ASM 铸造缺陷的国际分类7大类(学习版0228)

1、· Metallic projections 金属多肉缺陷· Cavities 空洞类缺陷· Discontinuities 分离、断开；不连续断、裂缺陷· Defects 表面缺陷（瑕疵）· Incomplete casting 铸件不完整· Incorrect dimension 尺寸不符合· Inclusions or structural anomalies 夹杂或结构异常Table 1 International classification of common casting defects表1 一般铸造缺陷的国

2、际分类No. Description 描述Common name 一般名称Sketch图Metallic ProjectionsA100:Metallic projections in the form of fins or flash 飞边尾翅、披缝形式的多肉A110:Metallic projections in the form of fins (or flash) without change in principal casting dimensions飞边尾翅（披缝）形式的多肉，不改变铸件基本尺寸A111Thin fins (or flash) at the parting lin

3、e or at core prints在分型线或芯头上的飞边（飞翅）Joint flash or fins飞边（飞翅）A112Projections in the form of veins on the casting Surface铸件表面的毛刺Veining or finning毛刺A113Network of projections on the surface of die castingsHeat-checked dieA 114(a) Thin projection parallel to a casting surface, in re-entrant angles平行于铸件表

4、面，在凹角处小块多肉Fillet scab圆角夹砂A115Thin metallic projection located at a re-entrant angle and dividing the angle in two parts在凹角处小块多肉将圆角分成两部分Fillet vein圆角毛刺A120Metallic projections in the form of fins with changes in principal casting dimensions飞边多肉改变了铸件的基本尺寸A 123(a)Formation of fins in planes related to

5、direction of mold assembly (precision casting with waste pattern); principal casting dimensions change合型不精确在平面上形成飞翅，改变铸件基本尺寸Cracked or broken mold铸型裂纹或塌箱A200Massive projections 大块多肉A210Swells胀箱A 212(a) Excess metal in the vicinity of the gate or beneath the sprue在内浇口附近或直浇道下方有大块金属Erosion, cut, or was

6、h冲砂A 213(a) Metal projections in the form of elongated areas in the direction of mold assembly在合型延长方向上的多肉Crush掉砂A220：Projections with rough surfaces表面粗糙A 221(a)Projections with rough surfaces on the cope surface of the casting铸件上箱面粗糙Mold drop or sticker铸型掉砂A 222(a)Projections with rough surfaces on

7、the drag surface of the casting (massive projections)铸件下箱面粗糙(成块的)Raised core or mold element cutoff砂芯上浮，掉砂A 223(a)Projections with rough surfaces on the drag surface of the casting (in dispersed areas)铸件下箱面粗糙(分散的)Raised sand型砂上浮A 224(a)Projections with rough surfaces on other parts of the casting铸件的

8、其它位置表面粗糙Mold drop铸型掉砂A 225(a)Projections with rough surfaces over extensive areas of the casting铸件上大面积表面粗糙Corner scab直角夹砂A 226(a)Projections with rough surfaces in an area formed by a core由砂芯形成的表面处粗糙Broken or crushed Core断芯CavitiesB 100:Cavities with generally rounded, smooth walls perceptible to th

9、e naked eye (blowholes, pinholes)裸眼看孔洞壁感觉是圆的、光滑的B 110:Class B 100 cavities internal to the casting, not extending to the surface, discernible only by special methods, machining, or fracture of the castingB100类型孔洞是在铸件壁内，未延伸至铸件表面，只能由特殊方法、设备或破碎铸件才能辨别B111(a)Internal, rounded cavities, usually smooth-wal

10、led, of varied size, isolated or grouped irregularly in all areas of the casting在铸件壁内，圆的孔洞，通常洞壁光滑，有不同的大小，有单个的也有多个的，可以在铸件的各个部位Blowholes, pinholes气孔，针孔B112(a)As above, but limited to the vicinity of metallic pieces placed in the mold (chills, inserts, chaplets, etc.)和上面一样，但只限于在金属薄片放入铸型的邻近区域（过冷物、冷铁嵌入物、

