情态动词和虚拟语气1分解

1、专题（三） 情态动词和虚拟语气一王大川 马青松 闫建军高三英语二轮复习专题.一情态动词和虚拟语气晴态动词专题I一、综述时态往往和语态在出题方面结合比较紧密，而情态动词和虚拟语气也有类似之处。情态动词表示 说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态 动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词情 态动词在高考中所占的比分也比较大，往往出现在单选，完形以及改错题中，情态动词是每年高考必 出到考点之一。所以，我们需要很好到掌握这方面到语法常识。学习中，我们就结合历年的高考趋势 和方向来学习和掌握情态动词

2、在英语中的应用。二、分类一 ）can, can't, could, couldn't; be able to二）should, shouldn't: must, mustn't; have to, don't have to: ought to、ought not to三）need （也可作实意动词），needift; dare（也可作实意动词）；shall （也可作助动词）；will （也可 作助动词）,would四）must / may / might / could + have + done 表示“本而实际上没有三、高考试题引入:1. 一Do y

3、ou know where David is? I couldn't find Imn anywhere.一Welh he have gone far-his coat's still here.A. shouldn't B. mustn't C. can't D. wouldn't答案c2. My MP4 player isn't in my bag. Where I have put it?A. can B. mustC. shouldD. would答案A3. 一She looks very happy. She have pass

4、ed the exam.I guess so. It's not difficult after all.A. shouldB. could C. must D. might答案C4. May I smoke here?一If you, choose a seat in the smoking section.A. should B. could C. mayD. must答案D解析 由本题语境可知，空白处应表示“非得”之意，故须用must。5. Helen go on the trip with us, but she isn't quite sure yet.A. shal

5、l B. mustC. mayD. can答案c6. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could四、情态动词详细归纳:一）calls could 与be able to1 .表示能力，尤其表示主语自身拥有的能力或者特性等.e g. Most of us can use the computer now, but I couldn't use it last year.e.g. He was not able t

6、o climb up on the top of the mountain.e.g. He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.2 .表示客观的可能性，或者是潜在的可能性.e.g.有时候焦作的气温可能会交到零下10度。Sometimes the temperature in Jiaozuo can fall to ten degrees below freezing, e.g.焦作有时容易刮风，尤其在春季。It can be quite windy in Jiaozuo, especi

7、ally in spring.3 .表示推测。表示推测时，一般不用于肯定句中，多用于否定句和疑问句中。e.g.他不可能是我们的班主任，因为他已经去郑州开会了。He can't be our head teacher as he has gone to Zhengzhou for a meetmg. 对比： e.g. He may not our head teacher as he said he has gone to Zhengzhou for a meeting.他可能不是我们的班主任，因为他说他已经去郑州开会了。e.g. He may well not our head tea

8、cher as he said he has gone to Zhengou for a meeting. 他很可能不是我们的班主任，因为他说他已经去郑州开会去了。总结：can、不可能（语气最肯定）： well may not很可能不（语气比较肯定）； may not可能不（语气最不肯定）4 .表示惊异或怀疑，常用语疑问语气。 e.g.那怎么会是真的呢？How can it be true ?专题（三） 情态动词和虚拟语气一王大川 马青松 闫建军e.g.这到底是什么意思？What on earth can this mean?5 .表示请求，口语中常常用could代替can语气更委婉。e.g.

9、 -Can I go now?-Yes, you can. / No, you can't.e.g. -Could I come to see you tomorrow?一Yes, you can. ( No、I'm afraid not.)e.g.要钱你能在等几天吗？Could you wait a few days for the money?e.g.明天早上8点你能到这里来吗？Could you be here at eight o'clock tomorrow morning?6 .在将来时和完成时中只能用be able to e.g.我确信我很快就能得到那份工

10、作。I am sure I will be able to get this job soon.e.g.他们已经能够按时完成任务了。They have been able to finish the work on time.7 .表示经过努力而成功地办到某事,用be able to不用can或could.这里be able to相当于: succeed in 或 manage toe.g.经过几年的努力，他终于通过了考试。After years of hard work he was able to pass the final exam.8 .表示一次性的事情，多用be able to,

11、be able to 一般不表示经常性的事件。e.g.学完这个公式后，你就能够解出这道数学题了After studying this formula you will be able to solve the math problem.9 . can't wait表示“急于做某事”相当于be eager to - e g. I can't wait to read this story book.我非常渴望读这本故事书。e g. I couldn't wait to see her.我渴望见到她。10 . can not - too-表示“再-也不为过"；“越

