2022年英文专业词汇学考试复习资料

1、chapter 1 the basic concepts of words and vocabulary1、the definition of a word lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words. according to semanticists （语义学家） , a word is a unit of meaning. a word is a minimal （最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntac

2、tic function （句法功能）. 2、 vocabulary all the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. 3、 sound and meaning the relationship between sound and meaning is no logic 4、 sound and form there was more agreement between sound and form in old english than in modern english. with

3、the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form. 5、 classification of words no.classificationexam plenotes 1 by use frequency basic word stock （基本词汇）the basic word stock forms the common core （共合） of the language. pronouns （ 代 词 ）and numerals are semantically

4、monosemous（单一的）and fairly limited in the respect of productivity （多产性） and collocability （搭配性） . the most important feature of the basic word stock is all national character. nonbasic vocabularyarchaisms （古词语）：thouneologisms（新词）： aidsargot （黑话）： persuader( means dagger)technical terms 2 by notion （有

5、无实义）content words （实义词）functional words3 by originnative words borrowed wordsdenizens （同代词）：port、 shirtaliens （非同代词）：d cortranslation loans（译借词） : lama（喇嘛）4 by morphology （形态）simple words compounds and derived words 6、简答（1）、 what is the relationship between sound and meaning? give examples to illust

6、rate it. the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. in different languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “ woman” , for example, becomes “ frau” in german, “ femme” in french and “ fu nv ” in chinese. on the other hand, the same sound mi:t is used

7、 to mean “ meet, meat, mete” , denoting different things. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -（2）、 what are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form? the first rea

8、son (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素） than letters in english. another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. the third reasons that some of the differences more created by the early scribes. the fourth reason is the borrowing.

9、 （3）、 how are words classified in the course book? words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. words may fall into: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency; content words and functional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; si

10、mple words, compounds and derived words by morphology. （4）、 what is the difference between denizens and aliens? denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated （完全同化）into the english language. but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation a

11、nd spelling. these words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -chapter 2 the development of the english vocabulary1、the indo-european langu

12、age family the prehistoric indo-european parent language, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折语） language. groupclassificationincluding easter set (东支 )balto-slavic prussian 、lithuanina （立陶宛语）、czech（捷克语）indo-iranian persian 、bengali（孟加拉）、 hindi 、romanywestern set （西支）celtic scottish、irish、 welshhe

13、llenic greek italic five romance languages: portuguese、spanish、french、italian、romaniangermanic four northern european languages (scandinavian languages): norwegian （挪威语）、icelandic（冰岛语）、danish、swedishgerman 、dutch（荷兰语）、flemish（佛兰芒语）、english2、 three phases of the historical development the first peopl

14、es who inhabited the land were celts. the second language known in english was latin of the roman legions. （1）、 old english （450-1150）in the 9th century england was invaded by norwegian and danish vikings. （2）、 middle english （ 1150-1500）the french influence on english vocabulary was one of the sign

15、ificant points of the middle english period. the most important fact of the middle english period was the steady erosion of the inflectional systems of old english. （3）、 modern english （1500-present）in the early period of modern english, europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient greek and roman c

16、lassics. it is estimated that about one fourth of modern english vocabulary has come from french. 3、 foreign elements in the english vocabulary in earlier stages of english, latin, greek, french and scandinavian were the four major contributors. the simultaneous existence of french, latin and englis

17、h lasted for a century. 4、 modes of vocabulary development modern english vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change（旧词新义） and borrowing. creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 5、简答what are the characteristics of old english? old english also known as

18、the anglo-saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely germanic with only a few borrowings from latin and scandinavian. old english was a highly inflected language.it was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（modern english is an analytic language）精品学习资料 可选

19、择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -chapter 3 morphological structure of english words1、 morphemes the minimal meaningful units in english are known as morphemes（词素） . 2、 classifying morphemes no.c

