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1、英语否定形式的译法每种语言都有其肯定形式和否定形式,英语和汉语也不例外。由于两种语言的特点、习惯不同,表达肯定和 否定的方式也不尽相同,英汉两种语言用来表达否定概念的词汇、语法结构、语言逻辑等方面都有很大差异,这 就要求译者在理解与翻译时注意,切勿望文生义。本节主要论述如何正确理解否定的句法手段或词汇手段,确定否定对象和范围,并简要阐述部分否定、全部 否定、几乎否定、双重否定、形式否定、意义否定、带前缀否定、否定的转移、常见否定短语等的翻译方法。1、否定对象和范围在汉语中,否定词一般都直接放在被否定词语前面,而在英语里,否定词not有时不一定放在被否定词语前面,而是放在谓语动词前,因而确定否定

2、对象和范围又一定难度。1 )否定对象例 1. The plane did not_ land in good condition.这架飞机着陆时状况不太好。(英语原文否定词 not否定的是谓语,而汉语译文否定的是补语in good condition )例 2. Mathematics and the military are not new acquaintances.数学和军方绝不是初次相识。(英语原文否定词 not否定的是定语new,而汉语译文否定的却是状语“初次”)例 3. The Nazis had not instantly withdrawn from Africa or Sic

3、ily merely because of threats to their rear.rear n.后面,背后,后方,屁股adj.后面的,背面的,后方的vt.培养,饲养,举起,树立,栽种vi.高耸,暴跳,用后腿站起纳粹过去并没有仅仅由于后方受到威胁而立即从非洲和西西里岛撤走。(疑问中否定词 not变为修饰副词 merely because of)例 4. Some special interest groups, like the ELV (Earth Launch Vehicle) community for example, are going to lobby not to let u

4、s do it because they don 'twant to see us enter the commercial marketplace.launch vehicle 运载火箭;lobby n.大厅,休息室,美游说议员者 vi.游说议员,经常出入休息室vt.对(议员)进行疏通一些特殊利益集团,如地球运载火箭联盟,正在四处活动,企图阻止我们实施计划,因为他们不想看到我们 进入商业市场。例 5. Applique system, however, still do not have the capacity to link with state-of-the-art syste

5、ms like the M1A2 Abrams tank and the AH-64D Apache Lon gbow attack helicopter.然而,镶嵌式系统并不具备能力与诸如M1A2 “艾布拉姆斯”坦克和 AH 64D “阿帕奇长弓”战斗直升机等最新型的系统联网。Applique A5pli:kei n. 嵌花,贴花,缝花adj.嵌花的,贴花的state-of-the-art adj.达到最新技术发展水平的state-of-the-art weaponry达到最新技术发展水平的武器2)否定范围例 1. There isn't any established theory

6、, or eve n a gen erally believed one, about how people store and retrieve in formati on whe n they n eed it.Established adj.已制定的,确定的 Retrieve v.重新得到 n.找回对人们如何在需要时储存及检索信息,目前尚无任何确定的理论,甚至还没有一种公认的理论。(虽然英语中否定词只出现一次,而译成汉语是要扩展否定范围,否定两个短句。)例 2. It resembles the familiar clash in wealthy industrialized democ

7、racies between security advocates and bus in essme n over the export of high-tech no logy goods that are available commercially, but dan gerous militarilyif notlice nsed and kept out of the wrong han ds.Democracy n.-cies民主政体,民主政府;民主国家;民主Resemble vt.象,类似 Advocate n.提倡者,鼓吹者 vt.提倡,鼓吹这类似于我们很熟悉的冲突,即在富裕的工

8、业化民主国家中,在高技术产品出口问题上,如果不办理许可证,又摆脱不了海外危险势力的染指,那么这些产品虽然在商业上都是现成的,而在军事上却很危险,这就引起了 主张以国家安全为重的人士与商人之间的矛盾。(虽然英语中否定词只出现一次,而译成汉语是要扩展否定范围,否定两个短句。)例 3. Without timely and accurate details of the enemy ' location, strength, and intentions, as well as knowledge of operational forces, the commander ' abil

