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1、2011年备考全国研究牛:入学考试英语讲义use of english英语知识运用(完 形 填 空)“人家好,当你走进我的课堂,我们便被命运紧密地联系在了一起。因为在这里我们将吹起 战斗的号角!用知识与技能武装自己的头脑,用辛勤与汗水磨砺自己的意志,用乐观与理智 塑造自己的心态.只要我们共同奋进,配有合理的复习方法,胜利终究属于你我! ”下曲我们就先要走进令人多数考生头疼的"use of english (完形填空)”的讲解!新大纲将这一部分改为“英语知识运用”,题型仍是完形填空,出现在试卷的笫一部分。完形 填空是标准化出题方式的一种常用形式,强调知觉、思维和动机的结合。在英语测试屮

2、强调 “语感匕即考查学生阅读理解和语言知识的综合应用能力。第一节完形填空出题、评分标准和题材内容根据新大纲规定,完形填空满分为10分,短文长度为240-280个词左右,共有20个空,每 空0.5分。每个空即为1个题,每个题有4个备选答案,主要测试词汇、语法和结构。短文的题材涉及社会生活、人物传记、科普、文化、史地、政治、经济、心理、新闻等。 文章体裁多为论说文或说明文。第二节完形填空解题方法完形填空不同于单句填空,单句虽是孤立的,但也是完整的,考生容易把握住要旨。完形填 空却是从语篇水平上测试考生对整篇文章的理解能力和语言基础知识的运用能力。这就要 求考生具有扎实的语言基础和一定的语感能力,即

3、在具体环境下用词的能力。一、本世纪初经典的启示if a fanner wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. he must store a large quantit、of grain _1_ consiiminq all his grain immediately. he can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. he must use thi

4、s surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old apricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. he may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm

5、 in other ways .if no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 he must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans.naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. (2000 年真题)1. a other thanb as well asc instead o

6、fd more than2. a only ifb much asc long befored ever since3. a forb againstc ofd towards4. a replaceb purchasec supplementd dispose5. a enhanceb mixc feedd raise6. a vesselsb routesc pathsd channels8. a searchb savec offerd seek9. a proportionb percentagec rated ratio10a genuinelyb obviouslyc presum

7、ablyd frequently(温馨提示:请考生留意文中被加黑并且有下划线的已知信息。)【译文赏析】个农民要想成功,就必须在消费和牛:产之间尽量保持着较人的余地。他必须存储人量的粮 食而不是立即把所有的粮食都吃掉。农民只有有了余粮才能继续养活自己及家人。他必须用 以下三种方式来使用这些余粮:留作种子用于播种,留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障,作为商 品卖掉来替换i口农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠,或在其他方 而改善口己的农田。如果没有余粮,他就不能口给口足,他就得要么卖掉部分财产要么以贷 款的方式寻求额外资金。口然他会努力争取低息贷款,但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。【标准答

8、案】c,a,b,a,c,d,b,d,c,d二、完形总有路可走要使考牛从所给的选项屮选出正确的答案,使补足后短文的意思和结构恢复完整,考牛须从 文章通篇考虑,掌握大意,综合运用所学到的词汇和语法知识,选出最佳答案。要做到这一 点,考生应学会掌握一套相应的科学解题方法,这将使准确率明显捉高。1先读第一句,然后跳过所冇空格,速读全文。在快速浏览中了解信息,初步掌握全文的中 心思想,确定短文的题材内容和体裁。注意:完形填空试题的出题特点是第一句不含空格,为一完整的句子。而这类短文的第一 个句子通常为主题句子,为理解全文提供了重要的线索。例如:1999年试题第一旬:industrial safety d

9、oes not just happen.工业生产安全并不会自然产生。(很 明确,该短文将讨论工业生产安全问题。)1998 年试题第一旬:until recently most historians spoke very critically of the industrialrevolution.不久以前,大多数历史学家对工业革命持强烈的批评态度。(很显然,本句为短文的主题句,它意味看本文将围绕历史学家对工业革命的评价來论述。)1997 年试题第一句:manpower inc. with 560, 000 workers is the world's largest temporary

