储运10级专业外语资料(句子)

1、储运10级 专业外语复习资料 句子篇储运1-4班2.1.2 gas pipelines1. in general, gas pipelines operate at high pressures than crude lines; gas is moved through a gas pipeline by compressors rather than by pumps; and the path of natural gas to the user is more direct. 通常，输气管的操作压力较高，使用压缩机而非泵为气体提供压力，而且天然气可直接送达用 户。2. as in th

2、e case of oil wells, gas- well flow lines connect individual gas wells to field gas -treating and processing facilities or to branches of larger gathering system.与油井相似，通过集气管将气井与气体处理及加工设备连接，或将气井与大型集气系统的支管 相连。3 the purpose of gas-gathering and gas transmission lines is similar to that of crude-gatheri

3、ng and crude trunk lines, respectively, but operating conditions and equipment are quite different.集气管和输气干线分别与集油管和输油干线类似，但操作条件及设备不同。2.1.3 product pipeline1. like crude and natural gas pipeline, there are no typical products pipelines or products pipeline systems, but 8 -in diameter through 16-in dia

4、meter products pipelines are common.同原油和天然气管道一样，也没有典型的成品油管道或成品油管道系统，通常816英寸管径 的成品油管道较为常见。2. and the capacity of a given line for a given product can often be increased by installing additional pumps at pump stations.并月特定管道输送特定油品的能力往往会随泵站安装新泵而加强。3. there are certainly not limits on pipeline size; bot

5、h smaller and larger lines are in service. 但当然也不限于上述直径范围，运行屮的管道有更大直径的也有更小直径的。4. product deliveries by these companies through this net work amounted to more than 4.8 billion bbl during that yea匚那一年，这些企业通过这些管网输送的成品油累计超过48亿桶。2.2.1 two-phase pipelines1. in general, these situations occur when the volum

6、es to be moved are relatively small and now efficiency is not a critical factor, or where the construction of two separate lines一one for liquid and one for gaswill be very expensive这些情况一般为输送量相对较小，输送效率不是重要因素，或者是敷设两条管道（一条输送液 体，一条输送气体）非常昂贵。2. in this case flow efficiency in the line may be very importa

7、nt, but careful design of the system can make a two-phase line an economic alternative to the construction of two separate pipelines.此时，管道的流动效率可能十分重要，但系统的仔细设计可使两相流管道成为建设两条单独管 道的经济替代方案。3. in any pipeline that must handle a specified throughout, an estimate of the pressure drop in the line is a key to

8、 proper design of line size and pump capacity.在规定输量的任何管道内，估算管道压降是合理设计管道直径和泵输送能力的关键。4. the design of a two-phase pipeline requires more accurate data than the design of a single-phase pipeline; even the route can have a significant effect on the satisfactory of a two-phase pipeline 与单相管道设计相比，两相流管道设计需

9、耍更精确的数据，仅是管道线路就对两相流管道的良 好操作冇很大影响。2.5.2 pump station1. near the station, after the fluid leaves the pump, is the point at which operating pressure is highest in the segment of the pipeline between that station and the next.液体流岀泵后的近站点是该站与下一站间管段上操作压力的最高点。2. the manifolds also allow certain equipment to

10、 be bypassed when out of service for maintenance or repai 匚设备停运或维修时，管汇也町使流体越过此设备。3. originating stations may also have storage tanks to smooth out variations in flow to the station. 首站可设冇储罐以缓冲进诂液体流量的变化。2.7 gas turbines1. they are not normally used with reciprocating natural gas compressors because o

11、f the difficulty in matching turbine speed to compressor speed.由于燃气轮机与压缩机的转速很难匹配，故燃气轮机一般不用于驱动往复式天然气压缩机。2. gas turbine manufacturers can provide fuel systems that allow a turbine to operate on fuels ranging from diesel through lp一gas in addition to natural gas.燃气轮机制造商能提供多种燃料系统，除了天然气外，燃料范围可从柴油至液化石油气。3

12、. tests were also made using crude oil as fuel to determine the best choice of nozzles, and turbine blade and vane coatings for this services.也进行了用原油作为燃料的试验，以确定使用条件下喷嘴的最佳选择、透平叶片和翼片的涂层。2.9 pipe coating1. some pipelines are coated on the interior to improve flow conditions or to protect against corros