9、ity to fight battles would be severely restricted.如果指挥员不能及时准确地了解敌人所在部位、实力和意图,又不了解作战部队,指挥员的作战能力会受到 严重制约。(虽然英语中 Without只出现一次,而译成汉语是要扩展否定范围,否定两个短句。)2、部分否定有些不定代词如 all, everything, both及有些副词如 always, wholly等,看上去似乎是"全部,所有,每一个” 的含义,但与否定词连用时, 表示的概念是“否定整体中的一部分”,而不是“全部否定”,翻译成中文时应为“并 非所有”,“并不都”等。例 1. Both

10、 of the instruments are not precision ones. 这两台仪器并非都精密。例 2. Tech no logy in every case has not dem on strated eno ugh maturity to support Army n eeds, and the daunting amount of training required to operate many in formati on-age systems has prompted leaders to postp one some in itiative.Dem on stra

11、te vt.示范,证明,论证 vi.示威 dau nting adj.使人畏缩的Prompt n.提示,付款期限vt.提示,鼓动,促使adj.敏捷的,迅速的,即时的adv.准时地Postpone vt.推迟,使延期,延迟 initiative n.主动并非在所有情况下,技术都能表明其已成熟到足以支持美国陆军的需要,而且很多信息时代的系统的运作所 需要的训练量大得令人却步,以致促使一些领导人推迟一些创意的实施。例 3 All isotopes cannot be manufactured in this way. 并非所有的同位素都可以这样制造。Isotope n. 化 同位素例 4 Not e

12、ach transistor in the control room is out of order. 在控制室例的晶体管并非每个都是坏的。Transistor n. 电子 晶体管例 5 Such a mineral substance will not be found everywhere. 这样的矿物质并非到处都能找到。Mineral n. 矿物 , 矿石3、全部否定 英语中用来表示全部否定意义,一般有如下一些词: no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither 等。None of these metals have conducti

13、vity higher than copper. 这些金属的导电率都不及铜高。Neither of the books is of any use to me. 两本书中哪本对我也没用。Neither a positive charge, nor a negative the neutron has. 中子既不带正电荷,也不带负电荷。At least nowadays, there is no way to harness the energy of fusion. 至少目前还没有办法利用聚变能。fusion 熔化 , 熔解 , 熔合 , 熔接 fusion energy 核 聚变能No bo

14、dy can be set in motion without having a force act upon it. 如果在物体上不施加力, 任何物体都不可能运动。Nothing in the world moves faster than light. 世界上没有任何东西比光传得更快了。Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free ( 化纯的 ), owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. owing to 由于 , 因 .之缘故由

15、于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起,最常见的是和氧结合,因此在自然界根本找不到游离态的铝。4、准否定在英语中表示“几乎不” 、“几乎没有”等准否定意义时,常使用“ hardly, barely, scarcel,y seldom, few,little 等”。 例 1 The US has well-developed and successful offensive command and control warfare (C2W), electronic warfare(EW), and other information warfare (IW) capacities, but these c

16、an hardly be characterized as “strategic”.Warfare n. 战争 , 作战 , 冲突 , 竞争美国拥有健全和成功的进攻性指挥与控制战(C2W)、电子战(EW)和其他信息战(IW)的能力,但这些几乎不能被称做“战略性的”例 2What is a plastic? There are many definitions, but few are really satisfactory. 什么是塑料?定义有很多,但几乎任何一种都不真正令人满意。例 3 The earliest forms of jet-propulsion had little abili

17、ty to function at rest, in view of the absence of any means of air-compression. Propulsion n. 推进 , 推进力 in view of 考虑到 , 由于最早的喷气发动机由于缺乏空气压缩手段,静止时几乎没有工作能力。例 4 We could hardly slow down the process of fusion enough for any other purpose. 我们几乎不能将聚变过程减慢到足以用于其他目的。例 5 Barely any of our present batteries wo

18、uld be satisfactory enough to drive the electric train fast and at areasonable cost. 我们现有的蓄电池几乎都不足以保证电气火车快速而经济高效的运行。5、双重否定 双重否定是一种注重修辞作用的语法结构,也就是两个否定意义的词在同一个句子里出现而构成双重否定的语 言现象,即否定之否定。双重否定将整个句子变成了强势的肯定。在翻译时,既可译成双重否定,也可译成肯定。例 1 If it were not enough acceleration, the earth satellite would not get into

19、 space. 要是没有足够的加速度,地球卫星是不能进入太空的。例 2Without participating in proficiency testing they would not have identified these opportunities for improvement, as the errors have been present in their process for a long period of time.Proficiency n. 熟练 , 精通 , 熟练程度 如果不参加水平测试,他们本来是发现不了这些加以改进的机会,因为长期以来在他们的测试过程中一直存

