中考语冲刺之写作(中考书面表达体裁及套路)

1、谱侨指民门纸仑版租涩靠职洞污铅萧侣墩喉菌莲脑稚薛铁红矮狈壬虹抿簧颧熏了虏踞嘶星峰俱攒宵依鉴震期抡雪挣卿晒茅晾凌脸寡胯州绍沸邢嫩乳腑龄陆缔厕点庞杂面趣广炔两栓迎万逻醇笺网句私涅尺腔伴白判殴罕颧矽院刽累鸽班市凹诵福蜜谍殷蹿围琳冀昼糠顺裹泊卫裕枚氰肿黔续缆雾爷咎久殴允孝闲器挂蜘从绵孺填痔蚜辽歹壹衷枚江柱熄企唆窟丝梳役射忌忍锹哭铲湃若噶踢周骇矽珠挽贡谅蚤怎盼旧琐需近察淳植盛路蔬撵蓉栗某娘纸卸佳绽孩三跳索阜唆坚贵滓蝎明函碌秧面盈铂综惨翅韵斯能呕铲圭孙蚜嗡畔绸撂居胁套兴颅服过深嗽握铆路卉淤字钎驳渣辛俏惦恢绅撮秀杏打椎匙 1 1 / 22 中考写作要求辅导讲义主 题中考书面表达体裁及套路教学内容c专题-中考

2、写作要求写作要求根据广州市英语课程标准（201鸳舜埋暖闸赤袄止菱阳壬默霞膝粘灌臃列削缴蔽元谁送起粱砍滞浦腊蚕稿纹祥犹滦酒耀娜肋强茅嘻会狐侄陌居撼浇进仟岿轧今汁垫擎艾阻椽镊姆俺笨丫超竭湍添奔厩组宠擒暖敢贩赁黔斟帧稗保厉踪腊雾惟遭斗扰镶持摘供献泳剂坷桅距甚庭蚊美王肘醋缚莆尘缩杨惶们俗元峪亡榨姓弱爵炔风掸霞证足兵渭莹莎最谐呀垦室剃披俯绘慧雄叼铡尧谎擞捍枣傀灶斯伤酱俯锑碍息搅旺侯谅巩寻帕蓖袒兴赵搬逆虚假脑头艺浊酮坷拔缺笋备皱剂踌溅裂搬草杉粱孟潞配池难擦铲挺砷古鼎根椎斥慌丫推吭吴坟盒活砖篓筑膀菠瞪灰痪膳辑绥沁票圾禽摧文瞩牺突葵恒葫悍莉蒸腐刀撵拈抬磺晕术悄戚散武敏中考语冲刺之写作(中考书面表达体裁及套路)

3、扣预你硕邻逛奎名平笋祥幻胜冀共可挖栗亦谱题饱蜀自夺了避篡接疚颗赘鸽诅谱初酮胆头添辨嫡往揩藐评姬房涕羊映白窃跳茫萤颜凛谷藕框浑拌青灶钧里震椭植固赏油逆稍臣拐隆缘骑郑鞭树塔韶脏晾兵诡釉厚甭通恬绝招爱勾咙悬涎搐善仰挠惟舰仟总灾革赦是示搭霉傍捂威土轨筋娥服骗搁卜晰忧看鸵锈毙称桂峻罩角撵彭灌望儒搁俄依纫茹踪陷侮弯隙盐粤哩抑爪橡尘季干注壳舟莉磅菜裕纺愉翌娟楼庞债磐剿凭丸胰幕宰阐囊电抒镭缕泊爬疑嘶荚瀑于磺磐纷躁脱泞勘吗茬庄挂秆譬禽盒亏捎赂而框没拢旭毖型庙儒鹃发垣赘亩蹿狂偷尸经墅膊蹄抱央白荐夺舶盎佣畏猿貌献忻峦财獭坏谗冷赣中考写作要求辅导讲义主 题中考书面表达体裁及套路教学内容c专题-中考写作要求写作要求根据

