设备大修文章翻译

1、线路设备大修线路设备大修的基本任务是根据运输需要及线路的损耗规律，周期性地、有计划地对损耗部件进行更新和修理，恢复与增强轨道承载能力，延长设备的使用寿命。线路大修通常取决于钢轨伤损的发展情况，以全面更换新轨为主要标志。线路大修分为两大类，即线路大修（或换轨大修）和单项大修。单项大修主要包括：成段更换再用轨，焊接铺设无缝线路，成段更换新混凝土枕、再用混凝土枕或混凝土宽轨枕，成组更换道岔或岔枕，成段更换混凝土轨枕扣件，路基大修，道口大修及其它设备大修等。线路大修必须成段进行，并按设计施工。大修的主要工作内容包括按设计校正和改善线路平纵面；全面更换新钢轨及配件、钢轨伸缩调节器以及不合规定的护轮轨，更

2、换绝缘接头及钢轨接续线；更换失效的轨枕和扣件，补充轨枕配置根数，修理伤损轨枕，线路上的木枕地段应尽可能改铺混凝土轨枕；破底清筛道床、补充道碴，改善道床断面，对道床和基床翻浆冒泥进行整治；更换新道岔或岔枕，如不需要更换时，应调整道岔并抽换岔枕，清筛道床时，应包括长岔枕范围内的侧线；安装轨道加强设备；铲平或填补路肩，整修基面排水横沟，清理侧沟，清楚路堑边坡弃土；整修道口；因本线大修引起的，需要抬高邻线上的道岔、道口、抬高桥梁，有碴桥上加高两侧挡碴墙；补充、修理和刷新工务管理的线路标志、信号标志、钢轨纵向位移观测桩及备用钢轨；回收旧料，清理场地，设置常备材料。线路大修由铁路局进行全面规划，并根据需要

3、适当提前。安排大量计划与施工顺序时，应整区段配套，尽可能采用无缝线路。铁路局设置专门的大修设计单位进行大修设计，由专门施工队伍承担大修，由专职验收人员对安全质量进行监督和检查，主持验收工作。为使线路大修有正常的施工条件，需与运输部门配合，在列车运行图中安排天窗进行大修施工。线路大修必须加强科学管理，在设计、施工及验收等各个环节应严格执行“铁路线路大修规则”，按基本技术条件的要求进行。线路大修必须进行设计，而大修设计又涉及范围广、要求高，故设计前应对既有线路进行全面的勘测和调查。外业勘查工作的主要内容是全面掌握将要进行大修路段的线路平纵面、分界点及线路设备的详细情况，取得足够可靠的原始资料，供设

4、计使用。外业勘查工作质量的好坏将直接影响到设计的质量。因此，在勘查之前，就首先熟悉设计任务书中所载路段的设备情况，存在的总是和重点病害，大修的理由与内容，预选研究设计路段的桥隧、曲线、道口等技术资料，惧有关的运量、行车速度及机型等资料。在此基础上，组成勘查小组，会同主管该路段的工务段技术人员，进行综合勘查、里程丈量及平纵面测量等外业工作。外业调查的主要内容包括：钢轨、轨枕及扣件、道床、轨道加强设备、站场、路基及排水、道口、桥涵及线路标志等情况。外业测量的主要内容是线路中心线、纵断面和平面测量。丈量里程。选择正确的公里标作为引出基点，定出公里标和每百米处作为测点的百尺标，以及在控制点设置的加标。

5、在丈量过程中，应与既有线原公里标核对，以取得一致为原则，必要时应在公里标处设置断链。纵断面测量。测量正线轨顶（曲线内股轨顶）及路肩标高。与正线相邻的站线及在同一路基上的复线且线间距小于5m的，应同时测量两线相对标高差。对于与起道有关的建筑物，如隧道、跨线桥、横过线路的电线、架空线、信号机等，均应测量其限界。曲线测量。测量既有线路曲线的几何形位，判定曲线的转角大小、圆顺度以及曲线与既有建筑物的位置关系。曲线测量常采用的方法有正矢法、矢距法、偏角法、极坐标法等。外业勘测完成后，即可进入大修的技术设计阶段。技术设计的内容包括：线路平面设计、线路纵断面设计、轨道结构设计、无缝线路的设计及成组更换道岔设

