise./5. Hold it tight and dont let _ go.6. Sooner than _ travel by airbus, Id pr

18、efer a week on a big liner.7. Don Jose had grown morose and rarely left the house except _ attend Mass.8. Why not _ urge him _ reconsider his decision?9. After he had finished speaking. Mr Jones was made _ answer innumerable questions./tototo10. Why dont you get your wife _ explain it to you?11. Let

19、 things go _ hang.12. We have never known him _ lose his temper before.13. The prisoners were let _ go.14. I dont want here _ be any misunderstand- ing between us.toto/15. Help the girl in front of you _ carry the baskets.16. He resigned rather than _ stifle his conscience.17. All Im trying to do is _ try to get this thing off the ground.18. In the library I noticed Diana _ talk for a moment with David alone.19. Ive heard _ say that she has left.(to)(to)(to)/20. What he did was _ throw his arms around the boy and embrace hi