英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结（精编版）

1、unit1. （选择、判断、填空）: unionjack : 3.thetimejoiningthebritishparliament: however,in 1707byagreementoftheenglishandscottishparliaments,scotlandjoinedtheunion. 4.differencebetweenthebritishisles,uk,greatbritain,andengland: britishisles: theislandofgreatbritain theislandofireland surroundingisles uk=greatb

2、ritain+northernireland greatbritain=england+scotland+wales 5.thefourmajorinvasionsinthehistoryofgreatbritain: atfirst,englandwasoccupiedbycelticpeople. thenin43adbritainwasinvadedbytheromanempire. result:englandandwalesbecameapartoftheromanempirefornearly400years. theangle-saxoninvaded. result:thela

3、ndtheylivedbecameangle-land,laterchangedintoengland,thelanguagetheyspokenbecameenglish. thevikingsinvaded. resultinacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinengland,whichcanbeexpressedassaxonversusdane. thenormans,williamofnormandyinvadedthiscountry. result:thismarksthelasttimethatanar

4、myfromoutsidethebritishislessucceededininvading london:(p18) unit2 （选择、判断、填空）northernireland(oftencalledulsterafteranancientirishkingdom) 1.activitiestoseekirishindependence: home-rule theeasterrisingof1916:wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichtherebelstookoverdublinspostoffice,forcingthebritishtoretak

5、eitbymilitarymeans. : thesinnfeinpartylegal sdlp:socialdemocraticandlabourparty england london scotland edinburgh wales cardiff northernireland belfast ira:irishrepublicanarmy(illegal) 3.politicaltroublesinnorthernireland(famous): partition(分割):thesouthern26countieswouldformanindependentfreestate,wh

6、ilethe6north-easterncountieswouldremainapartoftheuk. ( 即 26republicireland,6northernireland) :( 了解下， p36) unit3 :theprocessofstate-buildinghasbeenoneofevolutionratherthanrevolution. : britainisbothaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy. : itwasheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromgo

7、d,notfromhissubjects. : limitsonthekingsabilitytoabusehisroyalpower. : ensuredthatthekingwouldneverbeabletoignoreparliament.(williamoforange时期) :(p49) : （p49）: thequeen:(symbolised,traditional) sheislegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headofthejudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearme

8、dforcesandsupremegovernorofthechurchofengland，aconfidantetotheprimeminister（了解下）thehouseoflords：donotreceivesalaries，bothsexistandelitist(了解下 ) lordsspiritualhereditarypeers lordstemporallifepeers thehouseofcommons(p49) 重要unit4 :(p67) 重要:(p67) :(p67) :(p67) :(p67) 了解下: theconservativeparty(newest):s

9、ettingupthenationalhealthservice thelabourparty: from1979to1997,theconservativepartywon4electionsinrow theliberaldemocrats:apartyofthemiddle margaret-thatcher改革(therewerealsonegativeconsequences)了解下unit5( 判断、选择、填空 ) 1、absolutedecline 2、relativedeclineoftheukeconomy:(p81)重要3、thereasonforitsrelativede

10、cline:(了解下 ) thecountryhadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar theeraofempirewasover largemilitaryexpenses outdatedindustriesandless-competitiveproducts alackofcloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks 4.thedivisionofbritishindustries: primaryindustries(miningindustry矿业) secondaryindustries(stee

11、lindustry钢铁业 ) tertiaryindustries(insurance保险， thesellingofgoods) : thenamegiventothehistoricareaatthecentreoflondon : theheartofthecity （伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）unit6 （填空、选择、判断）: oneoftheoldestoftheseearlyoldenglishliteraryworksisalongpoemfromanglo-saxontimescalledbeowulf. ：thecanterburytales : ma

12、rlowe：thetragicalhistoryofdrfaustuswilliamshakespeare ：romeoandjulietthetamingoftheshrew hamletamidsummernightsdream tragedies othello comediestwelfthnight （重要） kinglearthetempest macbeth. historyplays：richardiii,richardii,henryiv,，antonyandcleopatra : johnmilton: paradiselost: jonathanswift:gullive

13、rstravels : williamwordsworthandsamueltaylorcoleridge：lyricalballads（markedthebeginningoftheromanticperiod.）georgegordon,lordbyron threemenjohnkeats percybyssheshelley : maryshelley: frankenstein senseandsensibility janeaustenprideandprejudice emma charlotte:janeeyrethebrontesistersemily:wutheringhe