11、芯撑等）Blowholes, adjacent to inserts, chills, chaplets, etc.气孔，邻近过冷物、嵌入物、芯撑等B113(a)Like B 111, but accompanied by slag inclusions (G 122)象B111类型，但是伴有渣Slag blowholes渣气孔B120Class B 100 cavities located at or near the casting surface, largely exposed or at least connected with the exteriorB 100 类型，位于或接近铸

12、件表面，大部分暴露或与外部相连。B 121(a) Exposed cavities of various sizes, isolated or grouped, usually at or near the surface, with shiny walls裸露的各种大小的孔洞，单个的或是成片的，经常在表面附近，洞壁有点反光Surface or subsurface blowholes表面或皮下气孔B 122(a)Exposed cavities, in re-entrant angles of the casting, often extending deeply within裸露的孔洞，在

13、铸件的转角处，经常延伸到铸件的内部Corner blowholes, Draws拐角处气孔、吸气B 123(a)Fine porosity (cavities) at the casting surface, appearing over more or less extended areas铸件表面小的孔洞，或多或少的有延伸Surface pinholes表面针孔B 124(a)Small, narrow cavities in the form of cracks, appearing on the faces or along edges, generally only after ma

14、chining小的、窄象裂纹一样的孔洞，在表面或边沿，通常加工后才发现Dispersed shrinkage分散的缩孔B 200:Cavities with generally rough walls, shrinkage通常洞壁粗糙的孔洞，缩孔B 210:Open cavity of Class B 200, sometimes penetrating deeply into the castingB200型的开放型孔洞，有时候穿透到铸件的内部B 211(a) Open, funnel-shaped cavity; wall usually covered with dendrites开放式

15、漏斗状孔洞，壁面常覆有树枝晶Open or external shrinkage开放式缩孔B 212(a) Open, sharp-edged cavity in fillets of thick castings or at gate locations开放式尖锐状孔洞，在厚大铸件的圆角处或浇口位置Corner or fillet shrinkage圆角处缩孔B 213(a)Open cavity extending from a core从砂芯延伸出来的开放式孔洞Core shrinkage砂芯缩孔B 220:Class B 200 cavity located completely in

16、ternal to the casting B 200型孔洞，完全在铸件内部B 221(a) Internal, irregularly shaped cavity; wall often dendritic内部不规则，孔壁呈树枝晶状Internal or blind shrinka内部缩孔B 222(a) Internal cavity or porous area along central axis沿着中心轴线的内部孔洞或多孔区域Centerline or axial shrinkage中心轴线缩孔B300：Porous structures caused by numerous sma

17、ll cavities由大量小孔洞引起的多孔结构B311：Cavities according to B 300, scarcely perceptible to the naked eyeB 311(a) Dispersed, spongy dendritic shrinkage within walls of casting; barely perceptible to the naked eye铸件壁上有分散的、多孔的树枝晶缩孔，裸眼很难发现Macro-or micro- shrinkage, shrinkageporosity, leakers宏观或微观性缩孔，渗漏Discontinu

18、itiesC100：Discontinuities, generally at intersections, caused by mechanical effects (rupture)断裂，通常在横断面，由机加工影响产生的的断裂C110：Normal cracking普通裂纹C 111(a) Normal fracture appearance, sometimes with adjacent indentation marks一般的外观破裂，有时候邻近区域伴有压痕Breakage (cold)断裂C120：Cracking with oxidationC 121(a) Fracture s

19、urface oxidized completely around edges边缘处断裂面完全氧化Hot cracking热裂C200：Discontinuities caused by internal tension and restraints to contraction (cracks and tears)由内应力和内部收缩造成的断裂C210：Cold cracking or tearingC 211(a)Discontinuities with squared edges in areas susceptible to tensile stresses during cooling

20、; surface not oxidized冷却过程中受张应力拉应力影响形成的方形断裂，表面没氧化Cold tearing冷裂C220：Hot cracking and tearingC 221(a)Irregularly shaped discontinuities in areas susceptible to tension; oxidized fracture surface showing dendritic pattern在有应力部位的无规则形状的断裂，氧化断口表面呈树枝状Hot tearing热裂C 222(a) Rupture after complete solidifica