12、一越好类似的用法还有:can never too; can not - enough; can never - enough.e.g.我们做实验时越细心越好。We can not be too careful in doing experiments.e.g.饮用水越干净越好。Drinking water can never be clean enough.e.g.我认为一个人的知识越多越好。I think it right that one can not learn too much knowledge.e.g.我们无论怎么表扬他也不过分。We can not praise him too

13、 much.二入 may 与might1 .表示“允许二“可以”e.g. - May I ask you a question?-Yes, please.e.g. May I watch TV after supper?-Yes, you may.（or No, you'd better not.）e.g. Might I use your telephone?（比用 may 语气更婉转）2 .表示可能性的推测含有“或许、大概或可能”的意思（多用于肯定句中）.用might代替may时，语气将显得 更加不肯定。e.g.我听说可能还留有几本书。I hear there may be a f

14、ew books left.e.g.他明天或许会来。He might come tomorrow.3 .表示期望或祝愿e.g. May you succeed!祝你成功！e.g.但愿你有更多像今天这么愉快的日子。May you have more days as happy as this one!三）、must 与have tol.must表示“必须、应该强调主观看法，只有现在时。其否定形式为:must not （mustn't）。以must开头的疑问句，其否定回答用needn't或don't have。e.g. I must learn another langua

15、ge.（主观想法：I want to -）e.g. I have to learn another language.（客观所需，如：作为一个外交官）专题(三) 情态动词和虚拟语气王大川 马青松 闫建军 eg你不许在这里抽烟！You must not smoke here!e.g. Must I do it at once?-No, you needn't” Yes, you must.)e.g. The play isn't interesting. I really must go now.e.g. I had to work when I was your age.2.

16、must表示必然的结果。 e.g.人固有一死。All men must die.e.g.如果你不快点，你肯定会错过火车的。If you don't hurry, you must miss the train.3. must表示肯定推测,多用于：must be和must have done短语中。 e.g. You're Toni's good friend, so you must know what he likes best.e.g.长途步行之后你一定是饿了You must be hungry after your long walk.eg你准是把你的包丢在图书馆

17、了,You must have left your bag in the library4. must在反义疑问句中的用法：1)must作“必须”解时，反义疑问句任用must。 e.g.所有的孩子必须尊敬父母，不是吗？All the children must respect their parents, mustn't they?2) must表示“有必要”的含义时，反义疑问句用needn't。e g. We must tell her the news, needn't we?3) must be表示“推测'时，反义疑问句用示的适当形式， e g. He m

18、ust be thirsty, isn't he?4) must have done表示“推测”时,用have的适当形式。e.g. He must have finished the work, hasn't he?5. must还可以表示“非要一”：“非得一；“硬要-”：“偏偏一-”之意，表示个人的主张。 e.g. If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops.如果你非要走的话，至少也得等到雨停了吧。e.g.正忙的时候，机器偏偏出毛病了。专题（三） 情态动词和虚拟语气一王大川 马青松 闫建军The machine must

19、 beak down at this busy hour.6. have to 一般表示客观原因所引起的“不得不一：必须一:其后而接动词原形，但是have t。有 人称，单复数及时态的变化。单三形式为has to;过去式had to.e.g. We have to clean our classroom this afternoon.e.g. Mr Green has to work on the farm all day.e.g. He had to look after his younger sister yesterday.四）、should 与ought to1. Should作为情

20、态动词和。ught to在词义上很接近，但should侧重于主观上的“应该而 ought to侧重于客观上的“应该”。eg明天你应该去到医院看看你母亲。You ought to go and see your mother in the hospital tomorrowBe.g.我认为你应该告诉你妈妈那个好消息。I think you should tell your mother the good news.2. should可以表示语气较强的假设，意思是“万一此时也可以将should至于句首，表示虚 拟语气。e.g. If anyone should come, say I am not

21、 at home.=Should anyone come, say I am not at home.万一有人来访，就说我不在家。e g. If it should ram tomorrow, I wouldn't go.=Should it ram tomorrow, I wouldn't go.万一明天下雨，我就不去了。3. should可以用来表示“意外、惊喜、不可思议”的事情，尤其在以why, who. how等开头的 疑问句中，常常表示“竟然会工e.g. How should you be so late today?你今天竟然来得这么晚。e.g. It is str

22、ange that the wheel should turn so fast.真奇怪，这个轮子竟然转的这么快。4. ought t。用于第一人称，表示有责任、有义务或有必要做某事。e.g.我们应该尊敬父母。We ought to respect our parents.e.g.我们应该认真地完成作业。We ought to finish the homework carefully.5. 用于第二、三人称，表示建议或劝告。e.g.你应该听王老师的话才对。You ought to follow Mr. Wang's advice.6. 表示对现在或将来某种可能性的推测，e.g.亨利应该

