英语语法词性和句子成分

1、英语基础语法复习巩固英语基础语法复习巩固 一、词性的分类一、词性的分类 一、词性的分类一、词性的分类词类又叫词性（词类又叫词性（part of speech），英语单词根据其），英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。 1 名词名词 noun n. 2 代词代词 pronoun pron. 3 形容词形容词 adjective adj. 4 副词副词 adverb adv. 5 动词动词 verb v. 6 数词数词 numeral num. 7 冠词冠词 article art. 8 介词介词 preposition prep. 9 连词连词 conju

2、nction conj. 10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj. c = 可数名词，可数名词，countable noun的缩写的缩写 u = 不可数名词，不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写的缩写 pl = 复数，复数，plural的缩写的缩写 vi = 不及物动词，不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写的缩写 vt = 及物动词，及物动词，transitive verb的缩写的缩写you 你你happy 高兴的高兴的 three 三三 quickly 迅速地迅速地 student 学生学生 cut 砍、割砍、割 a 一个一个 at 在在.

3、and 和和 oh 哦哦pron. adj. num. adv. n. v. art. prep. conj. interj. (感叹词感叹词)Ex. Write down the part of speech of the following words:十大词类十大词类名词名词-表示人或事物的名称表示人或事物的名称形容词形容词-表示人或事物的特征表示人或事物的特征副词副词-修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词动词动词-表示动作或状态表示动作或状态代词代词-代替名词、数词代替名词、数词数词数词-表示数量或顺序表示数量或顺序冠词冠词-限制名词的意义限制名词的意义介词介词-表

4、示名词、代词和其他词的关系表示名词、代词和其他词的关系连词连词-连接词与词或句与句连接词与词或句与句 二、英语句子成分二、英语句子成分 （一）主语：（一）主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，表示一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子所说的是：句子所说的是：“什么人什么人”或或“什么事物什么事物”1. We often speak English in class.2. Smoking does harm to the health. 3. The rich should help the poor.4. It is necessary to master a foreign language.1.一般位于句首

5、或谓语之前。一般位于句首或谓语之前。Is your father a lawyer or a doctor ? Has she got a big flat ?Shall we have a swim with your friends ?2. 疑问句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后疑问句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后 Sit down, please. Come in, please.3. 祈使句中主语常省略祈使句中主语常省略 Gone are the days when farmers live in the poor houses. No sooner had she give

6、n him a welcome than she went in to prepare him a meal. Only in this way can we solve the problem.There is a clock on the wall.Once there lived a king called Lear.There goes the bell!倒装句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后倒装句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后There be结构中主语在结构中主语在be动词之后动词之后1. One-third is produced. 2. Running does goo

7、d to the health.3. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.4. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.5. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.6. The rich should help the poor.7. It is necessary to master a foreign language.8. We often spea

8、k English in class.1. Honest is a fine quality of human beings and therefore we should not tell lies.2. Help others is to help ourselves.3. Do a lot of housework day and night made Catherine become weaker and weaker.4. Liuxiang got the first place in the 2004 Olympic Games shocked people all over th

9、e world.5. In my opinion, visit universities is just a popular culture.单句改错（只有一处错误）。单句改错（只有一处错误）。 （二）谓语：（二）谓语：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning.She takes good care of her sick mother.2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）情态动词）情态动词+动词原形。动词原形。He can speak French very fluently.She doe

10、snt seem to like dancing.（2）系动词）系动词+表语。表语。The film is interesting.He looked a bit excited.6. It is warm here all the year round because Guangzhou located in the middle of Guangdong province.7. To get prepared for the Asian Games, Guangzhou built 82 sports courts so far.8. It not only have a lot of h

11、igh-rise building, but is also famous for the scenic spots.9. Can it attracts the tourists from home and abroad?单句改错（只有一处错误）。单句改错（只有一处错误）。 （三）宾语：（三）宾语：宾语表示宾语表示动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一般位于及物动词和介词后面。1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2. Please take them to the waiting room.3. I have

12、three.4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5. He pretended not to see me.6. Mary enjoys .7. I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（从句）（从句）（1）双宾语（间接宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语） Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语