14、ights annelizabethgaskell:northandsouth olivertwist charlesdickens davidcopperfield greatexpectations thereturnofthenative thomashardy tessofthed urbervilles judetheobscure : maryshelley janeausten thebrontesisters elizabethgaskell : twentiethcenturyliteraturecanbebroadlydividedintotwostylisticperio

15、ds:modernism ,and postmodernism. josephconrad：theheartofdarkness virginiawoolftothelighthouse orlando aroomofonesown1. ：allchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:english,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,andamodernforei

16、gnlanguage. allchildrenthroughoutthecountrymustpassnationaltestsandschools. allteachersaretoldwhattoteachandtheirschoolsarenowrankedaccordingtohowwelltheyperformthistask. 2.stateschool: 93%ofpupilsreceivefreeeducationfromthepublicsector. 3.independentschool(publicschools/privateschool): independents

17、choolsarenotpartofthenationaleducationsystem. etorschool larrowschool winchestercollege 4.comprehensiveschool: entranceexamswereabolished. ,tomorepracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry. 5.grammarschool：thosewhoshowacademicpotentialareadmittedtothegrammarschoolswheretheemphasisisonadvancedacademicw

18、orkratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschools. ：generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation 9. gcea ：generalcertificateofeducation-advanced 10. gnvqs ：generalnationalvocationalqualifications 11.theuniversitiesinbritain：britishuniversitiesarepublicbodies，exceptoneuniversity,theuniversityo

19、fbuckingham. 12.theopenuniversity：theopenuniversityoffersanon-traditionalrouteforpeopletotakeuniversitylevelcoursesandreceiveauniversitydegree,throughtextbooks,tvandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,videos,residentialschoolsandanetworkofstudycentres. unit8 1.countriestoestablishun: 2.thepermanentmember

20、softheunsecuritycouncil: thesovietunion,theunitedstates,china,france,uk 3.thefoundationsofbritainsforeignpolicy: thecontemporaryforeignpolicyoftheukisgreatlyinfluencedbyitsimperialhistoryandalsobyitsgeopoliticaltraits 4. themakingofbritainsforeignpolicy:(p128) 5. therelationshipbetweenbritainandthee

21、u(p128) thedecisionjoinedtheeec(psychological,natural,controversial) theukhasalwaysbeenlessenthusiasticaboutgivingupitsnationalsovereigntytoaeuropeangovernment. 6. thecommonwealth:britainisalsoamemberofthecommonwealth,avoluntaryassociationofstates. thereare50membersofthecommonwealthhichismadeupmostl

22、yofformerbritishcolonies. 7. nato (northatlantictreatyorganisation): protectmemberstatesagainstaggression thepurposeofnatoprovideafoundationforsecurityineurope provideaforumfortransatlanticdefencecooperation 8. specialrelationshipwithus:hasgonethroughmanyupanddowns 9.independentnuclearweaponscapabil

23、ity: britainisatraditionalseapower. unit9 1. thedivisionofbritishmedia:（降序排列）tvnewspaper(inbritain,mostadvertisingiscarriedinnewspapers) radio magazine 2. thefunctionsofthebritishmedia: entertainment providebritishpeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues provideweatherreports carryadvertis

24、ing usedforeducationalpurposes provideaforumforpeopletowritelettersorphoneintoexpresstheirviewsorseekadvice helpbritainengendernationalculture 3.oldestnewspaper: theworldsoldestnationalnewspaper:theobserver thebritisholdestdailynewspaper:thetimes theverynamesofbritishnewspapers-thetimes,theobserver,

25、theguardianstillsuggestthatthefunctionofthepaperistooffertheelectorateobjectivereportsaboutwhatishappeninginthecountry 4.papersissuedinternationally: thefinancialtimesisprintedinfrankfurt,france,hongkong,newjersey,losangeles,tokyoandmadrid.(daily)telegraph/thenewsoftheworld) 5.qualitypressandgutterpress: thedailytelegraph thetimesthesungutterpresstheguardianqualitypresstheobserver 6. fleetstreet:itisalsoknownasthestreetofshame 7. bbc:(p144) unit10 : cricket,football,lawntennis,golf,rugby facup:(footballassociationcup) gentlesport wimbledoniswheretheworld. :cricketwasoneofth