大学英语实用语法讲稿

1、1. Only after a heated discussion in solving the problem.A. they did succeedB. did they succeedC. had they succeededD. they had succeeded(倒装结构)2. Television is different from radio in it sends and receives pictures.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. this(原因状语从句)3. Heat energy from the sun in a direct way is t

2、he most widely used energy today.A. comeB. to comeC. comingD. having come(非谓语动词)4. There nothing to do, Lily got to her feet and hurried off.A. is B. wasC. beingD. having(独立结构)5. If the whole operation beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. were not plannedB. has not been

3、 plannedC. was not plannedD. had not been planned(虚拟语气)6. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons, to arrive on the evening flight.A. is B. are goingC. areD. will be(主谓一致)1. B2. B3. C4. C 5. D6. A倒装结构：倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1） here， there， now， then， thus等

4、副词置于句首， 谓语动词常用be， come， go， lie， run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。Here is your letter. 你的信。2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：Here he comes. 他来了。Away t

5、hey went. 他们走开了。倒装：以否定词开头作部分倒装否定词如 Not onlybut also， Hardly/Scarcelywhen， No sooner than等放在句首，后面要用倒装。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift， he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。No sooner had she gone out than

6、a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。典型例题No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B.has the game begunC. did the game begin D.had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never， seldom， scarcely， little， few， not， hardly， 以及not onlybut （also）， no soonerthan，

7、 hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music.倒装：倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do， does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1） 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no， not， never， seldom， little， hardly

8、， at no time， in no way， not until 等。例如：Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。典型例题1）Why can't I smoke here？A

9、t no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no， little， hardly， seldom， never， not only， not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.倒装：only在句首倒

10、装的情况Only in this way， can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。倒装：so, neither, nor作部分倒装用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分

11、倒装。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。If you won't go，neither will I.你不去，我也不去。典型例题Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？I don't know， _.A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD. I don't care also答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 d

12、on't 再次否定，C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此".例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。It's raining hard.So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。倒装：as, though引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词， 副词， 分词， 实义动词提前）。但需注意： 1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词。2） 句首是实义动词

13、， 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：Try hard as he will， he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。倒装：其他部分倒装1） so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢

14、动。 2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。3） 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were， had， should等词，可将if 省略，把 were， had， should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：Were I you， I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。典型例题：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is.A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D.

15、 did man know答案为D.否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2）Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didn't I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize答案为B.3） Do you know Tom bought a new car？I don't know， _.A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD

16、. I don't care also答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不".由 so， neither， nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中， so用于肯定句， 而 neither， nor 用在否定句中。从句主语从句：Subject ClauseA由从属连词引导：That he has made progress is true.B由连接代词引导：Who came here first is not clear.C由连接副词引导：When will the report begin is unknown.D先行词it引导的主语从句：

17、It is unknown when she will come back.表语从句：Predicative ClauseA由从属连词引导：The fact is that she is clever.B由连接代词引导：Thats what I want.C由连接副词引导：This is where you are wrong.注意：连系动词有时用as if 引导：It looks as if it is going to rain.当主语是reason时，表语从句只能用that引导而不能用because:The reason why he missed the train was that

18、he got up too late.宾语从句：Object ClauseA由从属连词that引导的宾语从句（that常可省略）：He said (that) he would come.That 不充当成分，但如从句时并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省：I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us.B由连词whether（或if）引导：I dont know whether he is wrong.C由连接代词引导：I cant remember wh

19、at he said.D由连接副词引导：Tell me why you came back so late.E由先行词it引导的宾语从句：有时，谓语动词带有宾补，而宾语又以从句表示，这时把宾语从句移至句子后部，用it做形式宾语，放在前面。常用的句型是：主语+及物动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+由连词that引导的宾语从句。在短语动词后也可用这种结构。We thought it a pity that he didnt come.He feels it a shame that he falls so far behind others in English.注意：1. 在demand、order

20、、command、 suggest、decide、insist、desire、request等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”结构：She insisted that she (should) finish the task by herself.2. 用who、whom、whose、which、what、when、where、why、how、whatever、whoever、whichever、whether、if 等引导的宾语从句，应用陈述语序。Please tell us what you have seen just now.同位语A

21、ppositive Clause同位语从句可以认为是一种特殊的定语从句。由从属连词that或whether(不能用if)等来引导。That没有实际意义，只起连接作用，在从句中不充当句子成分。在fact, wish, truth, idea, news, problem, hope, thought, advice, demand, doubt, information, message, order, question, request, suggestion, belief, probability, discovery等名词后面，通常会用到同位语从句。We all know the tru

