简介英语史及课程设计85

1、a history of english languagespeaker: yangningduration: 18 weeks topic 1: overviewwintroductionnlearning the history of englishl whyl whatl howncourse planwtopic 1: language changeintroductionwlearning the history of englishn why is it necessary?n what to learn in this course?n how to learn the hist

2、ory of english?why?wenglish is a living languagewto know english is to know it as a wholewthe history of english can be a sample for the studies of the language changewhat to learn?whistorical events and their effects on the development of englishwthe change of english: form&meaningwthree stages

3、 in the development of english: old english, middle english and modern englishhow to learnwlectures attendingwparticipating discussionwreading references wdoing research course planwtopicsn简介英语史及课程设计n英语及印欧语系n古英语的特征n古英语形成的外部影响topicsn诺尔曼时期法语对英语的影响n英语的地位重建n中世纪的英语n复兴时期的英语n莎士比亚的语言topicsn语法的 “规范”n十九世纪之后的英

4、语n英语方言n美国英语n总结：英语的过去，现在与未来wformat of the final testfacts about human languageswthere are no primitive languages: all languages are equally complex and equally capable of expressing any idea in the universe. wwherever humans exist, language exists. wthe vocabulary of any language can be expanded to i

5、nclude new words for new concepts. wall languages change through time. facts about human languageswthe relationships between the sounds and meanings of spoken languages and between the gestures (signs) and meanings of sign languages are for the most part arbitrary. wall human languages utilize a fin

6、ite set of discrete sounds (or gestures) that are combined to form meaningful elements or words, which themselves form an infinite set of possible sentences. facts about human languageswall grammars contain rules for the formation of words and sentences of a similar kind. wevery spoken language incl

7、udes discrete sound segments like p, n, or a, which can be defined by a finite set of sound properties or features. every spoken language has a class of vowels and a class of consonants. facts about human languageswsimilar grammatical categories (for example, noun, verb) are found in all languages.

8、wthere are semantic universals, such as male or female, animate or human, found in every language in the world. wevery language has a way of referring to past time, negating, forming questions, issuing commands, and so on.facts about human languageswspeakers of all languages are capable of producing

9、 and comprehending an infinite set of sentences. wany normal child, born anywhere in the world, of any racial, geographical, social, or economic heritage, is capable of learning any language to which he or she is exposed. the differences we find among languages cannot be due to biological reasons. t

10、he language changewlanguage universalswfunctions of languagewhistorical eventsthe language changew vocabularyw word orderw pronunciation and phonological systemw case systemw orthographical featureschange in word order w and it put to flight and put it to flightw it after roderode after itw then giv

11、e the army him hostagesthen the army gave him hostagesw promised that their king baptism receive wouldpromised that their king would receive baptismpronunciationw niht (night) : hit (old english)w fyue(five):sleeve feeldes(fields): failed us (middle english)old englishw fder ure ue eart on heofonum

12、si in nama gehalgod tobecume in rice gewure in willa on eoran swa swa on heofonum urne gedghwamlican hlaf syle us to dg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfa urum gyltendum and ne geld u us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele solice.middle englishw oure fadir at art in heuenes halwid be i name; i

13、 reume or kyngdom come to be. be i wille don in here as it is dounin heuene. yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. and foryeue to us oure dettis at is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris at is to men at han synned in us. and lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.early moder

14、n englishw our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. thy kingdom come. thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen. giue us this day our daily bread. and forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters. and lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. amen. -(king james versio

15、n, 1611) why does language change?w borrowing(examples from english)nlatin:animal, deficit, exit, extra, item, logic, popenfrench: art, beauty, dinner, dress, jail, napkin, passionngreek: comedy, climax, dialogue, drama, episodenspanish: adobe, canyon, cigar, guerilla, plaza, vanillangerman: angst,

16、kindergarten, pretzel, sauerkraut, spielnitalian: attitude, balcony, opera, piano, tempo,umbrellanpersian: paradise, khaki, van, pyjamas, narabic: algorithem, algebra, minaret, sultanexample of englishw borrowings from french (after norman invasion).w sometimes both versions survived: french english

17、nporkswinenbeefcowwhy does language change?w simplificationnphonological system:lpersian:long features not productive frontbacki u e e: o: o q alo:, e: - u, ishe:r - shirnresult: homophones: shir: lion/milkwhy does language change?w simplificationnmorphological system lsimplification of the case sys

18、tem from the ancient ie languages to their daughter languages.nsyntactic systemlloss of ergative construction in persian: the verb agreed with the object if in past tense.attitudes to language changew fortunately, i have a spare fan belt.w frankly, you ought to stop seeing bill.w mercifully, the cea

19、sefire appears to be holding.w undoubtedly, she has something up her sleeve.w hopefully, well be there in time for lunch.function of language changew i hope well be there in time for lunch, but i suspect we wont make it.w hopefully, well be there in time for lunch, but i suspect we wont make it.w my