10、 employment agency.人力资源公司拥冇56万员工,为世界上最大的临时就业代理机构。(木 句概括出了短文的主要内容,它将叙述人力资源公司为什么会成为世界上最大的临时就业代 理机构。)1996 年试题第一右j: vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life animals, including man.维牛:素为有机化合物,少量 存在于食物当中,为动物和人类维持正常生长和生命所必需。(很显然,本文将

11、讨论维生素 的作用。)以上分析说明,每一年的完形填空试题都会套用这一固定模式,考生应掌握这一规律。2.细读全文,边读边动手解题,找出正确答案。a. 根据上下文意思并联系短文中心思想,全而思考,进行推论和判断。b. 结合上下文,寻找信息词。信息词包括上下文中出现过的词、固定搭配、习惯用语、特定句型中有关词语,或者相关句 子。有的选项在孤立的语法条件卜看是正确的,但如果结合上下文捉供的信息來判断,却是 错误的。信息词会直接或间接地提示我们寻找正确答案的线索。例如:1)when the work is well done, a 43 of accidcnt-frcc operations is es

12、tablished where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (1999 年第 43 题)a regulation b climate c circumstance d requirement【独辟蹊径】从上下文來看,信息词“the work”是指上文提到的“制订和实施安全计划"的工作,这项工作 做好,才会建立起i种“安全的坏境”。a regulation和d. requirement显然不符合题意,而c. circumstance指“环境,情形”时通常用复数,b. climate则有“环境、气候、气氛"等意

13、义, 故climate在此适合表达上下文含义。2) comparisons were drawn betw een the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. yet much had happened 21 .as was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominantprc-clcctr

14、onic 23, following in the wake of the "mphlet and the book and in the 24 ofthe periodical. it was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, be口inning ith transport, the railway, and leadin口 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20thccntu

15、ry world of the motor car and the airplane. not everyone sets that process in 28. it is important to do so. (2002 年真题)21. a betweenb beforec sinced later22. a afterb byc duringd until23. a meansb methodc mediumd measure24. a processb companyc lightd fonn25. a gatheredb speededc workedd picked26. aon

16、b outc overd off27. aofb forc beyondd into28. a conceptb dimensionc effectd perspective【独辟蹊径】考生要注意文屮加黑划线的已知信息,尤其是段首的几个表示时间概念的短语:the 20th century, the 15th and 16th centuries, the 19th centuiy。第 21 题所在句首有 yet (然而),表 明该句与段首句有转折逻辑关系,参看选项,答案在句屮做状语,修饰谓语had happened, 选择a,表明在这两个吋段之间(段首句中表明)发生的事情很多。第22题出现在一

17、个强 调句式中,结合上文的时间概念,参看选项,正确答案为d。第23题的暗示是该空白所在 句了内部的newspaper,众所周知,报纸就是一种medium®第24题是固定搭配。笫25题 考査动词短语搭配,结合该空口所在句子中的山c communications revolution (通信革命)暗 示,以及下文述及了“从运输方而的铁路开始,发展到电报、电话、收音机和电影,一直到 二十世纪的汽车和飞机”,考生可判断这种革命是加速发展的。第26、27题是固定搭配,同 样可以从文屮得到暗示,lead on though .to.。第28题仍然是固定搭配,考生分析可知, 该结构在句中做状语,修

18、饰谓语sees (看待),结合上下文暗示和选项,可以得出正确答案。【译文赏析】人们曾比较过二十世纪电视的发展和卜五、十六世纪印刷术的传播。然而,在这两个时段之 间发生过很多事情。正如前面所讨论过的,直到十九壯纪,报纸才继宣传册和书之后,与期 刊一起,成为电子时代z前主要的传媒。正是这段时间,通信革命加速发展,从运输方面的 铁路开始,发展到电报、电话、收音机和电影,一直到二十世纪的汽不和飞机。并不是每一 个都能正确地看待这一进程,但是这样做是非常重要的。【标准答案】a,d,c,b,b,a,d,d3)many theories concerning the causes of juvenile d

19、elinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.theories21 on the indiv idual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficientl、penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned crimin