6、计等。线路平面设计。平面设计是为了校正线路的平面位置，庆以原线路设计标准为依据，并严格遵循有关的技术条件进行。平面设计中，一般应用渐伸线原理，在既有曲线的基础上，尽可能合理地选配出圆曲线的半径及两端缓和曲线长度，计算出曲线上各测点的新设计位置及拨动距离，重新计算曲线五大桩的设计里程。线路纵断面设计。纵断面设计是在既有建筑设备的基础上，在保持原有限制坡度的前提下，修正和改善原有纵断面上不符合技术要求的部分。纵断面的改善设计，必然会受到原建筑物的严格限制，不能随意抬道或落道。纵断面设计一般分为三个步骤，即绘制纵断面图、拉坡设计及复核。大修纵断面图上按竖向1：100、纵向1：1 000绘制，图上由下

7、往上依次排列：里程、平面、实测百米坡度、既有轨面标高、设计轨面标高、设计坡度、邻线轨面标高、轨面起落量、道床厚度及轨枕布置等内容。纵断面拉坡设计由人工或由计算机辅助设计完成，合理地确定纵断面坡段长度、坡度及坡道连接形式。设计的复核工作由较高一级工程技术人员担任，重点复核影响行车安全的因素的处理方式，如坡度连接、坡段长度及长大坡道的加算数据等。大修施工是在运营线上利用天窗时间进行的一项大规模的施工，由于完全破坏了既有轨道结构，必须在规定的封锁时间内停止工作。在线路封锁以前，应将有关材料及机具预先就位以充分利用封锁时间，而在封锁时间结束以前，又必须及时地将线路恢复到确保行车安全的完整状态，准备列车

8、通过。因此大修施工的组织管理极为复杂，需要一些专门的线路机具，进行周密的施工组织设计和管理。大修施工管理的主要内容为：施工队伍的资格认证、施工计划、施工组织设计文件、施工业务管理、施工材料管理、施工机械管理、施工方法及施工作业要求等。大修施工组织设计是大修施工的行动纲领，是组织施工过程中各阶段和施工程序的依据，是有组织、有秩序、高质量完成大修的保证。施工组织设计主要内容包括施工方案及组织形式的确定、技术作业过程设计、编制施工组织设计等。线路大修计划一经确定，施工单位即应根据大修任务和施工条件编制施工方案。在施工方案中，应包括施工方法、施工程序及施工进度等内容。大修施工一般是从大修区段的起点逐段

9、向终点推进，每个施工地段的进度要根据年度大修计划、施工期限、每次封锁时间的长短及其它一些情况确定。在每个施工地段上，大修工作分为准备工作、基本工作和整理工作三个阶段，为保证大修施工的正常进行，还需要先期安排一些预备性工作。先期预备性工作属超前的准备工作，早于大修施工基本工作之前一段时间完成，目的在于保证行车安全，提高施工质量。准备工作是基本工作的序幕，通常在基本工作开始前完成，如拆除多余接头螺栓、设置临时方向桩、拆除道口及合龙口等准备工作。基本工作是指在封锁线路条件下进行的拆除旧轨排、平碴、铺设新轨排、清筛道床及捣固等作业，是完成大修任务的主体工作。整理工作是指完成基本工作后紧接着的对大修线路