20、 car is being repairedw my house is being paintedw this problem is being discussed at todays meeting.w my car is repairingw my house is painting w this problem is discussing at todays meeting.history of englishw old englishnmid fifth century a.d: germanic tribes invaded england.n449-1066:lseveral di

21、alects emerged. lwest saxon became the most important one. this language is now called old english or anglo saxon the history of englishw middle english:nnorman conquest of england by william the conqueror in 1066.n1066-1500nlatinate wordsw modern english:n1500-nowngreat vowel shiftreferencesw baugh

22、 & cable (1993), a history of the english language, englewood cliffs,nj: prentice hallw 李赋宁（1991), 英语史，北京：商务印书馆reviewwpointsnwhy, what, how ncourse plannfacts about human languages nlanguage changelborrowingreviewwnotionsnlanguage faculty nlanguage universalnborrowingncasetopic 2 wlanguage famil

23、ynenglish and indo-european languagesoverviewwlanguage familieswcomparative methodwindo-european languageswgermanic languageslanguage changewaccentswdialectswlanguageslanguage familywin time, with enough migrations, a single language can evolve into an entire family of languages. wlanguages in the s

24、ame family, share many common grammatical features and many of the key wordslanguage and peoplewpeople speak languages from the same family does not mean that their biological families are closely related.language and dialectwthe difference between a language and a dialect can be political rather th

25、an linguistic.nmandarain ncantonese general datawin 2003, the total number of languages in the world was estimated to be 6,809w90% of these languages are spoken by less than 100,000 peoplegeneral dataw the cambap language (central cameroon) has 30 speakers; the leco language (bolivian andes) has abo

26、ut 20 speakers. a total of 46 languages have just a single speaker. wextinct and endangered languagesindo-european languagesw the single largest language family, indo-european has about 150 languages and about three billion speakers. languages include hindi and urdu (400 million), bengali (200 milli

27、on), spanish (300 million), portuguese (200 million), french (100 million), german (100 million), russian (300 million), and english (400 million) in europe and the americas. with english, one can reach approximately one billion people in the world. w indianw iranianw armenianw hellenicw albanianw i

28、talicw balto-slavicw germanicw celticlanguage classificationwisolating each idea expressed in a separate word or morpheme; words tend to be monosyllabic e.g, chinese; wagglutinative words made of multiple syllables; each syllable has meaning e.g., turkish. for example, ev (house), evler (houses), ev

29、lerde (in the houses), evlerden (from the houses) language classificationw incorporative major sentence elements incorporated into single word e.g., inuktitut (eskimo): qasuiirsarvigssarsingitluinarnarpuq means someone did not find a completely suitable resting place language classificationw inflect

30、ive an alteration in or addition to a form of a word to indicate such things as case, gender, number, mood, and tense; one fusional affix may mark several grammatical categories at the same time, e.g., latin & old english comparative methodwthe purposento detect historical relationships between

31、languages nto establish a consistent relationship hypothesis by reconstructing: comparative methodlthe common ancestor of the languages in questionla plausible sequence of regular changes by which the historically known languages can be derived from that common ancestorprocedurewregular corresponden

32、ces in lexiconna regular correspondence between latin d- and english t-: decem | ten duo | two duco | tow old latin dingua | tongue procedurewa really systematic correspondence can hardly be accidental. wreconstruct protoformswcompare grammatical morphemes (word-forming affixes and inflectional endi

33、ngs), patterns of declension and conjugationgrouping language familiesw“phono-semantic setswlanguages evolved according to certain rules.wby analyzing the words in the proto-indo-european language, one can to some extent examine the time and place of the proto-indo-europeans. wyellow spot have over

34、80% of transparent words worange zone share over 50% cognateswrelated wordswskywcountingwanimalorigin of ieweuropewwest asiathe importance of sanskritwin 1786, sir william jones, a supreme court judge in india, proposed that sanskrit, the language of ancient india, was similar to greek and latin,win

35、flectional systemeastern turkeyorigin of i-ewmany i-e languages have cognates for the honey bee and for a fermented honey drink (e.g. greek mli (honey) and mlissa (bee); latin mel (honey); old english milisc (honey sweet), medu (mead) and mildeaw (honey dew); sanskrit madhu (honey); dutch mede) wbee

36、s are not found in any of the asiatic sites proposed as the ie homeland. origin of i-ewcommon words for snow, winter, spring; for dog, horse, cow, sheep bear but not camel, lion, elephant, or tiger; for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm or banyan wi-e cultural: complex sense of family relations

37、hip and organization; used gold and silver but not copper and iron; words for wheel, axle, and yoke show they used animals to pull wheeled vehicles; they farmed (not nomadic) with plows and kept domestic animals; they believed in multiple gods. germanic languageswthe use of strong and weak adjective