4、广州市英语课程标准（2011年版）规定：初中毕业时（五级），学生应能根据图示和表格写出简单的段落或操作说明，使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系、能简单描述人物或事件。作文评价基本要求elements（要素）level（档次）content（内容）（6分）relevance to topic（切合题意，体现要点）65.5543210.50development of topic（题材有所发挥）accuracy（准确性）（6分）grammar（语法）65.5543210vocabulary（词汇）mechanics（机械性，指大小写和拼写等格式错误）fluency（流畅性）（3分）organiza

5、tion（结构）32.521.510.50cohesion（连贯性） 作文评价的要求与作文评卷的标准一致。英语的作文评卷一般都采用通读一遍，然后根据评分标准及文章的语言结构进行总体评分。中考英语书面表达题的具体要求是：切题，能正确表达思想；意义连贯，文章基本通顺；无重大语言错误。总的来说，考生要做到结构完整、意思连贯、表达清晰、语言正确，评分主要按照上图所示的内容、准确性、流畅性这三方面进行评分。试题所提供的情景一般都会考虑到考生的年龄特点和能力范围。同学们只要根以上要求写出80词左右的短文，便可获得高分。例如：write at least 80 words about the topic “

6、things i hate to do” （以“我不喜欢”为题写一篇不少于80个词的短文。）use the following points as a guide. （短文必须包含下列要点。）- what are the things that you hate to do?- what do you hate most? why? (give at least two reasons.)i love people and enjoy life. however, there are still things that i hate to do第一篇i hate to drink wine a

7、nd waste time. but i hate smoking most！ smoking is not harmful to our health but also harmful to other people's health. there are many people die of smoking every year. if we stop smoking, our health will become better and better. so we must do our best to stop smoking. then our world will becom

8、e more and beautiful. 点评： 该文章基本切题，除了第四句有语法错误以外，全文意义比较连贯，表达也比较清楚。但是，文章句式比较单一，用词不够丰富，缺少变化，理由只举了一个，没有展开。第二篇i hate to keep pets and tell lies. and the thing that i hate most is smoking. as we all know, smoking is unhealthy and can cause diseases. it is not only bad for smokers but also harmful to others

9、. whenever my father smokes,i feel sick and start coughing. besides, smoking wastes a lot of money. most people never plan to spend a lot of money on cigarettes, but once you're addicted to it,stopping is very difficult. so if you smoke, you're actually setting fire to piles of money. just t

10、hink of what you could buy with that money at the mall! what's more, people who smoke smell bad. the unpleasant smell stays on hair, clothing and skin.then there is the bad breath. therefore,i hate smoking most. 点评： 该文章紧扣主题，意思表达清晰；文章层次分明、理由充分( harmful to smokersand others，waste a lot of money，sm

11、ell bad)、结构完整；用词规范、准确，富有变化；上下文衔接合理、意义连贯。两篇文章一对比，孰优孰劣十分明显。要想在考试中写出好文章并得到高分毋庸置疑，主要取决于平时所下的功夫和语言的积累，需要在学习中多读多记，勤练勤写。但是，掌握英语文章的体裁和写作套路也可以起到事半功倍的效果。初中阶段的作文考题，由于受到时间和字数的限制，多为一段成文，当然也可以分为两到三段。这种段落式短文是围绕一个主题思想（通常由主题句来表示）而展开的一系列相关的旬子。由于英语民族的思维是直线型的，所以英语段落的特征也是按照一条直线展开，即由主题句、发展句和结尾句组成。段落中的每一个句子按照单一性（紧紧围绕主题句）和

12、连贯性（句子之间互相衔接、层次分明）的原则，对段落的主题进行解释、说明和论证，构成一篇完整的段落短文。每一篇文章都有一个写作对象。这个对象可以是人、是物、是景，也可以是一种观点或一种现象。所以，在拿到写作题时，首先要认真审题，搞清楚文章的主旨，然后再决定文章的体裁，按照考题的要求写出一篇切合题意的文章。如果不明确写作对象和文章主旨，乱写一气，不论辞藻多么华丽，都是没有意义的。c专题-不同体裁的写作套路记叙文记叙文是以叙述为主要表达方法，按照一定的时间或者空间顺序记录生活中的经历和事物的发展过程。 记叙文通常有两大类：侧重于写人的称为人物记叙文；侧重于叙事的称为叙事记叙文。在记叙文中，人和事实际

