凤凰国际英语基础英语语法6非谓语

1、基础英语语法（6）非谓语结构非谓语结构内容1）分词2）动名词3）独立结构4）不定时Warm-up 1分析精彩英语Paragraph 1 Everyone goes through their lives seeing and experiencing different things. At times, these different situation stated that “Ease does not challenge us; adversity helps up discover who we are.” People learn more from losing than win

2、ning. Through literature, one can see how this statement probes to be true. Paragraph 2 When lunch time is approaching, there is always a problem lingering in my mind: whether I should go to KFC for varied but unhealthy food or have ordinary family dishes. People around me are also confused by such

3、questions, not only the choice itself is hard to make, but also which kind of lifestyle, healthy or a little bit harmful, that matters. Therefore people go to extremes on the way how healthy life style that people want can be ensured. 过去分词只有一种形式。过去分词只有一种形式。 现在分词：现在分词：现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词现在分词多表示主语

4、所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：多表示主语所处的状态，如： The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea.已经成为形容词的分词，可以用已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用形容词的分词宜用 much 或或 quite，有时也可用有时也可用very much，如：如： Im very much pleased

5、. Hes very much worried about his health.过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。 说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；强调强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；一般不带状语； c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。可以有不及物动词的过去分词。a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时可以带时 间、方式或间、

6、方式或 by 短语作状语；短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。必须是及物动词。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作动作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：单独作定语，

7、应放在被修饰的名词之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is

8、 growing 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by histo

9、ry. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a. 表示正在进行的动作表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：如： Tell the children (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man (who was talking) ?b. 表示经常性的动作表示经常性的动作, 或现在或现在 (或当时或

10、当时) 的状态的状态, (变为从句时变为从句时, 用一般用一般时态时态), 如：如： They lived in a room (= that faced) . The house (= that stands) was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如： Is this the book ? The meeting is very important.I hate to see letters .

11、如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用同时发生，可以用来表示，如：来表示，如： The meeting is very important. We must keep a secret of the things .如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个来表示，如：来表示，如： The meeting is very important. Please tell me the subjects . 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），分词还可以作非限制

12、性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my si

13、ster. 注意：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表注意：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的： Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为应改为who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (

14、应应改为改为who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：如： Those dont have to go. (应改为应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother is 18 years old. (应改为应改为who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：用从句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other da

15、y was a mother lion. (应改为应改为which/that died) 现在分词作状语，表示现在分词作状语，表示，如：，如： The children ran out of the room, . They stood there for an hour . She sat at the desk .a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；对

16、谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语，现在分词作状语，（这类状语可以放在句首，也（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），），如：如： , they started to climb. , they greatly reduced the cost. , we visited a number of cities. 现在分词作状语，现在分词作状语，如：，如： Seein

17、g nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years

18、, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 现在分词作现在分词作（相当于（相当于 when 引导的从句），如：引导的从句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 这里分词表示的是一个极短暂

19、的动作，这动作一发生，谓语这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或或 while + 分词这种结构，如：分词这种结构，如： Be careful crossing the street. Dont mention this talking to him.如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：这个分词要用完成形式，如：

20、 Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction. 现在分词作状语还可以现在分词作状语还可以，如：，如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果结果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果结果) Working hard, y

21、ou will succeed. (条件条件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件条件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步让步) ，可以修饰谓语，可以修饰谓语，如：，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living cond

22、itions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 过去分词短语过去分词短语（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：（相当于一个原因状语从句），如： The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted)

23、过去分词短语有时可以过去分词短语有时可以（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：（相当于条件状语从句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, i

24、f, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为（省略部分多为 “主语主语 + be 的多种形式的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如：略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never

25、speaks until spoken to. 现在分词做宾语补足语，如：现在分词做宾语补足语，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing.注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。强调动作过程。 过去

26、分词做宾语补足语，如：过去分词做宾语补足语，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。 现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补现在分词做宾语补

27、足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着足语一般为宾语所做的动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如： He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the c

28、hildren taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为与谓语一起称为“复合谓语复合谓语”，如：，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. 有些动

29、词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，语补足语，这些动词是：，这些动词是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如：等，例如： She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remembe

30、r him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground. 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：发生，如： Having bee

31、n there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如： His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear. 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正

32、在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作这种形式可以作或或，如：，如： That building being repaired is our library. （定语）定语） He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）定语） Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）宾语补足语） As we entered the village, we saw new houses

