谓语动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态和语态英语的时态是一种动词形式.不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式. 英语动词有16种时态，常用的有8种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。但高中学生需要了解13种,除了以上8种,还须掌握以下5种:将来进行时(一般将来进行时、过去将来进行时)、一般将来完成时、完成进行时(现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时)。下面分别介绍。16种时态形式(以do为例)：一 般完 成进 行完 成 进 行现 在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have been doing过 去过去一般时did过去完

2、成时had done过去进行时was doing过去完成进行时had been doing将 来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时wouldhave been doing【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选.一.一般现在时 1).表示经常性或习惯性

3、的动作或状态. 常与表示频度的时间状语连用.如:often, usually, always, sometimes, now, seldom, now and then, every day, occasionally等.I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.We have meals three times a day.He is always ready to help others.2).表示客观事实、普遍真理、谚语、格言、警句。Guangzhou is situated/lies in the south of China

4、. Everything is much lighter on the moon.There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The earth goes around the sun. Light travels faster than sound. Practice makes perfect. Pride goes before a

5、fall.骄者必败。 Actions speak louder than words.注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。Columbus proved that the earth is round. The day before yesterday I was told that in time of danger ones mind works fast.3).表示主语目前的特征、性格或说话时的感觉或状态。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well.He works very hard. He

6、 is very happy. Im glad to see you again. You see what I mean.4). 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。这时主句是将来时或祈使句.When he arrives, hell tell us all about the match. Tell him the news as soon as he comes.When I graduate, Ill go to countryside. What are you g

7、oing to be when you grow up.Were to go outing if its fine tomorrow. Ill not go unless Im invited.Even if she doesnt come this Saturday, Ill go fishing by myself.注意:make sure, take care, mind, it doesnt matter, I dont care 后跟从句时, 从句中用一般现在时表将来.We must take care that no one sees us.Our staff will do th

8、eir best to make sure you enjoy your visit.It doesnt matter where we go on holiday.5).表示按时刻表拟定（如火车、飞机、轮船等定点的驶进驶出，起飞降落。）或安排好将要发生的事情。这时句中都带有一个表示将来的时间状语。能用于此种用法的少量动词有：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, take off, start , stop, return, open, close等。The train leaves at 10 a.m. the plane for Canada departs/ta

9、kes off at 9:15 a.m.The film starts at 9:30 p.m. The new term starts at the beginning of September. The program ends at 11:10 pm When does the train stop at Jinan?6).在某些以here，there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。Here comes the bus!=the bus is coming here!There goe

10、s the thief!=the thief is going there!7).用于文章标题，小说、戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的文字说明中。Hundreds of people die in the earthquake. (新闻标题)When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk.Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are.A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming二.一般过去时1).表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常与过去的时间状语连用。

11、yesterday, last night, just now, at that time, 3 years ago, in1949, the other day, then等等He graduated from No.1 Middle School in 1978.I went to the movies/cinema last night. Marry worked in the company for five years.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome2).表示过去经

12、常或反复发生的动作，往往与often, usually, always, would, used to连用。He often asked a lot of strange questions when he was a boy.She used to walk dogs along the river in the morning.Often at night she would hear a long low whistle and a sound of metallic noise.3).用于一些常用结构，表示刚刚，刚才Oh, its you. I didnt recognize you

13、at first. I didnt know you were here.Sorry, I forgot to bring my money. You look young. I thought you were 30.Sorry, but I didnt mean to hurt you.Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano. A. didn't know B. hadn't known C. don't know D. haven't known4).在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般过去时

14、代替过去将来时。这时主句中是过去将来时或表示将来意义的动词。She said he would give me a gift when she came again. They planed to go outing if it was fine the next day.He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raiseHelen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 三.一般将来时1).表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。I

15、 will/shall do it again tomorrow. Tom will be here next week.He will be six years old next month. We shall know more and more as time goes on.2).表示事物固有的属性或必然趋。Fish will die without water.Oil will float on water.一般将来时常与时间状语tomorrow, soon, next week, in (the )future, in three days等连用。注意:wont可用来表示 “不能,