23、很快就到了，他6点就从家出来了。Henry ought to be here soon, because he left home at six.注意：ought t。没有人称和数的变化，后面接动词原形，可以表示现在、过去以及将来，对 时态的表示可以通过时间状语或上下文体现出来。ought t。的否定形式为ought not 疑问式需 要将。ught提到句首即可。e.g.他不应该做这件事。He ought not to do it.e.g.我们应该立即做这件事吗？Ought we to do it at once?五）、need 与 dareneed与dare两个词既可以用作情态动词也可以用作

24、实义动词。1 .情态动词的need与dare用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中。其形式和其他情态动词一样， 没有人称和数的变化；e.g. He dare not tell me the bad news.他不敢诉我那个坏消息。e.g.他问我是否敢一个人独自去那里。He asked me if I dare go there alone.e.g.她怎么敢做这样的事情呢？How dare she do such a thing?e.g. you needn't tell hun the bad news.e.g. Need he do the homework immediately?2 .实义

25、动词dare有各种时态形式的变化，第三人称单数现在时要加s,可以和带t。或不带t。 的不定式连用。e.g.我敢从我们的教学楼顶跳下来。I dare to jump down from the top of our teaching building.专题（三） 情态动词和虚拟语气一王大川 马青松 闫建军e.g. He doesn*t dare （to） tell her the bad news.他不敢告诉她那个坏消息。e.g. She lied on the bed , not daring to make a noise.3 .实义动词need有各种时态形式的变化，第三人称单数现在时要加s

26、,常用于:need sth或need to do sth或need sth to be done或者need sth doing后两者的主语一般都是物口e.g.我需要一本词典，因此我要去趟书店。I need a dictionary, so I need to go to the bookstore.e.g. We need to tell him the truth.我们需要告诉他真相。e.g. My car needs repairing.我的汽车需要修理。4 . dare not和do not dare to同义，都表示“不敢''之意，前者是书面用语，后者是口头用语。在

27、现代英语中，缩略后一般都用He doesn't dare to go的句式，而不用He daren't go的句型eg5 . didn t need to 与 needn t have donedidn't need to表示没有必要做（实际上也没有作）：needn,t have done表示本没有必要做，而实际上做过了©e g. Tliey didn't need to come here,他们不必来这里© （实际也没有来）e g. They needn't have come here.他们本没有必要来。（实际上己经来了）e.g.

28、 You such a long essay, the teacher only asked for 300 words, but you havewritten 600 words.A. mustn't have writtenB. needn't have writtenC. didn't have to writeD. didn't need to write7t9、shall, will 与 would1. shall有“应该”；“必须”；“可以”可以表示说话人的“意志、警告、命令、允许，允诺''等语 气。e.g. You shall f

29、ail if you don't work hard.（警告）e.g. He shall have the book when I finish it.（允诺）e.g. Shall we start the meeting now.2. shall还可以表示决心或决定。e.g. I shall go there along我决定要自己去那里。3. will和would可以表示“意愿"愿意”或“决心工e.g. I will do my best to help you.e.g. They said that they would help us.e.g. I will neve

30、r do that again.4. 表示估计和猜想。e.g. It would be about ten o'clock when she left home.5. 表示向对方提出委婉的请求时，用would要比will在语气上显得婉转。e.g. Will you please tell me the way to the station?（语气不婉转）e.g. Would you please tell me the way to the station?（语气比较婉转）e.g. Would you mind telling me the way to the station?（语气

31、最婉转）6. will和would还可以表示性惯性的动作或行为，意思为“总是”e.g. He will talk for hours if you give him the chance.e g. Everyday she would get up at six o'clock.e.g. The peasants would often work by the light of the moon at night when I was in the countryside.七）、情态动词中have done结构的用法Lean/could + have done在肯定句中表示“本来可以做

32、而实际上能做某事,事实上没有做“是虚 拟语气：在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定，表示推测。e.g. You could have done better, but you didn't try your best.（虚拟语气）e.g. He can't have finished his homework.（推测）e.g. Can he have got the book?（推测）2. may / might +have done表示对过去行为的推测。不能用于疑问句中，没有虚拟语气的用法。 Might所表示的可能性比may小。e.g. He may not hav

33、e finished the work .e.g. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.3. must + havedone用于肯定句中,表示对过去行为的推测。意为“一定、想必''。其疑问、否定 形式用can, can't代替。参看1） can / could + have done表示推测。e.g. You must have seen the film Titanic.e.g. He must have been to Shanghai.4. should + have done