13、ion by the fluid being transported.冇些管道在内表而也涂冇覆盖层，以改善流动条件或防止被输送液体对管道的腐蚀。2. to be effective, a coating must resist corrosion, and it must resist damage that would uncover areas of pipe where corrosion could occu匚为使覆盖层有效，它必须能阻止从管子表面剥离及在剥离处发生腐蚀。3. wrapping tape, normally either a heavy paper or plastic

14、 protects the coating from damage. 包扎带常为厚纸或塑料带，以防止覆盖层受损。4. considerable research has been aimed at the improvement of concrete coatings and application methods, based in part on the performance of early concrete-coated pipelines.以现有混凝十加重管道的性能作为部分依据，在改进加重层及其施工方法方面已进行了大量研 究。3.1.1 oil storage1. at each

15、 step in the pipeline gathering and delivery system, varying storage requirements exist.管道集油和输送系统屮的每一步都存在各种储存的需要。2. a refinery must operate continuously to be efficient, though its throughput can be reduced if necessary; enough crude to feed the refinery must be available.炼厂在必要时需要降低输量，但为了保持连续运行的冇效性，

16、需要为炼厂提供足够的原油。3.5.1 mechanisms of evaporation losses1. the truck then transports the vapors to a centralized station where a vapor recovery or control system is used to control emissions.槽车将蒸气运往中心站，由站上的蒸气回收或控制系统控制发散量。2. evaporative loss during emptying occurs when air drawn into the tank during liqui

17、d removal becomes saturated with organic vapor and expands, thus exceeding the capacity of the vapor space 在发油期间，随着流体流出，空气被吸入罐内，空气为油品蒸汽所饱和以及气体膨胀，超过了 蒸汽空间的容纳能力吋就产生蒸发损耗。3. as the liquid level increases, the pressure inside the tank exceeds the relief pressure and vapors are expelled from the tank .随着液

18、位上升，罐内压力超过泄压压力，从罐内排出蒸汽。4.1.2 land pipeline construction1. if a steep slope can be avoided, for instance, only by increasing the length of the pipeline significantly, it may be more economical to traverse the slope.若仅增加一长段管了就能避免陡坡，这可能比穿越陡坡更经济。2. elevations along the pipeline route relative to a datum

19、 must also be obtained in order to plot a profile of the proposed line.为绘制拟建管道的纵断面图，必须获得管道沿线相对某-基准点的高程。3. the result is that any point on the pipeline can be located both vertically and horizontally in relation to a point of known elevation above sea level and in relation to a horizontal point in th

20、e area's existing survey system.管道上任一点的水平位置由与地区现有已知海拔系统内某一水平点的相对位置确定，垂直位置 由与已知海拔咼程点的咼差决定。422 road/river crossings1. a technique for crossing larger bodies of water that has gained favor in recent years is directional drilling 近年來一项获得好评的、穿越较大水域的技术是定向钻孔。2. an instrument package behind the downhole

21、 drilling motor measures the direction and inclination of the bit and transmits the information to the operator.孔底钻进马达后面安装的仪表包用于测量钻头的方向和倾角，并将这些信息传给操作者。3. instances where anchoring is required include river crossings where currents can cause pipe movement or scour beneath pipe installed on the river

22、bed, a dry wash subject to temporary flooding, or where certain types of backfill are used需要锚固的例子包括以下情况的河流穿越：水流可能引起管道移动，或安装在干河床上，突发 洪水可能冲走管道下方土壤，或采用了某种形式的冋填。441 pull methods1. where difficult or dangerous maneuvering by lay barge is required 铺管船难以调遣或移动在有危险的地方。2. all of these techniques must be caref

23、ully evaluated to determine which is most appropriate for a specific pipeline construction project.对某一给定的管道施工工程，需要认真评估这些技术，以确定那种方法最合适。3. when the pipeline is in position, the floats are either released to surface or flooded, allowing the pipeline to sink to the sea-bed当管道就位后，浮筒或释放至水面，或注水，使管道下陈至海床。4.