20、lassificationnotes1 free morphemebound morpheme（粘着词素）include two types: bound root and affix are chiefly found in derived words 2 derivational morphemeconfined to suffixes function as grammatical markersinflectional morpheme（曲折词素）3 content morpheme（实义词素）on a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes c

21、an fall into content/lexical and grammatical morphemes. grammatical morpheme3、 morphs（形素）morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 4、 allomorphs（词素变体）an allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. 5、 affix no.clas

22、sification notes1 i nflectional affixesaccording to the function derivational affixes 2 prefix in view of their distribution （位置）in the wordssuffixes embrace both derivational suffixes and inflectional suffixes. suffix 6、a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without tot

23、al loss of identity. 7、简答（1）、 what is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes? free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate. wo

24、rds are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. （2）、 what is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes? derivational morphemes are used to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes are employed used to indicate the syn

25、tactic （句法） relationship between words and function as grammatical markers. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -chapter 4 word formatiothe most productive ways of creating new words are af

26、fixation, compounding, and conversion. 1、affixation according to the position: classificationincludingexamplenotesprefixation negative prefixes （表示否定）undemocratic, disloyalgenerally speaking, prefixes do not change the word-class of the base but modify its meaningreversative/privative prefixes（表示逆反）

27、unlock suffixaion (noun suffixes)a deverbal noun suffix（动词变名词）dismissal, assistant a denominal noun suffix（名词变名词）booklet, hostess the words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases are called derivatives. 2、compounding（复合法）example: workfare(work+welfare) in adjective-plus-noun

28、 compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation. 3、conversion（转类法）the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive. the conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involve

29、s a change of stress. nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns. 4、 blending（拼缀法）the overwhelming majority of blends are nouns 5、back-formation（逆身法）back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. 6、简答（1）、 what is the main difference between p

30、refixes and suffixes? unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes the grammatical function of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning. （2）、 what a

31、re the three main features of compounds? the three main features of compounds are phonological features, semantic features and grammatical features. the word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element. each compound should express a single idea just as one word. a compound tends to pla

32、y a single grammatical role in a sentence. （3）、 what is back-formation? what are the characteristics of back-formation? back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. words created through back-formation are verbs. stylistically, back-formed words are largely infor

33、mal and some of them have not successfully gained currency. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -（4）、 what is acronymy? what is the difference between initialisms and acrnyms? acronymy is t

34、he process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are pronounced as normal

35、words 7、论述题point out the formation of the following words? no.classification including example1 blending head+tail autocide(automobile+suicide) 、broasted(broiled+roasted)、chunnel(channel+tunnel) head+head comsat(communication+satellite) 、telex(teleprinter+exchange) 、amerind(american+indian)、sitcom(s

36、ituation+comedy) head+word medicare(medical+care)、eurasia(europe+asia) 、autocamp(automobile+camp) word+tail bookmobile(book+automobile) 、 workfare(work+welfare) , tourmobile(tour+automobile) 2 clipping （截短法）front clipping quake(earthquake)、copter(helicopter) 、chute(parachute) , phone(telephone)、scop

37、e(telescope) back clipping memo(memorandum)、gent(gentleman)、fan(fanatic)、disco(discotheque) front and back clipping flu(influenza) 、fridge(refrigerator) phrase clipping pub(public house) 、 zoo(zoological garden) 、pop(popular music) 3 acronymy （首字母拼音法）(depending on the pronunciation) initialisms （首字母

38、缩略词）voa 、bbc (british broadcasting corporation)、ufo (unidentified flying object)、tb (tuberculosis) acronyms nato (the north atlantic treaty organization)、aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)、core (congress of racial equality) 、tefl (teaching english as a foreign language) 、1、 “ medicare ” and

39、“ sitcom” are blends. “ medicare ” is formed by combining the head of “ medicaland the word “ care” , and “ sitcom” is formed by combining the head of “ situation ” and that of “ comdey . 2、” memo” and “ flu” are clipped words. “ memo” is formed by clipping the lack of “ memorandum” and “ flu ” is f