10、进行最后整正和清理的一切工作，经过整理工作后，应使线路达到大修验收标准。为提高劳动效率，充分发挥施工机具的效能，施工 前应编制好技术作业过程。在每项工作的技术作业过程中，应说明与该工作有关的原线路特征、施工后应达到的技术标准、采用的施工方法及机具、材料及需要的封锁时间以及人员配合等到情况。准确确定各项作业的程序、工作量、工时消费、生产人员数量及劳动组织形式等。线路大修施工组织设计的编制，要在进行详细的施工调查的基础上进行。道德计算工作量，编制劳动用工计划及用料计划，然后编制各种施工进度指标图表，制定施工技术措施和施工安全措施。在施工计划的实施过程中，要进行及时的调度与统计，深入现场进行施工指导

11、，严格质量检查的工程验收，尤其注意确保施工前后的行车安全。线路大修是为了补偿线路设备的正常损耗，由于投资巨大，所以需要仔细研究线路大修的时机，即合理确定大修周期。在确定大修周期时，须从实际情况出发，考虑影响线路大修周期的因素，依据技术经济的合理性，以取得最佳经济效益为目标。线路设备因长年使用而发生磨损、变形、强度降低及稳定性下降等，设备价值逐年下降。另一方面，因设备状态恶化而引起线路工作状态劣化，导致线路维修费用逐年递增。当维修费用递增到一定程度，确认线路更新比继续维持运营合算时，即需要进行线路大修，更换旧的设备，重置线路。显然，合理的大修时间应确定在维修费用与设备残存价值总和为最小的那一年，

12、过早或过晚都是不经济的。影响线路大修周期的因素很多，主要可分为运营条件、线路条件、自然条件及线路维修情况等。运营条件包括运量、轴重、列车速度、牵引类型及牵引质量等，线路条件包括线路平纵面、轨道结构类型及路基状态等，自然条件包括地理环境、气温气候等，维修情况包括线路设备的维修和保养的体制、方法和质量等。由于线路大修的主要内容是全面更换钢轨，所以大修周期主要取决于钢轨的使用寿命，即某段线路上钢轨寿命的平均值（钢轨平均寿命）。由于钢轨所处地段的线路和轨道条件不同，所以钢轨因磨损、疲劳伤损以及其它病害达到重伤而下道（使用寿命）的时间差异较大，因而在钢轨达到平均寿命以前，即有部分钢轨因先期磨损或疲劳超限

13、而下道。为减少单根抽换钢轨工作量，大修周期应当比钢轨平均寿命短。此外，考虑到钢轨的二次使用，通过大修，将干线上尚未达到使用寿命的钢轨换至次要线路上，不仅能延长钢轨使用寿命，节省投资，同时还能将钢轨生产者的供应能力集中满足繁忙干线上的需要。因此，从钢轨合理使用来看，大修周期也应当略短于钢轨平均寿命。目前常用的大修周期预测方法主要有工程类比法、钢轨失效趋势法及经济寿命分析法。工程类比法是依据已有轨道的大修周期，经过轨道动力分析和计算，得出其它轨道类型受力和变形差异，类比推测大修周期。钢轨失效趋势法是依据对现有钢轨失效规律的统计，推算钢轨的使用寿命及大修周期。在我国铁路线路设备大修规则中，大修周期以

14、过轨总重表示，对我国主要类型的轨道，均明确规定大修周期，各路段可根据具体情况参照执行。条施工单位依据设计文件，进行调查研究和施工测量，按工程件名或施工阶段，编制施工组织设计，其主要内容为：一、设备现状；二、施工技术条件和技术标准；三、工程数量及所需材料供应运输；四、按照工序编制施工进度指示图表；五、劳动组织、机具使用和施工方法；六、施工临时设施；七、保证质量安全的制度和措施；八、职工生活的安排。条线路大修施工单位领导人，应深入现场，常驻工地，加强领导，亲自指挥，促进工序衔接，确保安全、质量。线路大修施工所在的工务段，应指派驻队领工员代表工务段常驻大修工地，与施工单位密切联系，互相配合，搞好协作