21、tion, either during cooling or heat treatment完全凝固后破裂或在冷却或热处理过程中破裂Quench cracking淬火裂纹C300：Discontinuities caused by lack of fusion (cold shuts); edges generally rounded, indicating poor contact between various metal streams during filling of the mold冷隔，边缘通常呈圆形，表明在充型的过程中不同金属液流之间熔合不好C310：Lack of comple

22、te fusion in the last portion of the casting to fill在充型的过程中最后部分没有完全熔合C 311(a) Complete or partial separation of casting wall, often in a vertical plane在一个垂直面上，铸件的壁完全或部分的隔开Cold shut or cold lap冷隔C320：Lack of fusion between two parts of casting两个铸件之间缺少熔合C 321(a)Separation of the casting in a horizonta

23、l plane在铸件的水平平面上有分隔Interrupted pour浇注断流C330：Lack of fusion around chaplets, internal chills, and inserts芯撑、内冷铁、冷却套周围熔合不好C 331(a) Local discontinuity in vicinity of metallic insert在金属嵌入物附近的局部间断Chaplet or insert cold shut, unfused chaplet冷却套、芯撑熔合不好C400：Discontinuities caused by metallurgical defects金相

24、缺陷造成的间断C410：Separation along grain boundaries沿晶界分离C 411(a) Separation along grain boundaries of primary crystallization一次结晶沿晶界分离Conchoidal or “rock candy” fracture贝壳或岩石状断口C 412(a) Network of cracks over entire cross section整个横截面上的网状裂纹Intergranular corrosion晶间腐蚀Defective Surface表面缺陷D0：Casting surface

25、 irregularities铸件表面不规则D110：Fold markings on the skin of the casting铸件表面褶皱D111Fold markings over rather large areas of the casting铸件大面积褶皱Surface folds, gas runs表面褶皱D112Surface shows a network of jagged folds or wrinkles (ductile iron)表面呈网状粗造褶皱（球铁）Cope defect, elephant skin, laps盖箱缺陷，折皱、皱纹D113Wavy fol

26、d markings without discontinuities; edges of folds at same level, casting surface is smooth无间断波浪褶皱，褶皱的边缘在同一水平，铸件表面光滑Seams or scars发纹或疤痕D114Casting surface markings showing direction of liquid metal flow (light alloys)铸件表面有液态金属流动痕迹（轻合金）Flow marks流痕D120：D121Depth of surface roughness is approximately

27、that of the dimensions of the sand grains表面粗糙的深度和砂粒的大小相似Rough casting Surface铸件表面粗糙D122Depth of surface roughness is greater than that of the sand grain dimensions表面粗糙的深度比砂粒的大小大得多Severe roughness, high pressure molding defect严重粗糙高压成型缺陷D130：Grooves on the casting surface铸件表面沟漕D131Grooves of various l

28、engths, often branched, with smooth bottoms and edges不同长度的沟漕，经常树枝状底部和边缘光滑Buckle沟漕铸型严重鼠尾D132Grooves up to 5.1 mm (0.2 in.) in depth, one edge forming a fold which more or less completely covers the groove可能达到5.1mm的深度，边缘形成的褶皱或多或少的覆盖了沟漕Rat tail鼠尾D133Irregularly distributed depressions of various dimens

29、ions extending over the casting surface, usually along the path of metal flow (cast steel)延伸到铸件表面、各种尺寸的非规则分布凹陷（铸钢）Flow marks, crow's feet流痕鱼尾纹D134Casting surface entirely pitted or pock-marked铸件表面整个的凹坑或麻子，麻点，痘痕Orange peel, metal mold reaction, alligator skin桔子皮、鳄鱼皮D135Grooves and roughness in th

30、e vicinity of re-entrant angles on die castings压铸件在拐角附近的沟槽和粗糙Soldering,焊 die erosion模具侵蚀D140：Depressions in the casting surface铸件表面凹陷D141Casting surface depressions in the vicinity of a hot spot热节处铸件表面凹陷Sink marks, draw or suck-in缩陷D142Small, superficial表面 cavities in the form of droplets小滴、液滴 of sh

