北京卷高考英语阅读理解解题技巧实用教案

1、阅读理解阅读理解 是英语能力培养的重点项是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试的一个重要题型，目，是考试的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有考查的根本是检验学生对有关关(yugun)(yugun)信息的加工能力。信息的加工能力。 阅读理解能力的重要标志阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。率。 因此，阅读理解的功夫应因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。多分析题型，多下在平时。多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的放了解考点，真正做到有的放矢，提高命中率。矢，提高命中率。第1页/共37页第一页，共38页。 考纲要求考生能

2、读懂有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书报杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章(wnzhng),并能从中获取相关的信息。 1 理解主旨和要义 2 获取事实性信息 3 根据上下文推断生词的词义 4 推断隐含意义 5 理解文章(wnzhng)的基本结构 6 理解作者的意图观点和态度第2页/共37页第二页，共38页。主旨主旨(zhzh)大意大意型型事实事实(shsh)细节细节型型 词词 义义 猜猜 测测 型型命命 题题 类类因此有关阅读理解题目主要因此有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种有以下几种: :推推 理理 判判 断断 型型第3页/共37页第三页，共38页。主旨主旨(zhzh)大意题

3、大意题干扰项干扰项 可能是文中某个可能是文中某个(mu )具体事实或具体事实或细节。细节。干扰项干扰项 可能可能(knng)是从文中某些是从文中某些 (不完不完全的全的) 事事 实或细节片面推出的错误结实或细节片面推出的错误结论。论。干扰项干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案正确答案) : 据文章全面理解据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的；不能太笼而归纳概括出来的；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。统、言过其实或以偏概全。第4页/共37页第四页，共38页。1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the

4、following can summar-ise the main idea of this text?3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?6)Whats the best title for this passage?主旨大意主旨大意(dy)题的常题的常见的提问形式见的提问形式:第5页/共37页第五页，共38页。阅读阅读(yud)理解基理解基础训练础训练Basic Training-主旨主旨(zhzh)(zhzh)大大意题意题第6页

5、/共37页第六页，共38页。Passage 1 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Fo

6、rd operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足(mnz)的）society.练习题练习题细节细节(xji)题题第7页/共37页第七页，共38页。Question: Which of the follo

7、wing statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American

8、autoworkers.文章文章(wnzhng)第8页/共37页第八页，共38页。【解析】答案为C。take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个(y )段落的主旨大意。文章(wnzhng)第9页/共37页第九页，共38页。 文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接(zhji)或间

9、接在文章中找到答案。 提问(twn)的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。事事实实(shsh)细细节节型型 解题原则解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。第10页/共37页第十页，共38页。事实事实(shsh)细节题细节题干扰干扰(gnro)项项 范围过大、过小范围过大、过小 。干扰干扰(gnro)项项 偷换概念。偷换概念。干扰项干扰项 正误并存，某个分句是正确的正误并存，某个分句是正确的。解题方法解题方法 : 原文定位法原文定位法。查读法：带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在

10、查读法：带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在与与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。问题有关的细节上。1. 细心！细心！第11页/共37页第十一页，共38页。1）Which of the following statements is true?2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节定细节(xji)问题常有以下几种命题方式：问题常有以下几种命题方式：第12页/共37页第十二页，共38页。3）The author ( or the

11、 passage) states that_.4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?第13页/共37页第十三页，共38页。阅读阅读(yud)理解基理解基础训练础训练Basic Training-事实事实(shsh)(shsh)细细节型节型第14页/共37页第十四页，共38页。 Q1) _ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35to 90. A. 55 B. 175 C. 325

12、D. 275 Q2) Which statement is TRUE according to the chart above?A. A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does. B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker requires the same amount of calories per day

13、 as a woman feeding a baby does. D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.第15页/共37页第十五页，共38页。 Passage2 Passage2 The human body is a living machine, and like The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with all m

14、achines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the is usually

15、measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1. The number of calories of 1kg of water by 1. The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart people need per day is dif

16、ferent, as the chart shows shows CALORIES NEEDED PER DAYBaby 750Office worker 2,700Child aged 8 2,100 Woman feeding baby 2,700Man over 70 2,100Boy aged 16 3,000练习题第16页/共37页第十六页，共38页。【解析】答案为 D 。 根据文章细节内容，计算公式为： (90-35)51=275【解析】答案为 C 。 根据文章图表，依次(yc)验证A、B、C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。很易找出 C 符合图表内容。文章文章(wn(wnzhnzhn