22、th the earth goes round the sun.I have no idea that she will come home today.注意：1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，即限定或描述它前面的名词。The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定

23、语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?) 2、定语从句that时关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。定语从句Attributive Clause限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 A限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是主句中前述词不可少的定语。如果省去，主句的意义就不明确或不完整。这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号将其隔开。She is the nurse who looks after the children.B非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句只是对主句的前述词作附加说明，如果省去，主句仍能表达明确完整的概念。非限制性定语从句和主句之间要用逗号分开。非限制性定语从

24、句对前述词所作的附加说明，在意义上一般相当于一个并列句，或相当于一个状语从句。I received a letter from my sister, who is studying in the university.连接手段A由关系代词引导：who, whom, whose, that, which等B由关系副词引导：when，where，why等1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?2. 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构：There

25、 are occasions when (on which) one must yield(屈服).3. that 代替关系副词，在口语中省略：His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.4. 只能用that的情况：1） 在there be句型中2） 在不定代词，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等：All that is needed is a supply of oil.3） 先行词有the only, the very 修饰时4） 先行词为

26、序数词、数词、形容词最高级时：English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.5） 先行词即有人又有物: Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.6) 主句已有疑问词who，which：Which is the bike that you lost?5. 不能用that1) 引导非限制性定语从句2) 介词后： We depend on the land from which we get our food.the sa

27、me/suchasIve never heard such stories as he told.（关系代词as与指示代词such 连用，在从句中作宾语，先行词为such stories）Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(关系代词as与指示代词same连用，在从句中作表语，其先行词是same)状语从句Adverbial Clause时间when, while, as, after, before, since, until, once, as soon as, whenevereg. She sings

28、as she goes along.When my brother came, I was playing basketball.让步though, although, whether, as, even, though, even if, no matter how/what/which, whatever, whileeg. However hard it may be, try your best.He went on working though it was very late.地点where, wherever eg. Leave the book where it is

29、.     Cherry is welcomed wherever she goes.条件if, unless, as long aseg. If you ask her, she will help you.Do not come unless I call you.You may use the room as long as you clean it afterward.原因because, as, since, for (in that:由于，因为)eg. She had to stay at home yesterday because she

30、 was ill.As I have not seen the film, I cant tell you what I think of it.Since she has come, you neednt go now.目的so that, that, in order thateg. Finish this one so that you can begin with another.结果sothat,  suchthateg. He made such a big noise that everyone was awakened.方式as, just as, as if, as

31、 thougheg. He talks as if he knows everything.比较than, asas, not so(as)as, thetheeg. I can walk faster than you can run.“倍数、百分比+as +原级+···+as”: This room is one third as large as that one.非谓语动词特点：可以有宾语和状语，有时态和语态的变化，但不能单独做谓语，不受主语人称和数的限制。三种形式：不定式、动名词、分词1不定式1）作主语，常用it作形式主语：Its an honor fo

32、r me to meet you.2）作定语，放在所修饰词之后：I have a lot of things to deal with now.3) 不带toa. 在had better, had best, would rather, ratherthan, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well,cannot but等后面I cant but continue my career.b. 感官和使役动词后：see, feel, smell, hear, watch, make, let, have等The teacher watched

33、 her enter the classroom.Have him study hard!2. 动名词1）否定结构：not/no+doingIt is no use studying theory but not practicing it.2) 复合结构：物主代词或名词所有格+doing（逻辑上的主谓关系）Their coming here wont change the whole situation.3）常接动名词作宾语：avoid, admit, consider, deny, endure, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, practice, mind,

34、 miss, stop, look forward to, keep on, be used to, object to, devote oneself to, feel like, cant help, put off等。3.分词1）否定结构：not+分词短语：Not allowed to travel alone, he invited his girl friend to accompany him.Not wishing to be alone in the house, she went to the party.2）分词独立结构：有自己的逻辑主语Weather permitting

35、, well have a party tomorrow.His homework finished, he went to see the movie.注意：现在分词的完成式，一般作状语独立主格结构独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home

36、. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授

37、不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。用法：名词/主格代词+现

38、在分词：主动关系如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。名词/主格代词+过去分词：被动关系如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improve

39、d. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。名词/主格代词+不定式：主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, t

40、he other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。名词/主格代词+形容词如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。名词/主格代词+副词如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。名词/主格代词+介词短语如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。4>其他形式T