15、，检查施工质量和安全。大修施工单位必须建立以下制度：一、施工三检制：在每次开工前，施工中，线路开通及收工前，施工负责人应组织有关人员分别按分工地段，对工作准备、操作方法和设备情况进行检查；二、巡查养护制：施工现场应设置巡养人员，对施工地段进行巡查养护工作，发现并及时消除危及行车安全的处所；三、工序交接制：前一工序要给下一工序打好基础，在前一个工序完成后，应由施工领导人组织工序负责人进行交接；四、隐蔽工程分阶段施工，每个阶段结束前，由施工单位会同接管单位共同检查并填写记录，确认符合设计要求后，方准继续施工；五、新工人、新工作、新设备，必须首先制订安全措施，进行设备调试，经过安全教育，确认技术培训

16、合格，才能进行工作；六、安全检查分析制：大修安全工作，要抓早、抓孝抓苗头，抓薄弱环节，要加强定期性、季节性及节、假日前后、工地转移前后的检查，组织群众开展事故预想活动，预防事故的发生，对已发生的事故苗头及事故，要及时分析处理。条大修施工单位应建立主要材料的检查制度，质量规格不合标准或出厂证件不符合要求的不得使用。第条新旧材料都应及时运到指定地点，堆码整齐、清点入帐，并指定专人或委托当地单位代为保管，防止丢失、损坏和变质。线路大、中修纵断面设计，须符合下列规定：尽可能设计长的坡段，每段坡长一般不短于该区段到发线有效长的一半，个别困难地段，应不短于200。相邻坡段的连接，应按原线路标准设计为抛物线

17、形或圆曲线形的竖曲线：采用抛物线形竖曲线时，凡相邻坡段的坡度代数差大于2时，须设置竖曲线，每20竖曲线长度的变坡率，凸形应不大于，凹形应不大于0.5。抛物线形竖曲线最好设置在平面曲线两端缓和曲线之外，仅在困难条件下，重迭而不受缓和曲线的限制。抛物线形竖曲线不能设置在无碴桥梁上。不论怎样,从事铁路方面的这中改建项目,一定要严格按照规范走,时刻都要一丝不苟!Line equipment overhaul of the basic tasks is based on the transport needs and the laws of line loss, periodic and systema

18、tic depletion of components to update and repair, restore and enhance carrying capacity of the track to extend the useful life of equipment. Usually depends on the line overhaul of the development of rail failure to fully replace the main logo for the new track. Overhaul lines fall into two broad ca

19、tegories, namely, repair lines (or for track overhaul) and a single major repair. Single major overhaul, including: as above re-use rail replacement, welding the laying of CWR, as replacement of new concrete pillow paragraph, and then wide concrete or concrete sleeper pillow, replacement of turnouts

20、 group or bifurcated pillow.Paragraph into the replacement of concrete sleeper fastener, subgrade repair, overhaul and other crossings, such as equipment repair. Paragraph into lines overhaul must be carried out in accordance with the design and construction. Overhaul of the main tasks include the d

21、esign of correction and improvement by Ping longitudinal lines; the full replacement of the new tracks and accessories, as well as the rail regulator telescopic irregularities retaining wheel and rail, the replacement of insulated rail joints and follow-up line; replacement sleeper and fastener fail

22、ure , added a number of sleeper root configuration, repair failures sleeper, pillow lines on the wood lot should be changed as far as possible, concrete sleeper Shop; break at the end of Qing Road sieve bed, ballast added to improve the track bed section of track bed and bed base for Boiling mud Rem

23、ediation; replacement switch or bifurcated pillow, such as do not require replacement should adjust the switch and swap bifurcated pillow, money sieve bed, the pillow should include the scope of a long fork of lateral line; the installation of the track to strengthen the equipment; leveled or fill t

24、he hard shoulder, the refurbishment of the base surface transverse drainage ditch, side ditch clean-up, clearly spoil slope; renovation crossing; overhaul of this line caused by the need to raise the point o-line, crossing, to raise the bridge, the bridge to raise the two-Ballasted ballast lateral r