16、没法”,表示主语不具备某种功能.The door wont open. This machine wont work.Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wont come out.除了用shall/will（美语中，一般不论人称都用will）表示将来时之外，还有5种表达将来时的方法。be going to do (1)表示按照计划或安排“打算做”（2）有迹象表明，注定要，必定要发生某事。He is going to watch TV this evening. Look, dark clouds are gathering .Its going to

17、 rain注意：be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备。shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。“I hear Jane is ill in hospital.” “Then Ill go to see her.”()If it is fine, well go finish.()If it is fine, we are going to go finishing.注意：be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。If you are going t

18、o make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to do表示计划、安排要发生的动作,还可表示责任、义务、命令或注定要发生的动作。 The examination is to take place next week.A meeting is to be held at 3 oclock this afterno

19、on.I feel that it is your husband who is to blame.You are to report to the police.The doctor says the patient is not to be moved.注意：be to多表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。表示按时刻表将要发生的事情。The bus leaves at ten a.m. The class begins at 2:30 p.m.表示位置移动或方向的动词常用进行时表将来。表示计划好、安排好要进行的动作。如：go, come, leav

20、e, arrive, return, work, start等。常会有一个表未来的时间状语。He is leaving for Japan next month. Are you staying here till next week?be about to do或be on the point of doing表示立刻要、马上要、眼下就要发生的动作。所以一般不能与具体的时间状语连用。常与when表突然连用。The talk is about to begin. He is about to leave for Beijing.I was about to go to bed when the

21、 phone rang.3).在句型：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and/or后面的句子谓语一般用将来时或含有情态动词。Work hard and you will succeed in time.Lets keep to the point or we will never reach any decision.Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and y

22、ou'll succeed.= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.四.过去将来时表示对过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。（主要用于宾语从句中。）He said he would never come back again.He told me he would pay me a visit if possible.They wanted to know when I should/would finish the article.We were all surprised when he made it clear

23、 that he would leave office soon.五.现在进行时1).现在进行时主要表示1.说话人说话时正在发生的动作或进行的状态。 2.现阶段（不一定说话时）正在发生的动作或进行的状态。She is reading in the next room. (说话时正在进行)Were having a meeting now. (说话时正在进行)He is teaching in the No.1 senior school of Tangyin. (现阶段正在发生的动作)He is working in a paper-making factory. (现阶段正在发生的动作)句中

24、往往有now，look等提示词。有的则通过上下文暗示某动作正在进行。-Whats that terrible noise?-The neighbors _for a party.A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare注：短暂性动词可以有进行时，表一种进行的动作或状态，但不能与延续性的段时间连用。 Leaves are falling.2).现在进行时表将来。主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作，主要用于表示趋向性的小动词。常会有一个表未来的时间状语。Im leaving now.Theyre getting marr

25、ied next month.现在进行时表将来与一般现在时表将来的区别：现在进行时表将来，其计划性较强，并往往暗示一种意图; 而一般现在时表将来，则其客观性较强，多指飞机、火车、轮船等按时刻表或规定要发生的情况，多有具体的时间状语。Im not going out this evening.What time does the train leave.The plane takes off at two oclock this afternoon.3).现在进行时表强烈感情色彩。可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶、不满等感情色彩，通常与always, constantly, continually,

26、 forever等副词连用。也可表示动作的暂时性。Shes always thinking of others never thinking of himself. (表赞许)She is constantly whispering to his desk-mate in English class. (表不满和责备)He is constantly leaving his things about.（表不满 ）She is always asking the same question. (表厌恶)You are always finding fault with others. (表抱怨)

27、 You are always changing your mind. (表抱怨)He is walking to work because his bike has broken down. (表动作的暂时性) 4).与少数系动词连用，表动作的渐进性。这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go等。The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。注意：不可用进行时的情况。 表示存在状态的动词及动词短语，如have, appear, seem, stay, exis

28、t, lie, remain, cost, owe, ,weigh, belong to, depend on等.如:I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 表示心理状态和情感的动词，如know, realize, think，see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, hope, wish, appreciate, love, hate等。如：I need y

29、our help. He loves her very much. 瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, admit, promise, decide, refuse等。例：I accept your advice. 大多数系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, look, notice, hear, smell, feel, taste, sound等。例：You seem a little tired.5)under+名词(construction, discussion, repair等 ).表进行和