13、（宾语+宾补）宾补） They elected him their monitor. We consider the answer wrong. （四）表语：（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于和状态，它一般位于系动词系动词之后。之后。1. Yang Liwei is an astronaut.2. Thats all I want to tell you.3. Three times four is twelve.4. The weather has turned warm.5. The speech is exciting and the

14、students are excited.6. His hobby is playing football.7. My job is to teach English.8. Our teacher isnt in. He is out.9. He is in good health.10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（五）定语：（五）定语：起修饰作用，翻译成起修饰作用，翻译成“的的”1. He is a clever boy.2. Your hair needs cutting.3. Theres only one way to do

15、 it.4. There is a baby girl.5. We can not use sleeping pills at random.6. The retired worker find life boring.7. Thats the way to do it.8. This is a map of China.9. Can you help me to clean the room above.10. The car thats parked outside is mine. 状语状语(副词副词)的位置：的位置：1. She speaks French fluently.2. I

16、usually eat breakfast at home.3. You neednt always help me.4. He is always complaining.5. The local people are very kind to the visitors.6. The room is big enough to hold 80 people.7. He never studies. Instead, he plays all day.谓语谓语(+宾语宾语)后后频度副词位于被修饰频度副词位于被修饰动词前，动词前，be动词、助动词、助动词、情态动词之后。动词、情态动词之后。被修饰

17、词前被修饰词前(enough特殊特殊)修饰全句或起连接作用的副词放在句首修饰全句或起连接作用的副词放在句首（六）状语：（六）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子或整个句子1. How about meeting again at six?2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.5. She put the eggs into th

18、e basket with great care. （时间状语）（时间状语） （原因状语）（原因状语） （条件状语）（条件状语） （地点状语）（地点状语） （方式状语）（方式状语）状语的种类：状语的种类：6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.9. She works very hard though she is old.1

19、0. I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（伴随状语） （目的状语）（目的状语） （结果状语）（结果状语） （让步状语）（让步状语） （比较状语）（比较状语）（七）补足语：（七）补足语：宾语补足语宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语，使句意完整。补充说明宾语，使句意完整。1. His father named him Dongming.2. They painted their boat white.3. Please let him in.4. The teacher advised the students to have a rest.5. I see her enterin

20、g a supermarket.6. He just had his hair cut. 划分句子成份划分句子成份1. The machine runs smoothly.2. Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.3. They have set up a network of financial advice centre.4. Mr. Chen, the director of Grade 3, is known for his humor.5. The man went to the shop with all the money he

21、had.6. He left here at six in the morning in order to catch the plane. 7. Our English teacher, Ms Wang, is very kind to us. 8. To our surprise, he has changed greatly. 9. It is not a good idea to drive for four hours without a break. 10. She was the second to enter the reading room. 11. His hair has

22、 turned gray, and lines have appeared on his face. 12. She is looking into the box. 13. Mr. Wu told us a funny story yesterday. 14. He bought me a pen. 15. We made him our monitor. 16. He asked me to help him out of the debt. 三、句子类型三、句子类型 按结构分按结构分1、简单句、简单句2、并列句、并列句3、复合句、复合句简单句简单句: 由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语由

23、一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。（或并列谓语）构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。All roads lead to Rome.1、一个主语和一个谓语动词、一个主语和一个谓语动词The teacher and the children are playing.2、并列主语和一个谓语动词、并列主语和一个谓语动词He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out.3、一个主语和并列谓语、一个主语和并列谓语Tom and Mary came and gave me a present.4、并列主语和并列谓语

24、、并列主语和并列谓语I . 简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型1、主语、主语+不及物动词：不及物动词：We work.2、主语、主语+系动词系动词+表语：表语：He is a student.3、主语、主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语：宾语：4、主语、主语+及物动词及物动词+双宾语双宾语(间接宾语间接宾语+直直接宾语接宾语)5、主语、主语+及物动词及物动词+复合宾语复合宾语(宾语宾语+宾补宾补)判断下列简单句的类型判断下列简单句的类型(1) The problem is hard to solve.(2) The pen writes smoothly.(3) I showed him my

25、 old pictures.(4) Barking dogs seldom bite.(5) We enjoy ourselves this New Years Day this year. (6) Helens face turned red.(7) He admits his mistakes.(8) Mother cooked me a delicious meal.(9) I saw a cat running across the road.(10) New methods make the job easy.Ex. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We o