24、 another approach to offshore pipeline construction is the pull or tow method 海洋管道建设的另一种方法是牵引法。5.2.1 corrosion and corrosion control1. regardless of the conditions causing a corrosion cell, the basic requirements are always the same: an anode coupled to a cathode in an electrolyte.尽管形成腐蚀电池的条件冇多种，但是他

25、们的基本要求总是相同的：即是在电解质内将阴极和 阳极相连起来。2. frequently, corrosion engineers use a combination of two or more of these corrosion control methods when eliminating or retarding corrosion activity.在消除或延迟腐蚀时，防腐工程师们经常综合使用上述两种或两种以上的防腐方法。3. when corrosion conditions are particularly severe and pressure and soil stres

26、s conditions are not too great, the use of plastic pipe has been successful.当防腐条件特别严重，而压力和土壤应力不是太大吋，采用塑料管是很成功的。储运5-7班2.2.1 two-phase pipelines1. in general, these situations occur when the volumes to be moved are relatively small and now efficiency is not a critical factor, or where the construction

27、 of two separate lines 一-one for liquid and one for gas will be very expensive.这些情况一般为输送量相对较小，输送效率不是重要因素，或者是敷设两条管道（一条输送液 体，一条输送气体）非常昂贵。2. in these cases both oil and gas produced from a single well can usually be accommodated in one flow-line to the fields crude separation or gas processing facility

28、.此时，当今所产油气常用一条出油管送至现场原油分离或气体加工厂。3. in this case flow efficiency in the line may be very important, but careful design of the system can make a two-phase line an economic alternative to the construction of two separate pipelines.此时，管道的流动效率可能i分重要，但系统的仔细设计可使两相流管道成为建设两条单独管 道的经济替代方案。4. in any pipeline th

29、at must handle a specified throughput, an estimate of the pressure drop in the line is a key to proper design of line size and pump capacity.在规定输量的任何管道内，估算管道压降是合理设计管道直径和泵输送能力的关键。5. these uncertainties have limited the use of two-phase pipelines to those applications where there is no other reasonabl

30、e alternative.上述两相流管道的不确定性，使它的使用局限于没冇其他合理输送方案的场合。2.7 gas turbines1. in a two-shaft gas turbine, the gas-producer section is on a separate shaft from the power-producing turbine, permitting variation in the power turbine speed.在双轴式燃气透平内，燃气发生段与动力产生透平分别装在不同的轴上，允许改变动力头平的 转速。2. the system is also much mo

31、re complex, requiring sophisticated control systems and associated equipment to filter the turbine fuel and to transfer operation from one fuel to another.这种系统也更为复杂，需要完善的控制系统，过滤透平燃料的相应设备，以及冇一种燃料改为 另一种燃料的切换操作。3. the lower-speed industrial turbine may operate at a speed compatible with the pump or com

32、pressor being driven and may be used in a direct drive configuration.低速工业透平可能以与被驱动泵或压缩机相匹配的速度运行，并可能使用直接驱动布置。4. the heavier industrial, slower-speed turbines are less costly to maintain, in part because the time between overhauls is generally considerably higher than is the case with aircraft-type un

33、its.笨重、低速工业型燃气透平的维修费用较低，部分原因是两次大修的时间间隔比航空型燃气透 平长得多。5. it is practical, however, to change the type of fuel used if it is expected that a different fuel will be less costly for a long enough period to warrant the cost of converting the fuel system.如果另一种燃料在相当长的时间内价格较低，足以补偿改变燃料系统的费用，就可改变使用的 燃料类型。2.9 pi

34、pe coating1. to be effective, a coating must resist corrosion, and it must resist damage that would uncover areas of pipe where corrosion could occur.为了更有效果，涂层必须抵制腐蚀，它必须抵制损害，这些损害会覆盖可能发牛腐蚀的区域2. tape is wrapped around the pipe in a spiral with the edges overlapping slightly so all the pipe coating is

35、covered.包扎带螺旋包裹在管道周围并与边缘略微重叠，因此所有管道都被涂层覆盖。3. they now have better flexibility at low temperatures and greater ability to cover steel defects that were "bridged by earlier coatings. bridging results in areas where coating failure is likely现在环氧树脂粉末已经具有较好的低温韧性，并具有较强的覆盖钢表面缺陷的能力，而较早的 覆盖层常在缺陷处“架桥”，使桥

36、接表面的覆盖层容易失效。4. when pipe lengths are coated and wrapped at a coating yard before being delivered to the job site, a short distance at each end of each length of pipe bare so the joints can be welded together送往施工现场前，在覆盖层施工场内对每节管子进行涂敷和包扎时，管节两端留一小段裸管， 以便将管口焊接在一起5. one of the most critical consideration