30、被动.The question is under discussion.= the question is being discussed.六.过去进行时1).表示过去某一时刻或每一段时间内正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间可用时间状语表示，也可由上下文暗示。He was watching TV this time yesterday.I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning.-Have Sam finished his work today?-I have no idea. He_ it this morning.A. did B. has do

31、ne C. was doing D. had done2).某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个动作发生在when/while引导的时间状语从句中。延续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.Granny fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.When I got to the top of the

32、mountain, the sun was shining.The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.3)come, go, leave, get, reach, start, arrive, set out等一些表示趋向性的动词用作过去进行时可表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，一般强调按计划、要求、打算进行的动作。Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.She said she was coming to see her grandpa

33、 the next month.4) 过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶、不满等感情色彩，也通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等副词连用。They were always quarrelling.The boy was continually asking questions.5) was/were doing或was/were about to常与when连用表示“正在/正要这时突然”相当于and at this time或and then.We were doing our home work when all the lights

34、 went out.I was about to leave when it began to rain.6)在介绍故事时,用过去进行时来描述故事情景或提供故事发生的背景.It was winter. The north wind was blowing and a heavy snow was falling. A poor little boy was walking in the street.七.现在完成时1)表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,着眼点在现在.常与非延续性动词连用.并常带有不确定的时间状语(副词),如already, yet, just ,before, lately

35、, recently, never, ever, not yet等.或无时间状语.但不能和具体的过去时间状语连用(如yesterday, last year, in 1993等)。这个动作到说话时可能已经停止或结束。His brother has joined the Party already. I have finished reading the book.We have just visited the farm. I have forgot his telephone number.They havent seen each other recently. I havent seen

36、 the film before.My father has just come back form work.2)表示动作或状态在过去某时开始，一直持续到现在，并还可能继续下去的动作或状态。通常用延续性动词。常与段时间状语连用。如:so far, up to now, since, for+段时, in/over the past few years等。I have taught English for 15 years.Where have you been all these years？Up to now, we have received no mews from her.注意:现在

37、完成时还可和包括 “现在”在内的时间状语连用.如:today, this morning, this month, these days, this year等,表示这个动作在这个特定的时间内完成.Have you seen her these days?Many students have graduated from this senior high school this year.但如果说话人感兴趣的只是在这段时间内发生了某一动作,而不是这一动作与现在的关系时,须用过去时态.The conference opened this month.Their company set up a

38、new lab this year.3).在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。（即用现在完成时代替将来完成时）。这时主句的谓语动词是将来时或表将来意义的动词（常为祈使句）。其特征为：状语从句中的谓语动词很明显或需强调发生在主句谓语动作之前。They will go to work in the company as soon as they have graduated from the school. (强调毕业后)I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. （强调先看到）I will

39、 go with you as soon as I have finished my work. （强调“干完”）Tell me your answer when you have solved the problem! （强调“解决”）When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Dont get off the bus until it_.A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop4).使用现在完成时的句型 It /th

40、is is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the second time that I have visited the city. This is the first time (that)Ive heard him sing.注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. This is +形容词最高级+名词+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。This is the best film that Ive (ever)seen. This is the

41、most interesting book that I have read.This is the only book that he has written.5).比较since和for：Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for twenty years.（用于过去时）I will stay in Paris for

42、two months. (用于将来时)since的四种用法 since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。I have been here since 1989. since +段时间+ ago. I have been here since five months ago. since +从句。I have been here since I was born.Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have ta

43、ken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。It is/has been +段时间+ since从句。注意：1.此句型中常用is来代替has been使结构更简洁。2.since后的从句用一般过去时。3. since后的从句谓语动词有延续性和非延续性之分，决定此句型意思的翻译。若为短暂性动词则表示这个动作从开始到现在总共多久。若为延续性动词则表示这个动作从结束到现在总共多久。常见的短暂性动词有close, die, come, go, leave, break, lose, buy, join, receive, borrow, become, start

44、, begin, arrive, fall, see, marry, put, pass, borrow, open等。since后从句为短暂性动词It is five years since I joined the army.It is ten years since her father died.It is twenty tears since Nick left his hometown.It is three months since he came to our school.It is two years since Mary became a postgraduate stu