34、用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测，本应该-而实际上没有。其否 定式表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。可以与ought t。十不定式完成式（have done）互换。e.g. He should have finished the work by nowoe.g. You ought to / should have helped him. （but you didn't.） e.g. She shouldift have taken away my dictionary, for I wanted to use it.5. needn't + have done表示“本来不必做

35、而实际上做了某事工e.g. You needn't have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.6. will + have done主要用于第二、三人称,表示对已完成的动作或事态的推测。 e.g. He will have arrived by now.虚拟语气专题I整理人：马青松考纲要求对于虚拟语气这一语言现象，考纲中有不同层次的要求，现具体说明如下：掌握内容有:if非真实条件句中表示与过去、现在、将来事实相反的三种动词形式：as if / though引导的表语或方式状语从句中谓语动词形式；wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词形

36、式： order> demand, suggest, insist等动词后的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式：It*s(high)time that从句中的虚拟语气形式：表示心理活动的动词，如would like, mean, hope, expect等表示未曾实现的愿望时，虚拟语气的 表达形式。了解内容有:非真实句中错综时间的虚拟语气：非真实句中，省略if连词的虚拟语气现象； 含有order、ordered» demand、demanded或v»cd的表语、同位语从句和主语从句的虚拟语气：省略了 if从句的含蓄虚拟语气现象；目的状语从句中，would rather that

37、从句if only感叹句中的虚拟语气现象。命题热点综合分析近十年来高考试题和上海高考试题以及各大中城市的高考模拟试题，可总结出对虚拟语气这一语法现象的主要(常见)考查方式如下：非真实句中表示与将来和过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构：as if/as though引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中的虚拟语气结构：insist和suggest后的宾语从句： It's(high)time that从句中的虚拟语气形式:wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构；©省略了 if从句的含蓄虚拟语气结构。复习要点虚拟语气是用来表示与事实相反或不可能发生的假设动作的特殊动词形式。解答这类考题时要注 意:

38、虚拟条件句子主句和if从句成套使用的谓语动词形式，从句中可省去if,但从句要倒装:在表示“愿望”、“建议”、“命令”等的宾语从句中虚拟式的结构；以某些介词开头的句子中虚拟式的结构：错综时间的虚拟语气。一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中if引导的非真实条件从句，其从句及主句的谓语动词变化见下表：情况从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反 的假设didwerewould, should. could, might+do/be与过去事实相反 的假设had done/beenwould, should, could, might+do/be（混合虚拟条件句） would, should, could

39、, might+have done/been与将来事实相反 的假设did/ were should do/bc were to dowould, should, could, might+do/be1 .与现在事实相反If I were you. I would be much harder,如果我是你，我会更加努力。If I knew his address. I would write to him.如果我知道他的地址的话,我会给他写信的。2 .与过去事实相反If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met her.如果你早

40、来一会儿，你就会碰到她。3 .与将来事实可能相反If I did / were to / should do it. I would do it in a different way.如果我去做这件事，我会是另外一种 做法。If it rained / were to rain / should rain tomorrow, I would not go camping.如果明天下雨,我们就不野 营了。专题(三) 情态动词和虚拟语气王大川 马青松 闫建军4混合虚拟条件句。如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据 各自所表示的时间加以调整，这种句子叫混合虚

41、拟条件句。If he had followed the doctor's advice, he would be quite all right now. (if 从句讲过去的事，主句讲 现在的状况)如果他听了医生的忠告，那么他现在就好了。5 .含蓄虚拟条件句。有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中并不是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句, 其主要是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示，这种句子含蓄虚拟条件句。注意:用来表示含蓄条件的词有:A：介词without, with, but for等所引导的介词短语.B： 连词 or, otherwiset but, however 等0A

42、few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer.(If you had come a few hours earlier, you would.)早来几个小时，就能见到这位著名的作家了。A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.(将条件隐藏在形容词比较级中) 一个仔细一点的人不会犯这么多的错误。Without electricity, human life would be quite different now.没有电，人类今天的生活会大不一样

43、。But for the storm. I would have arrived much earlier.要不是那场暴雨，我早就到达了。She came to town yesterday, or / otherwise I would not have met her.昨天她到城里来了，不然我就不会遇上她了。6 .如果条件从句的谓语动词包含有were或助动词had或情态动词should,有时将连词if省去，而将 条件从句的主语置于were, had, should之后。Had you invited us (= If you had you invited us), we would ha

44、ve come to your party.如果你邀请了我们，我们会去参加你的晚会的。Should I meet her (=1 should meet her), I would tell her.Were I in your position (=1 were in your position), I would do it better.二 虚拟语气在名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句中的运用L“should+动词原形”表示的虚拟语气(1)在表示建议、要求、命令的动词如 suggest, request, demand, order, urge, propose, command,advis

