WHICH和THAT的就近修饰和跳跃修饰 精简整理

1、which that 就近与跳跃修饰which的用法1、 WHICH非限1. which指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which指代0（svo,which指代s一定错！）2.which指代主句主语s:s+verb,which（1） 介词+which=连词1.s+verb(+o)+prep+which2.s+verb(+o),prep+which区别 介词+that=名词I will buy this book because from that I study a lot.(有because作为连接词，不用“介词+which”结构连接)I will buy this book from wh

2、ich I study a lot.（无连接词，需要用“介词+which”结构连接）which指代的三种情况：1、 紧邻修饰一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）1，The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a lo

3、cal bond issue.2,Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles. Flavian Amphitheatre： 福

4、雷维安圆形剧场 3，In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.thromboxane 生化凝血噁烷，凝栓质，血栓素。阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷prostacyclin n.

5、【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素,4，The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anc

6、hors, probing divers, and global warming. 5，In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fie

7、lds, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.这些例子都能说明从属关系“A of B，which”中的which就近修饰紧邻的名词B。但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，如果which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which2、 跳跃修饰在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词。下面是几个例子：From the bark of the paper birch tree the

8、Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about，但只要知道核心词是

9、canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies service areas, the merger of the nations leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marke

10、ting the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry，必须跳过介词结构in，修饰核心词merger。In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibite

11、d the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698，必须跳过介词结构of 1968修饰前面的核心词act。The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of death.有人这里会说这不是A of B，which

12、吗？which应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为of 1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。on pain of违者以论处OG12SC107Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroy

13、ing it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology. (A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (B) Originally developed for dete

14、cting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission (C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze

15、 the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it, (E) A techn

16、ique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission,答案（A）答案中which发生跳跃指代，而且emission不处于介词短语中，这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须跳过分词修饰

17、结构called ，修饰核心词technique。注意这不是 SVO,which指代S了而是called proton-induced X-ray emission分词形式做后置修饰定语。归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。3、 特别情况 A and B, which这个which到底修饰谁呢？是A？是B？还是A and B？我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。如果A and B中的B为复数（Bs），which后面动词也是复数，which指代会有

18、歧义，让人不知道which到底指的是什么。As and Bs, which are (which指Bs? 或 which指As and Bs？)A and Bs, which are (which指Bs？或 which指A and Bs？)下面情况没有歧义：如果A和B都是单数，which后面动词复数，没有歧义，which修饰A and B。如果B是单数（不管A是单数还是复数），which后面动词也是单数，没有歧义，which修饰B。如果B是复数（不管A是单数还是复数）则必须要用which together，没有歧义，这时which修饰A and Bs。举两个例子：The human nervo

19、us system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange. Unlike the shuttle and earlier

20、spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.其实which的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断which指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有个别GMAT题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小结还是必要的。that用法：适用范围（1）不定代词

21、为先行词（2）any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many为先行词（3）“人+物”为先行词 序数词为先行词 最高级为先行词例句：The boy and the bike that are in the room（4）the only, the very, the most为先行词（注意，the不可省略）0G12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual t

22、hat, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.(A) that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn(C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses(D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconsc

23、ious(E) who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn答案A，that跳跃一个介宾结构修饰reactions这题有意思的地方还在于E干扰选项,who紧跟在individual后面，出题机构现在变得很阴险喽,如果不去理解逻辑意思只是快速看语法修饰，很容易误选E所以也验证了很多同学说的，现在语法比以前更倾向于从句子逻辑角度出题考prep语法-6题that就近指代 A of B, that指代BThe list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the r

24、ight or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include(B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e.,

25、claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes(C) exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include(D) exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include(E)

26、 exhibit the preference as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes  这个that修饰谁呢？答案D！that是修饰animals 只有动物才会exhibit a preference of either using the right or the left hand ，list怎么会exhibits a preference of either using the right or the lef

27、t hand 呢that跳跃修饰关于that引导定语从句的跳跃修饰：1  N + 介词短语 + that（1）N + 介词短语 + that中that跳跃修饰N885-4-21. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of

28、urban life and attract new businesses.(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract(D) ar

29、e looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract答案C，从逻辑意思上看，that应修饰communities（2）N + 介词短语 + that中that就近修饰（例子就不举了，很常见）2A of B + that（1）A of B + that中that指代BOg1

30、0-1.  The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child. (A)  occurring when a child (B)  occurring when children (C)  that occurred when a child (D)  that occurred when they

31、were children (E)   that has occurred as each was a child 答案为D；that就近指代a divorce;（2）A of B + that中that指代A的：GWD 32-2. Written in ink or engraved by stylus, more than 2,000 letters and documents on wooden tablets excavated at the site of the old roman fort at Vindolanda in northern England a

32、re yielding a historical account of the military garrison in the first and second centuries that are so vivid in their details about personal life as they are from Pompeii A.    are so vivid in their details about personal life as they ate B.    are as vivid in their de

33、tails of personal life as those gathered C.    is as vivid in their detail about personal life as that gathered D.    is as vivid in its details of personal life as that gathered E.    is so vivid in its details of personal life as is that 选Dthat指代a histo

34、rical account of the military garrison, 说a historical account of the military garrison is as vivid in its details of personal life（像个人生活一样生动）as that gathered from Pompeli. which/that跳跃修饰、修饰不当的判断标准 that,which皆可跳跃修饰 ，大部分跳跃修饰的情况是  n+介宾结构that    n+介宾结构，which,that，which跳过介宾结构修饰nWhere引导定语从句

35、的跳跃修饰 225. Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states that still has a sizable wolf population. and where this predator remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep. (A)  that still has a sizable wolf population, and where (B)  that still has a sizable wolf population, whe

36、re (C)  that still has a sizable population of wolves, and where (D)  where the population of wolves is still sizable; (E)   where there is still a sizable population of wolves and where In choices A and C, the construction that still has ., and where modifies Minnesota with clau

37、ses that are not grammatically parallel. In choice B, the omission of and illogically makes the where . clause modify wolf population rather than Minnesota-that is, choice B says in effect that the wolf population is where the wolf remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep. Choice D is grammatically

38、 constructed, but it lacks a conjunction that establishes a logical relation between the clauses; since Minnesota as a grammatical subject is separated from the clause following the semicolon, the statement there need not even pertain to Minnesota. In E, the best choice, the parallel construction of

39、 where . and where . allows both clauses to modify Minnesota. 正确答案E中两个where并列，共同跳跃修饰Minnesota 四Whose的跳跃修饰 大全-675      Studies show that young people with higher-than-average blood pressure and their families have a history of high blood pressure are more likely than others to develop a severe form of the condition. (A) and their families have a history of high blood pressure (B) whose families have a history of high blood pressure (C) and a history of high blood pressure runs in the family (D) whose families have a history of high blood press