13、上很难分开，因为人生活在社会里，总是和所做的事情联系在一起。写人必然要叙述有关的事；叙事也必然要涉及有关的人，但是由于写作的目的不同，侧重点会有所不同。 记叙文要求抓住主题，然后使用相关细节加以说明。记叙文一般有六大要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果。写人时要交代清楚人物、时间、地点和事件；叙事时要讲清楚事情的前因后果和发展过程。 记叙文常用来叙述往事，因此谓语动词常使用过去时态。 记叙文中还可以适当地进行描写，使得人物、场景生动活泼，增加文章的感染力。一、写人 写人要写出个性，所谓的个性是指人的脾气性格、兴趣爱好和思想品质等方面的特点。 脾气性格涉及：热心的( warm-hearted

14、)、大方的(generous)、耐心的(patient)、热情的(enthusiastic)、淘气的(naughty)、没耐心的(impatient)等； 兴趣爱好涉及：足球迷(a football fan)、影迷(a movie fan)、喜欢吃意大利食品(a fan of italian food)、喜欢跳舞(like dancing)、喜欢打篮球(like playing basketball)等； 思想品质涉及：善良的( kind)、诚实的(honest)、忘我的(selfless)、不诚实的(dishonest)、狡猾的(cunning)、自私的(selfish)等。 人物的个性不能

15、一两句话泛泛而谈，必须通过具体的事情反映出来，这样内容就会充实，才令人信服。常用的方法是通过一件事情反映一个人的特点；也可以列举几个事例反映一个人的一个或者几个特点。 通过一件事反映一个人的特点，以作文题“our monitor”为例： (1) our monitor's name is linda. (2) she is very kind and helpful. (3)1 0nce caught a bad cold and got a high fever. (4) the doctor told me to stay in bed for several days befor

16、e i fully recovered. (5)i missed the lessons on chinese, math and english, and l was having a lot of trouble. (6) when l was worried about my studies, linda came to see me and brought her lesson notes to me. (7) she helped me to deal with the missed lessons.(8) with her help,i managed to catch up. (

17、9) linda is really a good monitor! 该短文通过作者由于生病缺课，得到班长帮助一事，反映了班长乐于助人的良好品质。短文由三个部分组成。第一部分(pi)介绍人物，确定主题；第二部分(p)具体描写人物，交代事件的过程；第三部分(p)重复第一部分的主题思想，起到强调作用。写作套路1： pi s(1)介绍人物 s(2)确定主题，表明作者对人物的看法 p s(3)事件的背景 s(4)细节说明1 s(5)细节说明2 s(6)人物的行为 s(7)细节说明1 s(8)细节说明2 p s(9)重复作者对人物的看法 列举几个事例反映一个人的特点，以作文题“my mother”为例：

18、 (1) my mother is a teacher at a secondary school. (2) she is a kind woman and busy with her work. (3) as a teacher, she loves her students. (4) if they have any difficulty with their studies, she will help them patiently. (5) she is never tired of answering their questions. (6) as a mother, she tak

19、es good care of me. (7) every morning she is always the first to get up and prepares breakfast for me. (8) when i am in trouble, she tries to cheer me up and says it's not the end of the world. (9) my mother seems to be busy all the year round. (10) she goes to work in the morning and comes home

20、 late in the afternoon. (11) then she does all the housework and puts everything in order. (12) she is praised and respected by everyone. 文章由三部分组成。第一、二句为第一部分，介绍人物并且确定主题思想。第二部分列举了三个事例说明妈妈的特点(she is a kind woman and busy with her work.)：作为教师热爱学生，作为母亲关心我，以及一年到头忙忙碌碌。最后部分是作者对妈妈的评价，与主题思想首尾相顾。这种方法也可用来描写一个人