37、s in concrete coating design is the overbend area where the pipe leaves the lay bargees pipe ramp during installation. if laying stresses are not properly calculated and maintained within design limits, concrete coating can crack during installation.安装期间，离开铺管船下水滑到处的管道过弯区域是混凝土加重层设计中应考虑的问题之一。 如果没有准确计算

38、铺管应力并控制应力在设计限定范围内，则在安装期间混凝土加重层可能开裂。3丄1 crude storage1. other countries that are heavily dependent on imported oil have also developed underground long-term crude storage facilities.严重依赖进口的其他国家也发展了原有地下长期储存设施2. considerations involved in designing large crude storage tanks include the integrity of the

39、 foundation, safety, maintenance requirements and ease of maintenance, and operating efficiency.设计大型原油储罐时需要考虑的问题有：基础的完整性、安全、维护要求和容易维护、以及操 作效率3. other factors that help determine the amount of storage a refinery needs for both feedstock and products include: product delivery, refinery complexity, sea

40、sonal demand and turnarounds.确定炼厂所需原油和产品储存量的其他因素包括：产品输送方式、炼厂的复杂性、季节要求和 维修周期。3.1.2 natural gas liquids 3.1.3 natural gas 3.1.4 lng1. additional storage is required throughout a natural gas liquids transportation system for the same reasons crude storage is required in the crude transportation system.

41、与原油输送系统需要储存设施 的理由相同，在天然气凝析油输送系统内也需要额外的储存设施2. natural gas storage is needed to meet peak demands that may be much higher than the pipelined average throughput.为满足远大于平均输送量的用气峰值需求，需要储存天然气。3. lng storage is required at base-load plants, complete plants that include purification, liquefaction, storage, a

42、nd regasification; terminal plants where lng is received from tankers and regasified as needed; and peak-shaving plants used to store natural gas as liquid to meet peak demands.在基木负荷型液化厂，即完善的液化厂，需耍lng储存。基本负荷型厂包括气体净化、液化、 储存和再汽化；港口接收厂接收油轮运来的lng,并在需要时再汽化；调峰厂用丁储存液化 天然气，以满足调峰要求。4. because it must be stor

43、ed at very low temperatures to maintain it in a liquid state, insulation is one of the most important elements of lng storage design.由于必须在极低温度下储存以保持液态，隔热便成为液化大然气储存设计中最重要的因素zo3.5.1 mechanisms of evaporation losses1. emissions from organic liquids in storage occur because of evaporative losses of stor

44、ed liquid. 由于所储液体的蒸发损耗，存储期间产生了有机液体的发散物。2. the two significant types of emissions from fixed-roof are storage and working losses.固定顶储罐有两类不同的发散，即存储损耗和工作损耗。3. total emissions from external floating-roof tanks are the sum of withdrawal losses and standing storage losses.外浮顶罐的散发总量为发油损耗和静储存损耗z和。4.1.2 land

45、 pipeline construction1. after the route has been determined, right of way must be obtained throughout the length of theroute before construction can begin线路确定之后，在建设开始前必须获得线路全长的土地征用权。2. width of the right of way varies according to the size line, the type of terrain, the construction method to be us

46、ed, and any special restrictions根据管径，地形，所施工方法和任何特殊的限制，管道建设征用带的宽度不同。3. changes in the route can affect pipeline operating conditions to the extent that additional pump or compression horsepower may be required线路的改变能影响管道的操作条件，可能需要增加泵或压缩机的功率。4.2.2 road/river crossing1. a variety of techniques is used f

47、or crossing these obstacles, depending on the length of the crossing, the size of the stream or roadway, and regulations.根据穿越长度、水流或公路的宽度以及各种规范，可使用多种技术穿越这些障碍物。2. on this project, the drilling rig was positioned so the bit entered the ground at about a 12° angle. a pilot hole was drilled and then

48、 reamed to the desired size, and the pipe was pulled through the curved hole.在这项工程屮钻机的安置使钻头以大约12度的角度钻入土壤。先钻导向孔，然后扩孔至需要 的直径，通过弯曲的孔将管子拖过河床。3. an instrument package behind the downhole drilling motor measures the direction and inclination of the bit and transmits the information to the operator.孔底钻进马达后面安装的仪表包用于测量钻头的方向和倾角，并将这些信息传递给操作者。4.instances where anchoring is required include river crossing where currents can cause pipe movement or