25、etaining wall; to add, repair and refresh the line management of the Public Works sign, signal signs, rail vertical displacement observation post and rail reserve; recycling old material, to clear the area, set up standing material. Line overhaul by Railway Administration to conduct a comprehensive

26、planning, and in accordance with the need for appropriate early. Arrange the order of a large number of planning and construction should be supporting the entire section, as far as possible the use of CWR. Railway Administration set up a dedicated design unit overhaul overhaul the design, constructi

27、on team commitment by the specialized overhaul, acceptance by the full-time staff to carry out safety and quality supervision and inspection, presided over the inspection. To enable the line overhaul normal conditions of construction, have to liaise with the transport sector with plans in train arra

28、ngements for skylights in the construction of major repair.Lines the need to strengthen the scientific management overhaul in the design, construction and various aspects of acceptance should be strictly enforced "rules of the railway line overhaul", according to the basic requirements of

29、technical conditions. Circuit design must be carried out major repairs, and overhaul of the design also involves a wide range of demanding, so deal with both pre-designed circuits to carry out a full investigation and investigation. Field survey work is carried out will be the full section of the li

30、ne overhaul Ping vertical cut-off point and the details of the line equipment, adequate and reliable source for design. The quality of field survey work will directly affect the quality of the design quality. Therefore,In the survey before the first task of the book are familiar with the design of t

31、he equipment contained in the section, there is always the focus of the disease, the reasons for and content overhaul, pre-research and design of the tunnel sections, curves, crossings and other technical information related to fear capacity, operating speed and information models. On this basis, th

32、e composition of survey group in charge of the paragraph section of the Public Works technical personnel to carry out a comprehensive survey, mileage measurement and level measurement of longitudinal external industry. Outside the industry, the main contents of the survey include the following: rail

33、s, sleepers and fastenings, ballast, track strengthening equipment, station yard, subgrade and drainage, crossings, bridges and lines Signs and so on. Field measurement of the centerline of the main contents of the line, and plane measurements Profile. Mileage measurement. Choosing the right S-kilom

34、eter basis points as the lead, set objectives and every hundred kilometers, as the standard measuing point of the room for improvement, as well as control points in the set of standard addition. In the measurement process, should be line with the existing standard to check the original kilometers in

35、 order to obtain the principle of consensus, if necessary, should be placed in the standard chain kilometers. Profile measurement. Line measurement is the top rail (rail shares in the top curve) and the hard shoulder elevation. Line and is adjacent to the station in the same line and the double-trac

36、k roadbed and line spacing of less than 5m, should be two lines at the same time measuring the relative difference in elevation. Road with effect from Related buildings, such as the Tunnel, Bridge, crossing the line wires, overhead lines, signals, etc., should be measured gauge. Curve measurement. M

37、easuring both the geometric shape of the curve line, and determine the curve of the corner of the size, degree, as well as a smoother curve and the relationship between the location of both buildings. Curve measurement methods often used method is vector, vector from the law, declination law, polar

38、coordinates law. Upon completion of field investigation, to enter the design phase of technology overhaul. Technical design include: circuit design, circuit design vertical section, the track of structural design, design and CWR group designed to replace switch And so on. Circuit design. Graphic des

39、ign is a flat line in order to correct the location of the original line IP-based design standards and strict compliance with relevant technical terms. Graphic design, the general application of the principle of gradual stretching line in both curves, based on reasonable as far as possible, matching

40、 the circular curve at both ends of the radius and the length of transition curve, calculated curve of the measuring point location and allocation of the new design fixed distance from the curve of the five major re-design of pile length.Profile Design line. Profile Design is both the basis of const

41、ruction equipment, while maintaining the original restrictions on the premise of the gradient to refine and improve existing vertical section do not meet the technical requirements on the part. To improve the design of the vertical section, the original building will certainly be strictly limited an