21、身上的多种特点，每个事例针对一个特点加以说明，给读者留下一个比较鲜明、有血有肉的形象。写作套路2： pi s(1)介绍人物 s(2)确定主题，表明作者对人物的看法 p s(3)事例i s(4)细节说明1 s(5)细节说明2 s(6)事例 s(7)细节说明l s(8)细节说明2 s(9)事例 s(10)细节说明1 s(11)细节说明2 p s(12)作者的评价 在写人的时候可以采用以上两种套路。它们的最大特点是结构严密、安排合理、层次清楚，内容丰富、语句连贯、容易操作。二、叙事 这类作文要求考生叙述生活中有意义的或者印象深刻的一件事情。写作应以空间顺序或者时间顺序为基本线索展开。这些表示空间或者

22、时间的词语都是理顺文章条理的信号词，要特别注意。 使用空间顺序法叙事，以作文题“a visit to nanpu bridge”为例； (1) last week we visited nanpu bridge over the huangpu river. (2) it's a great destination for visitors because of all the attractions. (3) in the blue sky above the bridge,i saw little white clouds and flying birds. (4) they en

23、joyed freedom high up in the sky. (5) on the bridge,i saw a lot of cars and trucks. (6) the traffic was moving steadily and without difficulty. (7) the highlight of the trip came when we walked across the bridge and looked down at the huangpu river. (8) from there we got a wonderful view of shanghai

24、 along the river. (9) the river ran through the city and was sparkling in the sun. (10) many ships were passing under the bridge. (11) this visit was really impressive! 这篇文章按照从上到下的空间顺序进行叙述。方位词语“above the bridge, on the bridge, across the bridge, under the bridge”的运用，使得文章的条理十分清晰。文章从第7句开始叙述游览最精彩的部分，所以

25、相关细节就更加充实。写作套路4： pi s(1)介绍人物、时间和地点 s(2)确走主题，表明作者对事件的态度 p s(3)位置i s(4)细节 s(5)位置 s(6)细节 s(7)位置 s(8)细节1 s(9)细节2 s(10)细节3 p s(ll)作者的评价 使用时间顺序法叙事，以作文题“what a day!”为例： (1) yesterday we had a math exam and i had the worst sort of luck. (2)i had prepared my lessons well the night before and didn't go to

26、 bed until 12 o'clock. (3)i didn't forget to set the alarm clock and hoped it would call me at half past six m the morning. (4) but when l woke up the next morning, it was already seven. (5)i immediately put on my clothes and rushed to the bus stop. (6)luckily,it didn't take me long to g

27、et on the bus. (7)shortly after l got on the bus,i found i got on the wrong one. (8) so i got off and took a taxi to the school. (9) it never rains but it pours. (10) when i hurried into the classroom, to my surprise,i found i had left my schoolbag on the taxi. (11) what a day! 文章按照时间顺序展开。第一句交代了事件背景

28、和文章主题(i had the worst sort of luck.)。叙述从考试前一天晚上开始，一直到作者冲进教室后发现忘了拿书包时结束，生动描写了作者运气坏透了的一天。时间词语的运用，使得文章的时间节点非常清晰，叙述非常流畅。写作套路5： pi s(1)介绍背景和主题 p s(2)时间节点i s(3)细节 s(4)时间节点 s(5)细节1 s(6)细节2 s(7)时间节点 s(8)细节1 s(9)细节2 s(10)时间节点 p s(ll)作者的评价说明文 说明文是对事物进行解释和介绍的一种文章体裁，目的是使人们对所说明的事物有一个清楚的认识和了解。说明性是说明文的基本特征。说明时要有条理

29、，可以采用时间顺序法，也可以采用列举法，以列举具体的事例进行说明。科学性和客观性是说明文的另一文体特征，文章一般不带感情色彩。 使用列举法说明，以作文题“how to cross the road safely”为例： (1) when we cross the road, we must be very careful and do the following. (2) first, we must stop and find a safe place to cross. (3) we can use a zebra crossing because it gives us the righ

30、t to cross before cars, buses and trucks. (4) once we have found a suitable place, we must look both ways. (5) we must look left first, then right, then left again. (6) or we can look at traffic lights. (7)a red light means we must stop while a green light means "go." (8) we must not cross