45、e, insist, require, prefer, desire, recommend之后的宾语从句中，宾语从句的谓语形式为 “should+动词原形。其中should可省略。He ordered that all the work (should) be done at once.他命令立即做好一切工作。The doctor suggested that the patient (should) be sent to hospital without delay.医生建议他不要去哪里。They demanded that the black people (should) be trea

46、ted as well as white people. 他们要求黑人应该和白人受到一样的对待。注意:Suggest僧暗示,表明“讲时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当suggest管建 议”讲时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气。His smile suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他的微笑表明他对我们的工作满意,He suggested that we (should) start off at once.他建议我们马上出发.insist作“强调、力言、坚持认为“讲时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作“坚决要求、坚 持应该“讲时，宾语从句

47、才用虚拟语气。Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything,迈克强调他从来没有透过任何东西。I insisted that he (should) give me the money back.我坚持要求你把钱还给我。(2)在 suggested, requested, ordered, insisted> demanded 作表语，that 主语从句中；在含有名词 suggestion, request, demand, order等的that表语从句和同位语从句中均使用虚拟语气，其从 句中的谓语形式为：Shoukl+动词原形(shou

48、ld常可省略不写)eg. It is requested that he (should) be sent to work in the mountain area.The suggestion is that we (should) have a meeting to discuss it.He gave us a suggestion that we should solve this thing as soon as possible c当名词suggestion, demand等这类名词后，that引导的是定语从句时，用陈述语气。在“It is/was + adj. + thatcla

49、use”中常用“should+v原”表示建议，惊奇等，表示虚拟语气现象 (Should 常可省略)。这类形容词常见的有：important, strange, necessary, essential, anxious, unthinkable 等。eg. It's necessary that we (should) go there ourselves.4 .用于wish后的宾语从句中表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望。主句that从句谓语从句时态谓语动词形式谓语 wish现在时(与主句谓语同时发生)动词的过去式(be用were或did)专题（三）情态动词和虚拟语气王大川 马青松 闫建

50、军wished过去时（在主句谓语之前发生）had+过去分词将来时（在主句谓语之后发生）吧叫+动词原形 couldI wish I were as strong as you.我希望像你一样强壮°She wishes she hadn*t said that.她希望没有说过那样的话。5 .在 as if （as though）从句中 °表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况怀疑，从句中的谓语动词用过去时：表示与过去事实相反时，从句中的动词用过去完成时：（3）表示与将来事实相反，或根本不可能发生之事时，从句动词用would+v.原形；eg. They talk as if （as th

51、ough） they were old friends.He looked as if （as though） he had lost something, but he hadn't.6 .Ifsfhighime+that clause”从句中that 一句中的谓语动词用一般过去时形式。It's time that we went to school.7 .在would rather that从句中,意如宁愿”,表示还不是事实。eg. Would you like him to paint the door again?一I'd rather （that） he pa

52、inted it blue.8 .感叹式if only意为，但即、“要是就好了",其用法和I wish基本相同,只是更 富有感情色彩。eg. If only he didift drive so fast!If only she had asknd someone's advice!If only the rain would stop!专题试题检测整理人：闫建军1. They have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. （2011 全国卷,32）A. willB. canC. mustD. should2.

53、 If you smoke, please go outside. （2011 全国卷 11,8）A. canB. shouldC. mustD. may3. I don't really like James. Why did you invite him? （2011 北京卷,24）一Don't worry. He come. He said he wasn't certaui what his plans were.A. must not B. need not C. would notD. might not4. Where are the children?

54、The dinner's gomg to be completely mined. （2011 北京卷.28）I wish they always late.A. weren't B. hadn,t been C. wouldn't be D. wouldn't have been5. Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying

55、（2011 北京卷，30）1 .1 sooner but I didn't know that they were waiting for me. （2011 天津卷5）A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come7 . Some young people these days just go out of their homes to contact the real world.A. mustn'tB. won'tC. mightn'tD. shouldn,t （2011 上海春招,27

56、 ）8 .I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. （2011 江苏卷,34）How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone it.A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen9 .Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? （2

57、011 福建卷,25）I am afraid you. in case he comes late for the meeting.A. will B. must C. may D. can10 .Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. （2011 福建卷.34）I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended11 .What do you think

58、 of store shopping in the future? （2011 安徽卷，26 ）Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but.A. will never replaceB. would never replaceC. will never be replacedD. would never be replaced12 .How's your new babysitter? （2011 浙江卷1）We ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much.A. should B. might C. mustn't D.