31、allow 浅spots, generally in color一颗小的表面的孔洞，通常是苍绿色的Slag inclusions夹渣、熔渣夹杂夹渣、熔渣夹杂D200：Serious surface defects严重的表面缺陷D210：Deep indentation of the casting surface铸件表面较深的凹陷D211Deep indentation, often over large area of drag half of casting深的凹痕槽，经常占了下型半个铸件的大部分Push-up掉砂、砂眼, 掉砂、砂眼clamp-off挤箱、掉砂挤箱、掉砂D220：Adhe

32、rence of sand, more or less vitrified粘砂、或多或少玻璃化D221Sand layer strongly adhering to the casting surface砂层紧紧的粘在铸件上Burn on砂皮、粘砂化学粘砂（烧结粘砂）D222Very adherent layer of partially fused sand部分砂熔融形成粘附很紧的一层Burn in金属渗入型砂、钢包砂熔融粘砂D223Conglomeration of strongly adhering sand and metal at the hottest points of the

33、casting (re-entrant angles and cores)大块的砂和铁紧紧粘附在铸件最热的地方Metal penetration渗入机械粘砂D224Fragment of mold material embedded in casting surface铸型材料碎片掉入铸件表面Dip coat spall, scab浸涂层剥落夹砂D230Plate-like metallic projections with rough surfaces, usually parallel to casting surface片状多肉伴有粗糙表面，通常和铸件表面相平行D 231(a)Plate

34、-like metallic projections with rough surfaces parallel to casting surface; removable by burr or chisel片状多肉伴有粗糙表面，通常和铸件表面相平行；可以用凿子或锉子清除Scabs, expansion Scabs夹砂，膨胀夹砂D 232(a) As above, but impossible to eliminate except by machining or grinding和上面一样，但是不可能清除掉，除非机加工或磨削Cope spall, boil scab, erosion scab

35、严重起皮，严重夹砂，冲蚀结疤D 233(a)Flat, metallic projections on the casting where mold or core washes or dressings are used平的多肉位于铸型或砂芯受冲刷或有涂料的地方Blacking scab,涂料结疤、涂料起皮 wash涂料 scab涂料结疤、涂料起皮D240Oxides adhering after heat treatment (annealing, tempering, malleablizing) by decarburization脱碳热处理(退火、回火、可锻化退火)后氧化物粘附D24

36、1Adherence of oxide after annealing退火后氧化物粘附Oxide scale氧化皮、铁磷D242Adherence of ore after malleablizing (white heart malleable)可锻铁退火后矿物粘附可锻化退火后矿物粘附（白心可锻铸铁）Adherent packing Material包装材料、填料粘附的包裹材料D243Scaling after anneal退火后生成氧化皮Scaling生成氧化皮、铁磷生成氧化皮、铁磷Incomplete Casting铸件不完整E100：Missing portion of casting

37、 (no fracture)断口；折断；断裂铸件的一部分缺失（没有断裂）E110：Superficial variations from pattern shape从铸型形状的表面变化E111Casting is essentially complete except for more or less rounded edges and corners除了部分圆角和边角外。铸件基本完整Misrun浇不足E112Deformed edges边；边缘；棱 or contours 外型；轮廓；断面due to poor mold repair or careless application of w

38、ash coatings由于铸型修补不好或涂料应用不当，造成铸件边缘或轮廓变形Defective损坏的；故障的；有缺陷的 coating涂料 (tear-dropping) or poor mold repair或铸型修补不好涂料缺陷（流泪）E120：Serious variations误差；偏差 from pattern 模型shape铸件相对铸型严重偏差E121Casting incomplete due to premature solidification提前凝固导致铸件不完全Misrun缺铸、浇不满、缺肉浇不满、缺铸E122Casting incomplete due to insu

39、fficient metal poured由于铁水不足未浇满导致铸件不完全Poured short浇不足E123Casting incomplete due to loss of metal from mold after pouring浇注后由于铁水流失导致铸件不完全Runout漏箱、跑火漏箱；跑火E124Significan有效的t lack of material due to excessive shot-blasting喷砂清理；喷丸清理过抛导致材料严重缺失Excessive cleaning抛伤E125Casting partially melted or seriously de

40、formed during annealing退火后铸件部分熔化或严重变形Fusion熔融；熔化；熔炼 or melting熔化；熔炼；熔炼的；熔融的 during heat treatment热处理时金属熔融E200：Missing portion of casting (with fracture)铸件的一部分缺失（有断裂）E210：Fractured casting铸件断裂E211Casting broken, large piece missing; fractured surface not oxidized铸件破裂，大块缺失；断裂面没有氧化Fractured casting铸件断裂