20、al behavior through 23 with others. theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25 as a rejection of middleclass values. (2004 年真题)21. a actingfb relyingc centeringd commenting22. aj beforeb unlessc unti

21、ld because23. aj interactionb assimilationc cooperationd consultation24. a returnb replyc referenced response25. a orb but ratherc butd or else【独辟蹊径】考牛要注意文屮加黑划线的已知信息,首句为该段主题句,其它句子是扩展句。笫21题 的暗示来自首句的谓语focus one笫22题的暗示在于该空白前后的内容暗示:前面讲儿童 犯罪,后面讲他们以往的错误行为没冇得到足够的惩罚;二者z间是因果逻辑。第23题的 暗示是该句述及儿童学会犯罪的途径,空白后而有wit

22、h others (lj别人),结合选项可知正 确答案为a。第24题考查固定短语搭配,结合前后内容可以得知,空口前后仍是因果逻辑, 正确答案为d。第25题为选择逻辑,答案为a,请记住but rather (相反地)。【译文赏析】很多有关青少年犯罪原因的理论,要么把个人当成上要的影响因素,要么把社会当成主要的 影响因索。强调个人因索的理论认为儿童犯罪是因为他们以往的错谋行为没有得到足够的惩 罚,或者因为他们受别人的影响而学会了犯罪行为。强调社会因素的理论认为儿童犯罪是因 为他们对白己不能提升白己的社会经济地位而作出的反应,或者是因为他们拒绝接受屮产阶 级价值观。【标准答案】c,d,a,d,a4)

23、 the human nose is an undeirated tool. humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals、 1 this is largely because, _2_ animals, we stand upright. this means that our noses are_3_ to perceiving those smells which float through the air、 4 the majority of smells which stick to

24、 surfaces. in fact. _5_,we are extremely sensitive to the smells, _6_ wc do not generally realize it. our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these arc 2 to far below one part in one million. (2005 年真题)1. a althoughb asc butd while2. aaboveb unlikec excludingd besides3. a limitedb committe

25、dc dedicatedd confined4. a catchingb ignoringc missingd tracking5. a anywayb thoughc insteadd therefore6. a even ifb if onlyc only ifd as 讦7. a distinguishingfb discoveringc determiningfd detecting8. a dilutedb dissolvedc dispersedd dit'fused【独辟蹊径】考生要注意文中加黑划线的已知信息。首句为主系表结构,为该段主题句,其意思是人 类的鼻子是一个被低

26、佔的工具。这就说明,人类鼻子的功能还没冇被我们充分了解。第1 个空白前而部分的意思为“与动物和比,人类的鼻了被认为是不敏感的",而空白的示面给出 了这种认为产生的原因我们是站立的。参看首句underrated,考生nj判断作者此处应该 选用转折逻辑来表明“错误认识'产牛:的理由。结合选项,可以得出正确答案为c,其中干扰 项为a, although是让步逻辑引导词。第2题为前后暗示。笫3题所在句子的主语this指代 上句中的内容,结合本句和选项町以得出正确答案,于扰项为confined (被控制)。笫4题 前面是飘浮于空中的气味,后面是粘附于地表的人多数气味,结合上文暗示和选项

27、得出正确 答案missing (无意识地错过,忽略),干扰项为ignoring (主观地不理睬、无知)。第5 题所在句子的句首有表示强调、转折的短语in fact,该句的意思与上述信息之间是转折逻辑, 考生叮参看加黑划线信息词;该题匸确选项为b,干扰项为instead.虽然该词有“然而,相 反”的意思,但是所连接的前后内容往往是一种相互替代的关系。第6题为前后内容暗示, 考生可参看加黑划线信息词。第7题为动名词辨析,可利用上下文暗示得出答案detecting(察觉),干扰项为distinguishing (区分,分辨)。最后一题为动词辨析,结合far below one part in one