33、being built. （宾语补足语）宾语补足语） Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.（状语）状语） Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语）状语） 有时还有完成被动形式，如：有时还有完成被动形式，如： Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? 独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况,

34、 表示时间、原因、条件等表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：例如： 1. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况伴随情况) 2.The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间时间) 3.So many students being late, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因原因) 4.Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件条件) 5.All things

35、considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 6.The job done, we went home. 7.The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.一、动名词一、动名词动名词是一种非谓语动词，形式为v+ing，与现在分词同形。基本形式：主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般时一般时doingbeing done完成时完成时having donehaving been done非谓语动词动名词A. 动名词的特点：兼具名词和动词的特征。1. 动名词的动词动词特征：动名词可

36、以有宾语，可以用状语修饰（1）带宾语带宾语 a. He avoided giving us a definite answer. 动名词giving后有双宾语。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 动名词taking后有宾语exercise.（2）用状语修饰用状语修饰 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是状语，修饰动名词working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是状语，修饰动名词smoking非谓语动词动名词2. 动名词的名词名

37、词特征即其语法功能：在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。1 1）作主语）作主语 a. Smoking may cause cancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated. c. Its nice talking to you. It 是形式主语，真正的主语是动名词短语talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it. 非谓语动词动名词（2 2）作表语）作表语 a. The real problem is getting to

38、 know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is traveling.（3 3）作宾语）作宾语 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you. 非谓语动词动名词以下动词只能用

39、动名词作宾语只能用动名词作宾语admit 承认 appreciate 赞赏，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避开imagine 想象 miss 错过practice 练习 delay 耽搁mind 介意 consider 考虑postpone 推迟 enjoy 享受risk 冒风险 suggest 建议非谓语动词动名词非谓语动词动名词B. B. 动名词的完成时和被动式动名词的完成时和被动式表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。时。主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般时doingbeing done完成时完成时

40、having donehaving been done非谓语动词动名词B. B. 动名词的完成时和被动式动名词的完成时和被动式完成时完成时a. He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young.年轻时浪费了那么多时间，他现在很后悔。b. He apologized for not having kept his promise.他对于没有遵守诺言表示歉意。被动式被动式c. He dislikes being interrupted when he is working.他不喜欢在工作时被人打扰。d. He didnt mind be

41、ing left at home.他并不介意把他留在家里。非谓语动词动名词C. C. 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词或代词的宾格。或代词的宾格。Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 困扰他们的是食物不足

42、。 非谓语动词动名词C. C. 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词或代词的宾格。或代词的宾格。Would you mind _ the computer game in your room? _ the computer game in your room? A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play BBHe forgot about _ h

43、im to attend my wifes He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday party.birthday party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to askBB 二、不定式二、不定式不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，多与某些动词、名词、形容词搭配。基本形式：主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般时一般时(not) to make(not) to b

44、e make完成时完成时(not) to have make(not) to have beenmake进行时进行时(not) to be making (not) to be being make非谓语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。1）作主语不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：To serve the people well is our duty. 动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式主语。上述句子也可改为：It is our duty to serve the people well.非谓

45、语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。1）作主语例如：It is our duty to help them.It will take you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for us to answer this question.It is kind of you to help me.注：1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等：2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格

46、，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。非谓语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。2)作宾语We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.注意：如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用it作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。例如：他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance

47、.非谓语动词不定式以下动词只能跟不定式作宾语afford 花费得起，提供 appear 好像happen 碰巧 arrange 安排hope 希望 attempt 试图intended 企图 decided 决定learn 学会 plan 计划expect 期望 offer 打算pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 fail 未能manage 设法 fear 害怕want 要想 wish 希望非谓语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。3)作定语This is the best way to solve the problem

48、.注意：用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。例如：Mary needs a friend to play with.There is nothing to worry about.非谓语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。3)作定语不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。例如：Here is a letter for you to type it.Here is a letter for you to type.The smell tells the be

49、es what kind of flowers to look for them.The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。非谓语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。4)作状语In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard.注意：不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。例如：The water is unfit to drink.错误：The water is unfit to drink it.They found Mr.Jones lecture hard to understand.错误： They found Mr.Jones lecture hard to understand it.同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。非谓语动词不定式语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。4)作状语作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。例如：To save money， we took the bus i