41、E220：Piece broken from casting铸件部分破裂E221Fracture dimensions correspond to those of gates, vents, etc相当于在浇口、气孔针处折断Broken casting (at gate, riser, or vent)损伤（在内浇口、冒口、气孔针）E230：Fractured casting with oxidized fracture破裂铸件带有氧化断口E231Fracture appearance indicates exposure to oxidation while hot破裂面在高温下暴露氧化E

42、arly shakeout抖箱、落砂提前开箱Incorrect Dimensions or Shape形状或尺寸不合F100：Incorrect dimensions; correct shape尺寸不对，形状对尺寸不合格、形状符合F110：All casting dimensions incorrect铸件所有尺寸都符合F111All casting dimensions incorrect in the same proportions铸件所有尺寸都以一个相同的比例不正确Improper shrinkage Allowance收缩公差（缩水）不合适F120Certain casting d

43、imensions incorrect铸件某些尺寸不正确F121Distance too great between extended projections长向尺寸太大Hindered contraction收缩受阻F122Certain dimensions inexact特定尺寸不精确Irregular contraction收缩不对称不规则收缩F123Dimensions too great in the direction of rapping of pattern起模方向尺寸太大Excess rapping of Pattern铸型过度松模起模过量F124Dimensions to

44、o great in direction perpendicular to parting line垂直于分型线方向上尺寸过大Mold expansionduring baking烘烤时模样膨胀F125Excessive metal thickness at irregular locations on casting exterior铸件外面不规则位置金属过厚Soft or insufficient ramming, mold-wall movement铸型不紧实，型壁移动F126Thin casting walls over general area, especially on hori

45、zontal surfaces铸件整体壁厚变薄，特别是水平面上Distorted casting铸件变形F200：Casting shape incorrect overall or in certain locations铸件形状完全不对或在某一个位置上不对F210：Pattern incorrect模样不对F211Casting does not conform to the drawing shape in some or many respects; same is true of pattern铸件不符合图纸形状，模样也是Pattern error模样错误F212Casting sh

46、ape is different from drawing in a particular area; pattern is correct铸件形状在某个特别区域和图纸不同，模样是对的Pattern mounting Error模样安装、装配错误F220：Shift or Mismatch错箱或错配F221Casting appears to have been subjected to a shearling action in the plane of the parting line铸件分型线平面上受剪切力。Shift错箱F222Variation in shape of an inte

47、rnal casting cavity along the parting line of the core铸件内孔形状在砂芯分型线上变化Shifted core错芯F223Irregular projections on vertical surfaces, generally on one side only in the vicinity of the parting line铸件垂直面上不规则多肉，通常只在分型线邻近一侧Ramoff, 掉砂、错位（缺陷）ramaway落砂，掉砂，错位落砂，掉砂，错位F230：Deformations from correct shape变形F231De

48、formation with respect to drawing proportional for casting, mold, and pattern铸件、铸型、模样与图纸成比例变形Deformed pattern模样变形F232Deformation with respect to drawing proportional for casting and mold; pattern conforms to drawing铸件、模样与图纸成比例变形，铸型与图纸相符Deformed mold, mold creep蠕变, springback回弹铸型变形F233Casting deforme

49、d with respect to drawing; pattern and mold conform to drawing铸件变形，铸型、模样与图纸成比例变形Casting distortion铸件变形F234Casting deformed with respect to drawing after storage, annealing, machining铸件在存放、退火、机加工后变形与图纸不符Warped翘曲，扭曲 casting铸件弯曲Inclusions or Structural Anomalies夹杂或结构异常G100：Inclusions夹杂G110：Metallic inc

50、lusions金属夹杂G 111(a) Metallic inclusions whose appearance, chemical analysis or structural examination show to be caused by an element foreign to the alloy金属夹杂，外观，化学分析或结构检查检验显示是由外来元素进入合金引起Metallic inclusions金属夹杂G 112(a)Metallic inclusions of the same chemical composition as the base metal; generally spherical and often coated with oxi