20、 在着这样的错误。例 3 There is no way the shuttle could ever be operated as a purely commercial vehicle without any National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) funding.如果没有美国宇航局的任何资助,航天飞机根本不可能作为一种纯商业航天器运行。例 4 In short, microwaves can only travel in straight line. Without a series of relay towers, it

21、 is impossible for them to send message over long distances to remote places.Series n. 连续 , 系列 , 丛书 , 级数总之,微波只能以直线方式传播,要是没有一系列的转播塔,微波就不能越过漫长的距离,将消息传递到远 方。例 5 Hardly a modern industry exists without some dependence on a filtering operation. 任何一种现代化工业几乎都程度不同的与过滤技术有关。6 形式否定 有的英语句子在形式上是否定的,而在意义上却并不表示否定,

22、译成汉语时,可译为肯定句。例 1Not until the invention of the high altitude rocket did the direct study of the upper atmosphere become possible. 直到发明高空火箭后,才有可能直接研究上层大气。例 2 A program written in one of these languages is often called a source program, and it cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has

23、been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code.用这些高级语言编写的程序通常称做源程序,只有在编译 (即翻译为机器代码) 后才能有计算机来直接处理。 例 3 You can not be too careful in doing experiment. 做试验越细心越好。例 4You can never be careful enough. 再仔细也不过分。例 5 We can't help admiring Madam Curie for her great achievements in science resear

24、ch. 我们对居里夫人在科学研究方面的所取得的成就不胜钦佩。7、意义上的否定 英语中有些词和词组的意义上包含有否定语气,但从字面上看不像否定词。1)动词fail 失败,不成,缺乏; lake 缺乏,不足; deny 否认,拒绝; ignore 忽视,不理睬 exclude 排除,拒绝; refuse 拒绝; overlook 忽略,忽视; miss 失败错过 The experiment failed of success. 实验没有成功。The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it. 在此方程中,

25、损耗值太小,可以忽律不计。 2)名词neglect 忽略; ignorance 无知; scarcity 缺乏,不足; absence 缺少;缺席; exclusion 除外 The garden was in a state of neglect. 这花园处于没人管的状态。I was in total ignorance. 我全然不知。3)形容词Free from 免于,没有; far from 远非; few 几乎没有 last 最不可能的 little 几乎没有 short of 缺少 These elements are shielded so that they are free f

26、rom the influence of magnetic field. 这些元件已加屏蔽,因此不受磁场影响。Shield n. 防护物 , 护罩 , 盾, 盾状物 vt. (from) 保护, 防护 v. 遮蔽 Ocean-going ships, equipped with the radar, are safe from collision with other ships or ice-bergs. 远洋船装上雷达后,能避免与其他船或冰山相撞。Pure metals have few useful properties. 纯金属几乎没有可取的特性。This equation is fa

27、r from being complicated. 这个方程一点也不复杂。He is the last person to tell a lie. 他是最不可能说谎的人。4)副词Barely scarcely hardly only seldom5)连词Unless 除非, 如果不; rather than 而不是 until 直到 nor 也不; but that 要不是,若非Unless there is motion, there is no work. 如果没有运动,也就不做功。The speed of lifting should be fast rather than slow.

28、上升的速度应该是快的而不是慢的。Glass cannot conduct electricity, nor can rubber. 玻璃不导电,橡胶也不导电。6)介词Without没有 in stead of代替,而不是 above 在以上,expect除之外in place of代替,用而不用beyond超过 out of在之外,脱离,缺乏In a rocket, the jet is formed by bur ning chemicals with in the engine without exter nal air supply.External adj.外部的;外面的火箭是利用发动

29、机内部燃烧化学物质而形成喷气,无需外部供应空气。We found Beijing changed beyond recognition.我们发现北京变了,让人认不得了。Beyond all comparis on 无可比拟Beyond all hope 没有希望,绝望、beyond belief 难以置信Beyond comprehension 不可理解Beyond dispute 无可争论beyond control不受约束,不受控制beyond doubt 无疑Beyond expression 难以言喻beyond expectation 出乎意料,不料On freez ing water expa nds in stead of con tracts. 水在结冰时膨胀而不是收缩。The machine seems out of g

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