28、 million和四个选项,口j以得出答案a (稀释),i:扰项的意思为dissolved (溶解), dispersed (分散,疏散),diffused (扩散,传播)。【译文赏析】人类的鼻子是一个被低估的工具。与动物相比,人类的鼻子是不敏感的,但是这很大程度上 因为我们是站立的,这一点与动物不一样。这意味着我们的鼻子仅是有限度地感知到飘浮于 空中的气味,而抓不住粘附于地表的大多数气味。不过,事实上,我们对气味是非常敏感的, 即使我们没冇普遍地认识到这一点。即使当人类的气味被稀释到百万分之一以下,我们的鼻 子仍有能力察觉到这些气味。【标准答案】c,b,a,c,b,a,d,a5) intel

29、ligenee, it _5_ , is a hi乂h-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow _6_ the starting line because it depends on learninga(n) _j_ process一instead ofinstinct. plenty of other species arc able to learn, and one of the things they've apparentlylearned is w hen to 8(2009年真题)5

30、. ainsists onbsums upctums outdjputs fonvard6. aoffbbehindcoverdalong7. aincrediblebjspontaneouscjinevitabledjgradual8. ajfightbjdoubtcstopdjthink【独辟蹊径】考生要注意文中加黑划线的已知信息,首句为该段主题句,其它句了是扩展句。第5题 需耍利用上文暗示,it指代的是上段屮的实验研究,答案为c (证明)。第6题所在句子的 主语it指代intelligence,该句为带有原因状语从句的主从复合句,考生可以先作答笫7题。 因为智力取决于学习,而不是本能,从

31、而考生可以判断,第7题是对学习是一个漫长的过程 这一特征的描写,参看选项,可以得出正确答案为d。那么第6题就是结论,参看选项可以 得出答案a, off the starting line可译为开始形成。第8题难度较高,考生通过上文了解作者 在述及要想获得智力,必须付岀昂贵的代价。人类是通过了漫长的、渐进的学习过程才有了 今天的智力。顺理成章,作者随后要把其它的物种与人类比较。许多其它的物种能够学习(请 考生务必接受这一事实,因为这是作者原话!)。并列句后一个分句述及动物们学会了何时 去什么。这个答案必须使得最后这句话支持该段首句的意思,乂能突出人类为了达到今天的 智力所付出的巨大的代价,参看选

32、项得出答案c。这就暗示了,动物们虽然能够学习,但是 它们在漫长的繁衍进化中,停止了学习这一行为,从而今天的人类永远是比其它物种聪明的, 因为人类没有停止学习。【译文赏析】 结果证明,智力是一种高价选择。它需要花去更多的“给养",消耗掉更过的燃料,缓慢地开 始形成,因为这取决于学习一种渐进的过程而不是本能。许多别的物种能够学习, 而口它们已经明显学会的事情z就是何时停止学习。【标准答案】c,a,d,cc.根据语法规则和语法结构判断。语法结构是完形填空的必考内容,常岀现的有主从句的关系、连接词或过渡词的选择、主 被动语态、虚拟语气等。注意:对于选填哪个词,不仅要看所给4个选项词的性、数、

33、格及其在空格中充当什么语法成分而定,而几还要看它与空格前后的词语z间的语法关系或组合关系。d.根据词语的搭配关系,包括逻辑、结构、惯用和语义的搭配关系。词汇无疑是完形填空的另一个考查重点,词组搭配和惯用搭配可以说是每次必考。対于逻辑 搭配和语义搭配须根据上下文來判断。同义词与近义词的辨析也吋有出现,形似词或音似词 等词汇干扰项也很常见。有时还会出现有关背景知识和常识方而的选词。3.通读全文。认真检杳所选答案在内容上、结构上、逻辑关系上是否合理。对于曾有疑问的选项进一步通过上下文的理解最后敲定。完形填空是测试考生综合运用语言能力的客观题,这种语言能力表现在三个方而,即文章的 阅读理解能力,词汇的

34、语感能力,语法的应用能力。1.阅读理解能力完形填空试题的阅读理解与单纯的阅读理解试题冇所不同。这种阅读是对抽出了若干关键词 汇的短文的阅读(270字左右的短文,20个空格),这要求你能以敏锐的眼光,良好的语感 在必要的时间内从80个选项中准确地做出选择。考生必须在上下文环境下熟练地运川语法 知识和词汇知识,不要只是孤立地去推敲一个句子或一个填空。通过跳过空格的首次快速阅读,抓住文章主题,了解文章主要讲什么,文章体裁是论说文说 明文述是叙述文。通过第二遍的细读,把握住文章的主线和主耍细节,以主线和细节为线索, 确定口己的解题思路。2.诃汇的语感能力由于出题方式与所出题目的特点,完形填空的空口正确