42、d can not lift or drop-Road Road. Profile design will generally be divided into three steps, namely, vertical section drawn map, slope design and drawing review. Profile map overhaul by vertical 1:100, 1:1 000 vertical mapping,Map followed by the bottom-up order: length, flat, measured 100 meters el

43、evation, elevation of the existing track surface, track design elevation, design slope, surface elevation of adjacent rail line, track and down the volume, thickness and sleeper bed layout, etc. . Profile La slope design manual or by computer-aided design completed to determine a reasonable length o

44、f longitudinal slope, slope and ramp connections. Design review by higher level engineers and technicians who focus on traffic safety review of the factors that affect treatment, such as the gradient of connectivity, the slope length and up the ramp count data increases. Construction is to overhaul

45、the online use of skylights in the operating time for a Construction of large-scale, completely destroyed as a result of both the track structure, the provisions of the blockade must be time to stop working. Blockade in the line prior to the relevant materials and equipment should be in place in adv

46、ance in order to take full advantage of the embargo time, and in time before the end of the blockade, and it must be lines in a timely manner to ensure road safety and the restoration of the integrity of the state, ready to train through. Therefore overhaul the organization and management of constru

47、ction is extremely complex, requiring specialized equipment lines, carry out a detailed design and construction management organization. Overhaul of the main content of construction management as follows: Construction of the accreditation team, construction plans, construction Organizational design

48、documents, construction management, construction materials management, construction machinery and management, construction methods and construction of operating requirements. Overhaul overhaul construction organization design is the construction of the Program of Action is organized in various stage

49、s of the construction process and construction process based on an organized, orderly, high-quality assurance to complete overhaul. Construction of the main features of organizational design and construction program to determine the forms of organization, technical operations, design, preparation of

50、 construction design. Line overhaul plan is determined, the construction units should be in accordance with the conditions of repair and construction tasks of the preparation of construction program During the construction program should include the construction methods, construction procedures and

51、construction schedule and so on. Construction of the general overhaul of the section from the starting point, paragraph by paragraph, major repairs to the finish line ahead of the progress of each construction site overhaul according to the annual plan, the construction period, each time the length

52、of the blockade and other circumstances. In each construction site, the overhaul work into the preparation of the basic work and preparation works for the three stages, in order to ensure the construction of the normal overhaul, but also the need to pre-arrange a number of preparatory work. Early pr

53、eparatory work of the preparatory work is ahead as early as in the overhaul of the basic construction for some time prior to the completion of the work,The purpose is to ensure traffic safety, improve construction quality. Refers to the basic work is carried out under conditions of blockade of the l

54、ine to remove the old rail line to ping ballast, laying of new rail line clearance screening, such as ballast and tamping operations, is to complete the overhaul of the main work tasks. Finishing refers to the completion of the work of the basic work immediately following the final line of the entir

55、e overhaul and clean-up is all the work, after finishing work, should be overhauled to meet acceptance criteria line. In order to enhance work efficiency and give full play to the performance of construction machinery, construction should be prepared well before the process of technical operations.

56、Work in the technical operation of each process,Should indicate the work-related characteristics of the original line, after the construction of technical standards to be met, using methods and equipment, materials and time needed, as well as the blockade until the situation with the staff. Accurate

57、ly determine the operating procedures, workload, working hours, consumption, production and the number of forms of work organization. Line overhaul the preparation of construction design, it is necessary to carrying out a detailed investigation conducted on the basis of. The moral calculation of the

58、 workload, labor and employment preparation programs and plans the use of materials, and then the preparation of the various indicators of construction progress charts, the development of construction technology and construction safety measures. During the construction the implementation of the plan

59、 process, to carry out the scheduling and timely statistics, in-depth guidance to the field of construction, strict quality control inspection of the project, with particular attention to ensure traffic safety before and after construction. Overhaul line is line of equipment to compensate for normal wear and tear, due to huge investment, so it is necessary to carefully study the time line of major repair, or overhaul life reasonable. In determining the repair cycle, starting from the actual situation, to consider the impact of line ove