初中英语句子成分详解

1、英语句子成分the students of class two are seriously reading the book written by lu xun>按句子成分划分，此句为：the students of class two are seriously reading the book written by lu xun.（主语）（定语）（谓语）（状语）（谓语）（宾语）（定语）按意群划分，此句为：the students of class two are seriously readin父 the book written by lu xun一、英语各种成分的基本含义及用法（

2、一）、主语主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个 人"？或者是一件“什么事''？或者是一件“什么物体"，等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、 “什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。主语是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从 句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类（或词组、从句）都可以 做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语匕例如：itthat.句式等。1. peter is a well-known pianist.（名词作主语）2. twothirds

3、of the students are boys in our school.（数词词组作主语）3. he likes reading storybooks.（代词作主语）4. to swim in kunming lake is a great pleasure（不定式短语作主语）5. what we shall do next is not yet decided.（从句作主语）6. it took us two hours to travel around the city by subway.（it是形式主语,to travel.部分是真正的主语）请指出下列句中主语的中心词。1. th

4、e teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom.2. there is a bird flying in the sky.3. the useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4. it is very difficult to do today*s homework without your help（二）、谓语在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来回答、说明、解释主语“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”等的部分。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须

5、是动词。而且，除了倒 装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。1. his parents are teachers.（系动词和表语一起作谓语）2. we study hard.（行为动词作谓语）3. we have finished reading the book.（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）4. he can speak english.（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）请选出下列句中谓语的中心词。1.1 don't like the picture on the wall.2. the days get longer and longer when s

6、ummer comes.3. do you usually go to school by bus?4. did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?5. what i want to tell you is this.（三）、宾语从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语（介词后也有宾语）。从意义上来说，宾语是动 作的对象、目标。宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。1. we often help him.（代词作宾语）2. he likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）3. we enjoy listening to t

7、he music.（动名词短语作宾语）4. she said that she felt sick.（从句做宾语）the sun gives us light and warmth （us 为间接宾语 light and warmth 为直接宾语）1、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。2、如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词"to- 或 “for"。接 to 的动词有:give, bring, pass, len

8、d, sell, send, show, tell, write 等。give your mother the letter. =give the letter to your mother.直接宾语间接宾语接 for 的动词有:buy，find, cook, draw, get, sing 等。can you find me my bag? =can you find m、bag for me?直接宾语间接宾语这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。请挑出下列句中的宾语。1 my brother hasn't done his homework.2. people all ov

9、er the world speak english.3. how many new words did you learn last class?4. the old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.5. you will find it useful after you leave school请划出下列句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。1. please tell us a story.2. my father bought a new computer for me last week.3. mr. brown is going to teach

10、 us chemistry next term.4. could you please pass the pen to tom?5. did he leave any message for me?（四）、宾语补足语现在一般认为，宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物 动词有关。这个问题我想分两点来说明。1、英语中有些及物动词，不但会涉及到一个对象（宾语），还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词 引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。例如：we call him little tom.（称呼的对象是him,称呼的结果是little tom. little tom就是宾语 补足语。）th

11、ey made her happy, （make使her怎么样了？ happy作进一步的补充说明，那么happy是补语。）i find smoking bad for health, （find 的对象是 smoking,结论是 bad for health.）这一类带宾语补足语的动词有：（把看成）regard, see；（把当成）treat, take；（3）（把认为是） consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge ； （4）（把描述为） describe, use, show, organize, express 等。2、英语中表示看、

12、听之类的动词，不仅看到一个人（宾语），还会看到他在做什么事。宾语 所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如：i saw a bird in a cage.（看到小鸟在笼子里，“在笼子里”是宾语补足语。）we heard her singing a song.（听到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。）这一类带宾语补足语动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。1. he asked her to take the boy to the doctor's.2. she found it difficult to finish

13、 the work today.3. we call her lily sometimes4.1 saw jerry get on the bus.5. did you hear anyone crying outside the door just now?补充说明：i'm going to paint it pink.句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it,而是paint it pinko pink是句子 中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了 paint的动作。句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的

14、大致有：不定 式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾 语之后。比如：i find learning english difficult.（difficult 是形容词做宾补）i saw the kite up and down, （up and down 是副词做宾补）tom made the girl cry. （cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式）*常跟复合宾语的动词有：ca儿name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate（任命）,choose,elect（选举）,define（定义）,regard, see,

15、recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict（描述）,represent（表现出）,declare（宣称）,denounce, employ（雇佣），use, show, organize, express（五）、表语英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be （am/is/are）（是）,get（变得）,sound（听起来）,look, seem（看起来）,feel（感到）等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系

16、表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。注意：系表 结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如：i am a teacher （系动词 am + 表语 a teacher）they are on the playground now> （系动词 are + 表语 on the playground.）it sounds interesting, （sound 为系动词，interesting 为表语）请划出下列句中的表语。1. the leaves have turned yellow.2. she was the first to learn about it.3. the o

17、ld man is feeling better now.4. why is mrs. smith worried about her son?5. the kids are really interested in joining the chess club.（六）、定语定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。请记住：定语最关 键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物（即名词）特点的成分。动词不可能有定语，形 容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一 个从句（定语从句）。例如：the black bike is mine.（单个的词