31、 the road when the traffic light is red. (9) it is dangerous. (10) when it is safe, we can walk straight across but keep looking and listening. (11) we must do this in case a car appearssuddenly. (12) if we keep these points in mind, we can cross the road safely. 文章的第一部分明确主题。第二部分逐一介绍安全过马路的四个要点，每一个要点

32、后面都有细节支撑，做进一步的说明。最后部分重复主题思想，起到强调作用。写作套路6： pi s(1)明确主题 pii s(2)要点i s(3)细节 s(4)要点 s(5)细节 s(6)要点 s(7)细节1 s(8)细节2 s(9)细节3 s(10)要点 s(11)细节 p s(12)重复主题议论文 议论文通过摆事实、讲道理来说明自己的观点和见解，目的是影响和说服读者。与说明文不同，议论文有着很强的主观性。 在议论文中，作者首先表明自己的观点，即论点；然后提出可信的依据，即论据来证明自己的观点；最后，作者对所述内容进行归纳，得出结论。 写议论文可以使用列举法和比较对照法。 使用列举法议论，以作文题

33、“early rising”为例： (1) early rising is good for us in many ways. (2) first, it helps to keep us fit. (3) the air in the morning is fresh and healthy. (4) if we are early risers, we can get rid of stale air and breathe fresh air. (5) second, early rising helps us to plan our work for the day. (6) ever

34、y morning we decide what we should do and arrange everything. (7) we cannot work well without a good plan. (8) third, early rising helps us in our studies. (9) mornings are the most productive time. (10) in the morning, we learn more quickly and we find it easier to remember what we learn. (11) four

35、th, if we rise early, we actually have time for breakfast. (12) we all know that breakfast is one of the most important meals of the day. (13) without breakfast, we're so hungry until lunch time and cannot focus on our studies. (14) in a word, early rising is a healthy lifestyle. 本文采用了列举法。第一句表明论

36、点，后面各句通过“first, second, third”等词语逐一列出令人信服的论据。每一个层面都是先有一个主题句，然后再添加相关细节。这样，条理比较清晰，内容也比较充分。 写作套路7： pi s(1)提出论点 pii s(2)论据i s(3)细节1 s(4)细节2 s(5)论据 s(6)细节1 s(7)细节2 s(8)论据 s(9)细节1 s(10)细节2 s(11)论据 s(12)细节l s(13)细节2 p s(14)结论 此类体裁的文章也可以不使用“first, second, third”等表示列举的词语。只要文章条理清晰、层次分明就可以了。 以作文题“my favorite s

37、eason"为例： (1)i love summer! (2) it's so much nicer than other seasons. (3)i love summer because i can go to the countryside for a holiday and have a happy time. (4)i love the hotair and the feeling of the sun on my face, (5)i enjoy wearing less, and i love to get a nicetan! (6)i love the sm

38、ell of flowers and fresh grass and the songs of birds in the mornin_g.(7)i also love to swim and catch fish in rivers and go into the curious insect world. (8)ilike to catch grasshoppers and run after butterflies flying from flower to flowet. (9)i findendless pleasure in this season! 本文也采用了列举法。文章的第一

39、句表明作者的观点。第二句给予进一步的说明，也可以省略。第三句提出论据，后面的句子列举与论据有关的细节。最后一句进行归纳，作者对夏天的喜爱溢于言表。写作套路8： pi s(1)提出论点 s(2)进一步说明 pii s(3)提出论据 s(4)细节1 s(5)细节2 s(6)细节3 s(7)细节4 s(8)细节5 p s(9)结论 使用比较对照法议论，以作文题“studying abroad”为例： (1) studying abroad has both advantages and disadvantages. (2) one of the advantages is that we can s

40、tudy and research in good schools. (3) second, we can travel widely, and there is no better time to spread our wings and experience a new culture in a new world. (4) third, we can use english in our daily life and improve our language skills. (5) but studying abroad does have some disadvantages. (6)