40、ormed clipping the front and lack of “ influenza” . 3、” tb” and “ nato ” are new words created through acronymy. “ tb” from “ tuberculosis” is an initialism, while “ nato ” from “ the north atlantic treaty organization” is an acronym.精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 15 页 - - - - -

41、 - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -chapter 5 word meaning and componential analysis （成份分析法）1、reference words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. 2、concept（概念）meaning and concept are closely connected but n

42、ot identical. concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. 3、sense unlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language. 4、motivation （理据）motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and i

43、ts meaning. no.classificationexample1 onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据）crow by cocks 、quack by ducks、trumpet by elephants、buzz by bees or flies、croak by frogs、 squeak by mice、neigh by horses、 bleat by goats、hiss by snakes、roar by lions and tigers 2 morphological motivation （形态理据）hopeful、useless 、carefu

44、l 3 semantic motivation （语音理据）mouth (the mouth of a river) 4 etymological motivation （词源理据）pen 5、types of meaning no.classificationnotes1 grammatical meaning lexical meaning and grammatical meaning form the word meaning. lexical meaning itself embraces two components: conceptual meaning and associat

45、ive meaning. functional words, thought having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings, and their lexical meanings are prominent. lexical meaning （词汇意义）2 conceptual meaning there are few words with the same conceptual meaning and the same st

46、ylistic meaning. associative meaning （1）、 conceptual meaning and associative meaning no.classificationexamplenotes1 connotative meaning （内涵意义）mother、home 1、opposite to the denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. 2、connotati

47、ve meaning varies considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -2 stylistic meaning （文体意义）they chucked a s

48、tone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot. after casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money. 3 affective meaning （感情意义）positive、negative、both appreciative （褒义的）or pejorative （贬义的 ): 1、words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative.

49、 2、affective meaning, which is unstable, differs from the conceptual meaning. 4 collocative meaning （搭配意义）pretty woman and handsome woman 6、简答（1）、 what is reference? what are the characteristics of reference? reference is the relationship between language and the world. by means of reference, a spea

50、ker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. the reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something definite. （2）、 what is conceptual meaning? what

51、are the characteristics of conceptual meaning? conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word gene

52、rally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech community. (language). （3）、 what is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning? conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the c

53、ore of word meaning. but associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. it differs from the conceptual meaning because it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class backgr

54、ound, education, etc. . （4）、 what is collocative meaning? what are the characteristics of collocative meaning? collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. it is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with connotative and affective

55、meaning because in a sense both connotative and affective meanings are revealed by virtue of collocations or contextuality. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -chapter 6 sense relations （语

56、义关系）no.relationsclassificationexamplenotes1 polysemy （多义关系）1、the interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be approached from two different angles: diachronic （历时）approach and synchronic（共时）approach. 2、 synchronically, polysemy is view as the coexistence of various meanings of the s

57、ame word in a historical period. radiation（辐射型）is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. 2 homonymy （同音同形异义）perfect homonyms （完全同音同形异义）date(a kind of fruit) & date(a boy or girl friend) 1、hom

58、ophones are words identical only in spelling but different in two other aspects. 2、of the three types of homonyms, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common homophones （同音异义）dear & deer borrowing fair(a market, borrowed from latin) & fair(pretty from old english) shortenin

59、g rock(shortened from rock and roll) & rock(a large mass of stone) 3 synonymy （同义关系）relative synonyms （相对同义词） small & tiny 1、synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning 2、absolute synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. 3、relative synonyms are simi

60、lar or nearly the same in denotative meaning （ 外延意义）4、of the various sources of synonyms, the most important is borrowing. 5、relative synonyms, also called by some people near-synonyms, are similar or nearly the same in denotation. 4 antonymy （反义关系）complementaries （互补反义词）true & false 1、antonyms have various practical uses a