17、g)g)第17页/共37页第十七页，共38页。 同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容(nirng)在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。 反义法 如 hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定(fudng)。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。 释义(shy)法 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。词词义义猜猜测测型型 情景推断法、代词替代法情景推断法、代词替代法等第18页/共37页第十八页，共38页。1 1）文中找线索或信息词）文中找线索或信息词; ;2) 2) 根据

18、熟悉的词及词义根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意；判断新单词之意； 3 3）根据上下文判断新词）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。汇在特定句中确切意思。4. 4. 特别特别(tbi)(tbi)注意熟词注意熟词新意！新意！做题要领做题要领(yolng)第19页/共37页第十九页，共38页。阅读阅读(yud)理解理解基础训练基础训练Basic Training-词义词义(c y)(c y)猜猜测型测型第20页/共37页第二十页，共38页。Q: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiter

19、ate” A. repeat B. reiterated C. uneducated D. sick Passage3: Most women in Ghana the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and

20、 hard work is well known and well deserved(应得(yn d)的，值得的). 解 释第四节第21页/共37页第二十一页，共38页。解 释 这段文字(wnz)中讲到加纳这个国家中 的大多数妇女，受过教育的 （educated）和没有受过教育的 （illiterate）；住在城市的 （urban）和住在农村的（rural），年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好是一对对反义词。因此选 C 项。本题本题(bnt)(bnt)答答案选案选C C第22页/共37页第二十二页，共38页。 推理判断题：高考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个，着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推

21、理等综合(zngh)能力。 以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显明显(mngxin)说明的现象或事例给予说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。推推理理(tul)判判断断型型 透过现象看本质透过现象看本质，领悟作者思，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。等。第23页/共37页第二十三页，共38页。推理推理(tul)判断题（做题要判断题（做题要领）领） 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、

22、意图及文章细节的发展作正确(zhngqu)的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。第24页/共37页第二十四页，共38页。推理判断型常见的命题方式推理判断型常见的命题方式(fngsh)有：有： The passage implies (暗示暗示) that_. We can conclude (得出结论得出结论) from the passage that_.Which of the following can be inferred (推论推论)?第25页/共37页第二十五页，共38页。 What is the tone (语气(yq) of the author ?

23、What is the purpose (目的) of this passage? The passage is intended to _. Where would this passage most probably appear? 第26页/共37页第二十六页，共38页。阅读阅读(yud)理解基理解基础训练础训练Basic Training-推理推理(tul)(tul)判断型判断型第27页/共37页第二十七页，共38页。 Passage4 The concept (n. 观念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is

24、an important one. About 90 percent of all illnesses might be preventable if individual (n. 个人(grn) ) made sound ( adj. 健康的 ) personal health choices based upon present (adj.现在的) medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal (adj.

25、法律的 ) and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may affect our health. If we do desire, we can smoke , drink much, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary (adj

26、. 久坐的，劳心的 ) lifestyle without any exercise. 练习题第28页/共37页第二十八页，共38页。Q: The concept of personal choice about health is important because_. A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses. B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge. C. it is basic to personal freedom in American society.

27、D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health.文章(wnzhng)第29页/共37页第二十九页，共38页。解析：据前两句可以解析：据前两句可以得知，不良的选择会得知，不良的选择会导致健康状况变坏，导致健康状况变坏，因此答案选因此答案选 D D 。选出。选出的答案一定要在原文的答案一定要在原文中找到依据中找到依据(yj)(yj)或理或理由，不能只凭常识或由，不能只凭常识或自己主观胡乱推测。自己主观胡乱推测。第30页/共37页第三十页，共38页。 Passage5 A teacher who continually draws attention to

28、rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement (n.成绩 ) ends up with uninspired students. Eisenberger holds (vi.认为). As an exa- mple of the latter (adj. 近来的 ) point ( n.观点 ), he notes ( vi.特别指出 ) growing efforts at major universities to tighten ( v.使变得更紧 ) grading standards (及格标准 ) and

29、 restore ( vt.恢复(huf)使用 ) failing grades (不及格分数或标准 ).练习题第31页/共37页第三十一页，共38页。Q: It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe_.rewarding poor performance ( n.成绩 ) may kill the creativity of students .B. punishment is mor

30、e effective than rewarding. C. failing (v. 给不及格 ) uninspired students helps improve their overall (adj.全面的 ) academic (adj.学校(xuxio)的 ) standards.D. Discouraging ( vt.使失去信心 ) the students anticipation ( n.预期之事物 ) for easy rewards is a matter of urgency ( n.紧急 ).文章(wnzhng)第32页/共37页第三十二页，共38页。 解析解析: : 问题是文中问题是文中 Eisenberger Eisenberger 举的一个例举的一个例子子, ,通过通过(tnggu)(tnggu)例证题目的考点分析例证题目的考点分析, ,