18、作定语）the office is ten minutes' walk from here.（词组作定语）this is a book which tells about rocket technology.（从句作定语）英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词后面的定语, 与中文习惯不同，同学们要注意分辨清楚。he works in a shoe factory.this is my book, not your book.is there anything important in today's newspaper?the boy, tired,

19、hungry and thirst、; fell down on the beach.请划出下列句中的定语。1. what is your family name?2. the boy in blue is tom.3. the man downstairs was trying to sleep.4 i am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor5. there are five boys who will play the game.（七）、状语上面说了，定语是说明名词特点、性质的，而状语则是说明动词如何如何的，例如：动 作在什么时间发生

20、，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生，等等。状语的核 心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。一般来说，状语的位置比较灵活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或 者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体情况而定。同 样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。例如： we often help him（often 副词，位置在 help 前面。）i really don't like the food.（也可以说：i don't like the food really.）（注意状语 really 的位

21、置。）he did his homework carefully at home, （carefully 副词；at home 是词组，位置都在 did 后 面° ）when i grow up, i am going to be a teacher, （when从句是时间状语，在句首；to be是目的 状语。）请划岀下列句中的状语。1. there was a big smile on her face.2. every night he practices playing the piano.3. we must work hard to pass the exam4. she

22、loves the library because she loves books.5. he began to learn english when he was eleven利用口诀综述以上内容：主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后，形、 代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连。宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时 状前。二、句子成分的划分句子成分构成了英语中各式各样的句子。句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最 起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种:序号汉语名称英语名称简称1主语+谓语subject + verbs v2主语+谓

23、语+表语subject + verb + predicativesvp3主语+谓语+宾语subject + verb + objects v 04主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语subject + verb + indirect object +direct objects v oiod5主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补 足语subject + verb + object +complements v 0c6there be 句型group onel mr. green swims every summer2. mr. green can swim across the river.3. mr. gre

24、en can swim and swims every summer.分析：本组句子都是“主+谓”结构(s + vi.)o其中第1句是简单谓语，第2句是复合谓语, 第3句是并列谓语。group two1. mr. spun is our english teacher.2. he seems to know everything.3. his hair turned gray.分析：本组句子都是“主+谓+表”结构，也叫做“主+系+表”结构(s + link v. + p)o 英语中常见的系动词有:(1)表状态的be； (2)表“看(听/闻/摸)起来”的look, seem, appear, s

25、ound, smell, feel 等；(3)表示变化的 become, turn, get, fall, go 等；(4)表示 保持的keep, stay, remain等。在系动词后作表语的主要是形容词、名词、介词短语、 非谓语动词，以及少数副词等也可作表语。group threel fve just got a copv of this book.2. do you want to read this book?3. fii finish reading the book overnight.4. we often talk about good books.5.1 think this

26、 book is well worth reading.分析：本组句子都是“主+谓+宾”结构（s + vt + o）。英语中的及物动词（皿）和介词后通常要接宾语，不及物动词（吃）不可直接带宾语；充当宾语的常有：名词、代词 （宾格）、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。group four1. we call him mr white.2. we would like him to teach us.3. he makes his lessons lively and interesting.4. we think it out duty to serve in the army.5. the situa

27、tion makes it necessary that our product should be improved.分析：本组句子都是“主+谓+复合宾语滨语+宾补）”结构。宾补用于补充说明宾语干什 么、是什么、怎么样，故宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系；充当宾补的主要 是形容词，名词、介词短语、不定式、分词，以及个别副词也可作补语。注意：当不定式或从句作宾语，又需接补语时，要用it放在宾语的位置作形式宾语，将作 宾语的不定式或从句移到补语的后面，如本组的第4句和第5句。group five1. jennifer teaches us english,2. today he gave me

28、 some pood advice on english study and i bought him a gift,分析：本组句子都是“主+谓+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）”。表示人的间接宾语通常放在 表示物的直接宾语的前面，若要将间接宾语放到直接宾语的后面，需要加介词to或 for,如本组第2句可改写为：today he gave some good advice on english study to me and i bought a gift for him.分析下列句子成分。1. the teacher got very angry.2. last night i wrote a

29、letter3 the boy told me his story.4. we watched the train leaving the station*5. he often goes somewhere beautiful and quiet on vacation.用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语。1. 你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语+系动词+表语）2. 我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语+谓语）3. 他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语+谓语+宾语）4. 下学期谁教你们生物？（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）5他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）三

30、、对各种句子成分提问1、对主语提问：cindy reviews her english lessons in the reading-room every evening.f who reviews his english lessons in the reading-room every evening?2、对谓语提问：cindy reviews her english lessons in the reading-room every evening.f what does cindy do in the reading-room every evening?3、对宾语提问：cindy r

31、eviews her english lessons in the reading-room every evening.f what does cindy review in the reading-room every evening?4、对定语提问：cindy reviews her english lessons in the reading-room every evening.f what lessons does cindy review in the readingroom every evening?5、对状语提问：cindy reviews her english less

32、ons in the readinyroom every eveningf when does cindy review her english lessons in the reading-room?where does cindy review her english lessons every evening?6、对表语提问：the teacher's office is on the second floor. f which is the teachers office?7、对定语提问：the teachers office is on the second floor f whose office is on the second floor?教给大家一个歌谣，帮助你们记住句子的主要成分。句子成分很重要，七大名称莫混 淆。主语、谓语是主体，还有宾、定、补、状、表。i. 请指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分。1