45、dent.since后从句为延续性性动词It is many years since my father smoked.It is five years since he lived in Shanghai.It is three tears since he was a student.It is along time since he studied English.对比：It is two weeks/He was written to me frequently since I was ill. It is two weeks/He was written to me frequent

46、ly since I fell ill.注意：since后从句接延续性动词的现在完成时意译为“短暂性动词”即从开始到现在总共多久了。Its years since I have enjoyed myself so much. 痛快的日子我已过好几年了。Its years since I have had the car. 这辆车我已用了好多年了。Since I have been at this school, we have had 3 English teachers.I have seldom been to the theater since I have had a TV set.

47、It was +段时间+sincehad done或It had been +段时间+sincedid注意：1.此句型中主句常用was或had been. 2.since后的从句用过去完成时或一般过去时。3. since后的从句谓语动词有延续性和非延续性之分, 决定此句型意思的翻译。若为短暂性动词则表示这个动作从开始到现在总共多久。若为延续性动词则表示这个动作从结束到现在总共多久。It was two years since Tom had been a worker. 汤姆不当工人已有两年了。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful

48、 time. 我们有十来年没这么高兴了。before的用法一.五大含义1.在之前Please turn off all the lights before you leave.Tom had finished her homework before her mother returned.2.还没来得及就Before I could speak to him, he ran away.Before she could think twice, the water was upon her.3. “才”The big fire lasted 4 hours before the firefigh

49、ters controlled it.4. “就”It didnt take long before the wooden building was swallowed by the fire.I had not waited long before he came back.5. “以免趁”Please go over the new words before you forget them.二.before用于固定句型1.It was/wasnt+段时间+beforeIt was three years before he came back.It wasnt long before he

50、 sensed the danger of the task.2.It will/wont +be +段时间+beforeIt will be three years before he comes back.It will be two weeks before everything returns to normal.It wont be long before we meet again.It wont be long before they understand each other.注意:1.在不同语境中灵活翻译before的不同含义. 2.在3.4.含义中主句为肯定式译为“才”主句

51、为否定式译为. “就” 3.before所连接的前后两分句的时态是一致的.4.注意对比掌握before与since的固定句型的差异.until/till的用法.(prep./conj.)1.用在肯定句中,主句的谓语动词应为延续性动词.until后时间状语的动作一发生,主句谓语动词的动作就停止. 表示“做直到”Mary waited outside until the boss called her in.He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。2.用于否定句中, 主句的谓语动词应为短暂性动词. until后时间状语的动作一发生,主句谓语动词的动作才开始. 表示 “

52、直到才”I didnt know how to use a computer until then/last class/you told me.Not until you told me did I know how to use a computer.(用于倒装语序)It was not until you told me that I knew how to use a computer.(用于强调句)6).have/has been to 与have/has gone to表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have

53、/has gone to”.Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.7). 短暂动词（即瞬间动词）, 不能延续, 因此在完成时态中, 其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。()His grandpa has died for two years.His grandpa has been dead for two years.His grandpa died two years ago.Its two years since his gra

54、ndpa died.()I have left Shanghai for 3 days.I have been away from Shanghai for 3 days.I left Shanghai 3 days ago.It is 3days since I left Shanghai.常见的短暂性动词有: buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, begin, start, join, lose, finish, complete, stop, break out, receive, graduate, give, fall等.

55、但短暂性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。因为否定的状态是可以延续的.I havent seen Mary for two years.八.过去完成时1)过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或已经存在的状态。句中常用by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。By the end of last year we had built five new houses.By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.I had learnt 5000 w

56、ords before I entered the university.He had taught in Tangyin for eight years before he moved here.2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或继续持续下去。往往与for, since连用.Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.He said he had been in the Party for 10 years.注意:要使用过去完成时应具备下面两个条件的其中一个.1.句中有一个过去的时间状语作为参照,而另一

57、个动作发生在这个作为参照的一般过去时之前须要过去完成时应.2.句中有需用过去完成时应的时间状语.3) 过去完成时应常用于以下情况.用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句,表示动作发生在这些动词之前.She said that she had never been to Paris.用在状语从句中,.在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests