写作教程第二版(邹申)unit1_General(I) 2

1、Targeting Successful WritingRRequirementsMobile-phoneAttendanceAssignmentParticipationNotebookUnit 1General (I) - ParagraphParagraphwhat exactly is a paragraph? And what is a good paragraph? II.1 Topic SentenceDefinition - A sentence that names the topic of the paragraph and contains a controlling i

2、dea is called T.S.Television programs for childrenhave become increasingly violent.Learning a foreign languageis more and more important for young people.Cathyis the kindest neighbor I have ever known.The food we eathas a profound effect on our health.TopicControlling ideao 1. Selecting a general to

3、pic（subject）o 2. Reading and thinkingo 3. Narrowing down the scope of your topic to a facets which can be developed into a research papero 4. Formulating the final topicChoosing a topicsubjecttopicIs my topic:o 1. too limited?o 2. too broad?o 3. too technical?o 4. yesterdays news?o 5. too controvers

4、ial?o 6. likable enough?Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?o 1. Alternative fuels.o 2. Henry Fords development of the assembly line resulted in the mass production of cars. o 3. Ameri

5、cas legal system.o 4. America needs a flat tax.o 5. Butterflies.o 6. Is intelligence determined by nature or by nurture?subjectsubjectsubjecttopictopictopicUnsatisfactory Topicso 1. The major poets, painters, and dramatists of the Renaissance:o - too broad and can not be completed within the time al

6、locatedUnsatisfactory Topicso 2. America should lower the drinking age.o - boring or written about too often.o 3. There are many different theories to explain the disappearance of the dinosaurs.o -too broad and can not be completed within the time allocated.o 4. America needs stronger control laws.o

7、 - boring or written about too often.Unsatisfactory Topicso 5. Nanoscale “trees” improve efficiency in low-cost plastic solar cells.o - unfamiliar to you, so you can not write about it knowledgeably.Good Topicso 1. Media producers should prosecute people who download copyrighted musico 2. Students s

8、hould be placed in classes according to their academic ability, not their age o 3. Why my father/ mother is my heroInteresting, 2 sides (pro & against), sufficient informationUnusual, enough information, fresh, narrow & broad enoughInteresting, narrow, easy research, sufficient detailsTry to

9、 do the exercises in P3Try to narrow down the scope and make them specific topics on which you can write a paper.o 1. General topic: 20th Century American Novelistso Restricted: o More restricted:o Topic chosen: o 2. General topic: The Lost Generation Writerso Restricted: o More restricted:o Topic c

10、hosen: Hemingway and His WorksHemingway and His Short StoriesOld People in Hemingways Short StoriesF. Scott Fitzgeralds NovelsFitzgerald and His The Great GatsbyGatsbys Death and the Disillusionment of the American DreamCriteria for your final topico 1. meaningful and seriouso 2. within the range of

11、 your abilitieso 3. sufficient materials are availableo 4. can be treated objectivelyo 5. not too topical o One final suggestion: do not be too eager to settle on any single topic immediately. Youd better have 2-3 possibilities in mind.Criteria for your T.So 1. It is a complete sentence.o 2. It cont

12、ains both a topic and a controlling idea.o 3. It is neither too general nor too specific.o 4. ObjectiveExercise P4-5 ConclusionThe position of a topic sentence may vary according to the organizational structure used. For beginners, there are 3 basic positions to place the T.S. 1. beginning of a para

13、graph 2. at the end 3. in the middleIf there is no T.S at the end of a paragraph, there should be a concluding sentence there, it either restates the controlling idea or draws an inference（conclusion）.A paragraph is not complete if it is not properly ended.What is a good paragraph?UnitycoherenceTran

14、sition LengthUnity vUnity is the essential quality of a good paragraph.vA well-written paragraph has only one point to make, and every sentence in the paragraph develops that single idea.vA well-written paragraph does not include unnecessary details, nor does it turn off in unexpected directionsvExa

15、mples - Sample 1 Sample 2 Exercises - P11Coherence vThere is no gaps or confusing leaps between ideas.vSentences should be arranged in a clear, logical order and the transitions should be smooth and natural.v4 methods to achieve coherence: 1.Repetition of keywords and phrases2.Transitional Signals3.

16、Pronouns4.Repetition of sentence patternsvTo link ideas together: Second, next ,third, besides, finally, moreover, furthermore, in addition, and To indicate time: after, later, first, next, then, afterward, from then on, meanwhile, while, until To give examples: such as, for example, for instance, t

17、o illustrate To show similarity: likewise, also, in the same way, similarly, too, in the same mannervTo show contrast:vbut ,although, however, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while yetvTo show causation:v because, as , since, due to, for, for this reason, now that,

18、owing tovTo show consequence:vTherefore, as a result, consequently, thus , accordinglyvTo emphasize or restate:vabove all, after all, in fact, as a matter of fact, particularly, that is to say, namely, in other words, especially, indeed, as a matter of factvTo conclude a point:vTo sum up, to summari

19、ze, to conclude, in a word, in conclusion, in brief, in short, in summaryReview the Unit1.T.S2.Supporting Sentences3.Concluding Sentences3 main parts1.Repetition of keywords and phrases2.Transitional Signals3.Pronouns4.Repetition of sentence patterns4 basic ways coherenceKeys P10 Task 3. 1) A person can look for a job in several ways. 2) Penguins resemble human beings in many respects. 3) Ones personality plays an important role in foreign language learning. 4) Living in the place where the wheather is always warm has many adv