35、答案选择的根据和理由,完全存在于 段落之中戻至全文之中。这种词汇的运川能力是在阅读理解过程屮培养出來的。我们所说的 语感能力即是在一定的语言环境下,你对某个词汇是否适合于放在这个位置的判断能力。综合近儿年的试题,完形填空主要涉及到词的固定搭配、习惯川语、词形与词义辨析。频率 高低排列为动词、名词、形容词、介词、副词、代词、连词。要培养这些词汇的语感能力, 唯一的办法是将它们放到阅读中去学习、去体会,而不是孤立地死记硬背。词汇中的习惯用 语和固定搭配是出题的一大重点,包括介词组、名词组、形容词组、动词组;动词+介词; 动词十副词;名词+介词;形容词+介词等。在搭配关系上冇逻辑搭配,习惯搭配和语义

36、搭配 等各种形式,考生须细心加以区别。3 语法的运用能力 完形填空屮的语法测试试题与常规的语法测试试题有所不同,它不是单纯地测试语法,而是 结合词汇的使用和对文章的理解设定,所以是一种结合上下文的语法测试题。这种试题测试 考牛在语境中运用语法与词汇能力,而考牛的这种能力普遍较弱。据统计,平均准确率为 35%o1)动词、形容词、介词、副词、代词的搭配,习惯用法、词形词义的辨析;2)句了的响应,主谓一致关系;3)名词从句:rh that (或略去that)引导的名词从句;由what(=the thing that)'ji导的名词从句;rh where, why ,how, how much

37、, how often引导的名词从句;4)情态动词+动词或被动语态;5)倒装旬(用only+状语位于句首的句子等):6)冠词(the, a, an);7)特殊状语从句(包括主式从句、比较从句、条件从句、让步从句等):8)非限定动词:动词作介词宾语或作及物动词宾语;动词不定式作状语(目的,结果);过去分词、现在分词作状语、补语,分词独立结构作状语等。9)逻辑接承词:在文章中起承上启卞、逻辑转承作用,包括対比、让步、结果、推论.补充、过渡、转折、列举.并列.递进等关系,多为连词、副词或介词组成。例如:表示因果:since, as, therefore, so.that., thus, hence,

38、 then, consequently, accordingly, inshort, in brief; in sum, to conclude 等。 表示比较:by contrast, like, similarly, not soas,than, rather, compared with, in contrast, but 等。 表示彳列举: for example, for instance, first, firstly; next, last(ly), namely, to start with, in the first (second)place, that is, that

39、is to say 等。 表示并列:and, or, but, besides, likewise 等。 表示转折:but, yet, however, anyhow, no matter, nevertheless, still, while 等。 表示递进: moreover, besides, next, then, further, in addition, what's more 等。 表示讣步:anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, after all, at any

40、 rate, in any case, in spite of 等。注意:常用的几种扩展句和段落写作模式关联表达方法1) 表示因果关系常用的表达方法有:because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why,because of, on account of、dueto, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so that, as a result of; in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, so.as to, o

41、wing to, to have an effect on, for the reason, in this way 等2) 表示列举或例证法常用的表达方法有:r)r example,r)r instance, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, to begin with, first, second, fiirthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, finally, in conclusion, in summary, also, a case in point,

42、as an illustration, incidentally, namely, that is等。3)表示比较对比关系常用的表达方法有: similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast,

43、 but, however, yet, nevertheless4)表示分类法常用的表达方法有:to divideinto, to o, o, to fall into classes, there are.kinds(types, groups, classes, categories, sorts ) of; according to, in terms of, depending on, at the level of 等。5)表示定义常用的表达方法有:what is.? , to be defined as, to refer to, the

44、definition of.is., to be used to describe, in a very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely 等。6)表示总结关系常用的表达方法有:generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an ext