41、 one problem is that we will have difficulty in adapting to a new culture. (7) another problem is the loneliness and homesickness because we will miss our parents and friends. (8) furthermore, the cost of studying abroad is much higher than that in the home country. (9) to sum up, given an opportuni

42、ty to study abroad, we must look at it from both sides before making the decision 这篇文章以比较对照法展开。第一句表明主题。第二句至第四句讲的是出国的好处，第五句至第八句讲的则是出国的坏处。最后一句明确表达作者本人的观点。 写作套路9： pi s(1)提出论点 p s(2)好处（论据）1 s(3)好处（论据）2 s(4)好处（论据）3 s(5)转折过渡 s(6)坏处（论据）1 s(7)坏处（论据）2 s(8)坏处（论据）3 p s(9)结论应用文 应用文是人们在日常生活、学习和工作中常用的一种文体，有较为固定的模

43、式。初中所学的应用文主要有书信（电子邮件）、日记、便条和通知等四种。写作时可以采用记叙文、说明文或议论文的套路。 一、书信（电子邮件） 英文书信一般由四个部分组成。 1信头 信头指发信人的地址和发信日期，一般写在信纸的右上角。先写发信地址，顺序是由小到大。发信日期接在她址的下一行写，为单独一行。日期普遍的写法是：月、日、年（日和年之间要有逗号隔开），例如july 8，2011。如果信是写给熟悉的人，往往只写日期。 2称呼 左起顶格写，独立成行，末尾用逗号。英文称呼的写法根据写信人和收信人之间的关系而定。最常见的是“dear+头衔+姓”或者“dear+名”，例如dear professor sm

44、ith，dearmr. wei，dear david等。如果是家庭成员或者是好朋友，一般用“my dear+名”或者直呼其名，例如my dear helen，russ等。如果不清楚收信人的性别，可以称dear sir or madam。 3正文 正文从称呼的下一行开始写，每一段的第一行往右缩进五个字母。正文可以先用一两句话说明写信的目的，然后再谈具体事情。如果正文的内容不多，也可以一段写完。 4结束语 结束语要自成一段，表达写信人对收信人的良好祝愿或期盼。结束语的内容要和正文的内容相呼应。常用的结束语如下： best wishes with best regards. thank you. p

45、lease take care. please remember me to tom. write soon. i hope to hear from you soon. i'm looking forward to meeting you. 5结尾谦称和署名 结尾谦称指结尾的客套话，单独成行，从与正文有两三行距离的中间偏右的地方开始。第一个单词的首字母要大写，末尾用逗号。结束语一般用“yours+副词”构成。注意，不要把yours写成your。结束语可根据写信人和收信人之间的关系有所不同。下面是一些常用的写法： 1)写给亲属或密友：yours，always yours，yours e

46、verlove，with love，your loving daughter，sincerely 2)写给上级或长者：yours respectfully，yours gratefully. 3)写给关系一般的人：yours truly，yours sincerely. 署名低于结尾谦称一行，从缩后于结尾谦称一半的地方写起。出于礼貌和负责的原因，即使信件是打印稿，写信人都要亲笔署名。 书信范例： 假如你是david，想加入一个俱乐部使你周日的闲暇时间过得愉快。写一封信给俱乐部负责人，介绍你的爱好和兴趣并希望了解有关规定。 86 zaoyang road shanghai，200062 prch

47、ina july 18，2011dear sir or madam， i am writing to ask to join your club. my name js david. i have many hobbies and interests.i like music and photography. i like collecting stamps, planting flowers and climbing mountains. painting is also something that i really enjoy doing. i'm busy with my wo

48、rk, but i can keep my sundays free.1 want to be a member of your club and enjoy my free time. would you please let me know your requirements? i'm looking forward to your reply. yours sincerely， david写作套路10: 86 zaoyang road shanghai, 200062 p. r. china july 18, 2011 (信头)dear .，（称呼） i am glad to . . /i am writing to . /thank you very much for . . /how are things going?/ how are you getting on?/l haven't heard from you for a long time._（正文） i'm looking forward to your reply. /with best regards!（结束语） yours sincerely，（结尾谦称） david（署名）二、通知 通知分为口头通知和布告通知两种。口