45、reme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as i amconcerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude7)表示强调关系常用的表达方法有:anyway, certainly, surely, obvi

46、ously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt8) 表示空间顺序常用的表达方法有:beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to, against

47、, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between,beyond, close at hand, close to down, fhr, farther, in the center of. in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of, over, under, up 等。附录:丁雪叨老师独家总结考研英语完形填空词汇精粹1. abate/decline

48、/decrease/lessen/diminish2 abandon/desert/r)rsake/betray3 abidc/bcar/stand/tolcratc4. ability/competence/capacity5. abduct/capture/kidnap/seize6. abrasion/erosion/corrosion/destruction7 abscncc/prcscncc/lack/want8. absurd/funny/ridiculous/stupid9. college/university/school/instituteacccptablc/suitab

49、lc/appropriatc/fitaccess/admission/approach/entrance/gatewayaccident/incidence/event/occuitence/incidentaccommodatioii/boarding/lodging/provisionaccomplish/achicvc/provisionaccord/confbnti/confcr/cndowaccount/check/statementaccumulate/collect/gather/amass/assembleaccuse/blame/chargeachc/pain/hurt/gr

50、icfacknowledge/admit/confess/avowacquaint/inforrn/'notify/enlightenacquire/achieve/gain/attainacutc/intcnsc/strong/violcntaction/act/activityacute/keeii/sharp/penetratingadapt/adjust/alter/suit/accommodate/reconcileadditional/extra/supplementary/subsidiaryadequate/enough/sufficient/ampleadhcrc/a

51、ttach/cling/fastcnadmiration/adoration/affection/appreciationadolescent/teenager/youth/youngsteradore/beautify/decorateadvcnturc/dangcr/vcnturc/riskadvocatc/support/proposc/upholdaffair/business/matter/thingafford/sustain/provide/offeragitate/stir/provide/offeragony/distrcss/miscry/gricfaggression/a

52、ttack/invasion/violationaim/goal/objectzpurposealleviate/soothe/relieve/palliatealliancc/association/conncctionalonc/lonc/loncly/loncsomc/dcsolatc/isolatcdallowance/pay/wage/income/salaryalmost/nearly/about/approximatelyalter/modify/adjust/adaptaltemative/selection/choicealthough/though/whilc/howcvc

53、raltitude/elevation/heightamaze/astonish/bewilder/suipriseambiguous/obscure/vague/doubtfulamuscmcnt/cntcrtainmcnt/pastimc/rclaxation/cnjoymcntangcr/indignation/ragc/furyannoyance/nuisance/irritation/troubleann ounce/dcclare/infdirn/notifyanticipate/expect/predict/look fonvard toappraisal/cvaluation/

54、asscssmcntappreciable/considerable/marked/appreciativeamend/correct/modify/reviseapplaud/cheer/greet/hailarguc/dcbatc/disputc/ discussarousc/cxcitc/cncouragc/inspircarise/appear/occur/happen/take placeassault/attack/strike/offend/c on demnassume/presume/proposeassure/ensure/insureastonish/amazc/asto

55、und/surpriscattack/assail/assaultavoid/evade/shun/shrinkavailable/handy/convenientavcngc/rcvcngc/rctaliatc/vindicatcban/forbid/prohibitaward/goal/prize/rewardawkward/clumsy/unskillful/embarrassedbare/empty/vacant/voidbcgin/initiatc/launch/stimulatcbeloved/precious/cherished/adoredbelieve/consider/de

56、em/thinkbereave/deprive/divest/robblamc/criticizc/rcproach/scoldbcncvolcnt/gcncrous/libcral/loftyblunder/eitor/fault/mistakebond/link/tie/co nn ecti onboring/fhtigued/tired/weary/tiresomebrand/mark/trademark/symbolbrilliant/bright/splcndid/rcstraincdbroad/extensive/spaciousenthusiastic/passionate/zealousbulky/enormous/massivebum./ firc/flarc/ignitcburdcn/dcprcss/opprcss/ovcwhclmcareer/employment/occupation/professioncast/hurl/fling/toss/throwcease/stop/tenninate/pausechaotic/dcrangcdzdisordcrcd/disorganizcdcharacter/disposition

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