38、s. modern english adjectives dont change except for comparative and superlative; this was not the case with old english, where adjectives were inflected differently depending on whether they were preceded by an article or demonstrative, or not. wthe sound shift known as grimms law. the grimms laww18

39、22, german, jacob grimm; wgermanic languages and sanskritwvoiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ were changed to fricatives /f/, /, /h/ntrs(latin), three(english) centum (l), hundred (e)verners laww 1875, karl verner: centum, hundredw /t/, / ? /t/d/w germanic languagesnvoiceless fricatives become voiced when

40、 the accent is not on the vowel immediately precedingw old english: cwean (to say) ic cw (singular) we cwdon (plural) cweden (past participle)features of germanic languageswfirst sound shift (commonly known as grimms law): the indo-european stops bh, dh, gh, p, b, t, d, k, and g underwent a series o

41、f shifts. wthe second sound shift (also known as the high german sound shift) affected the high but not the low germanic languages, so english was not affected. features of germanic languageswindo-european distinctions of tense and aspect (indicates whether an action or state is viewed with regard t

42、o beginning, duration, incompletion, etc.) were lost except for the present and past tenses. these two tenses are still the only ones indicated by inflection in modern english; future and perfect tenses are expressed in phrases-e.g., i will have gone, etc. features of germanic languageswgermanic lan

43、guages thus have two types of verbs, weak (regular) and strong (irregular). strong verbs indicate tense by an internal vowel change (e.g. swim, swam, swum). the weak form is the living method of inflection, and many originally strong verbs have become weak. features of germanic languageswgermanic de

44、veloped weak and strong adjectives. the weak declension was used when the modified noun was preceded by another word which indicated case, number, and gender. the strong declension was used in other situations. examples from old english: a geongan ceorlas the young fellows and geonge ceorlas young f

45、ellows. (the weak adjective ends in -an while the strong adjective ends in -e.) features of germanic languageswthe indo-european free accentual system allowed any syllable to be stressed. in germanic the accent (or stress) is mainly on the root of the word, usually the first syllable. features of ge

46、rmanic languageswseveral indo-european vowels were modified in the germanic languages. for example, indo-european /a:/ became /o:/. compare latin mater and old english modor. germanic languagesw germanic has a number of unique vocabulary items, words which have no known cognates in other indo-europe

47、an languages. among these words are modern english rain, drink, drive, broad, hold, wife, meat, fowl. notionswproto languagewcognateswsound shiftcasewin inflected languages, nouns are said to decline into different forms, or morphological cases. morphological cases are one way of indicating grammati

48、cal casecasew case marking involves attaching an affix to the root (or basic part) of a noun to indicate the role that noun plays in a sentence. w the most important, or core grammatical case markers of a language are those that mark the subject of an intransitive verb (is), the subject (or agent) o

49、f a transitive verb (ts) and the object (or patient) of a transitive verb (to).casewn v n: s v owjohn killed sally.wn n vwn n+object-marker v.whe me hit.casew languages are categorized into several case systems, based on how they group verb agents and patients into cases: nnominative-accusative: the

50、 agent of a verb is always in the nominative case. the patient, if one is specified, is in the accusative case. nergative-absolutive: the patient of a verb is always in the absolutive case. the agent, if one is specified, is in the ergative case. casew the normative case of a noun marks the subject.

51、w the accusative case of a noun is the case used to mark the direct object of a verb.w the ergative case is assigned to the subject of a transitive verbw the absolutive case marks the subject of a intransitive verb and object of transitive verb.casewder mann ist gekommen. the man arrived. the man ar

52、rivewder mann hat den knaben gesehen. the man the boy see the man saw the boy. casewgizona etorri da. the man has arrived. (absolutive) manwgizonak mutila ikusi du. the man saw the boy. (ergative) man boytopic 3wold englishnhistorical eventsnthe languages in england before englishnthe features of ol

53、d englishhistory of englandwengland and english 1500 years for english, 50,000 years or even 250,000 years for the island.inhabitants and cultures wpaleolithic (old stone) agenprimitive culturenartistic skills in the latest paleolithic stratanlanguage not survivedinhabitants and cultureswneolithic (

54、new stone) agen5000 b.cnmediterranean racenlanguage not survivednbasques (in spain)the celtswthe first people in england about whose language we have definite knowledgewbronzewthe first indo-european language to be spoken in englandwgaelic/goidelic, brythonic the roman conquestwthe invasion of juliu

55、s caesar, 55 b.cwthe conquest of the emperor claudius, a.d. 43w300 years since then romanization of the islandwhigh ways, roadswsmall cities and townswbuilding, clothing, temples, theaters, artistic productswchristianity: a.d. 314, a church council in gaulthe latin language in britainwthe official l

56、anguagewconfined to the upper classes, inhabitants in cities and towns, and artisan classwceltic language was not replacedwdeclined after a.d. 410the germanic conquestwthe invasion of britain by germanic tribes.nthe year 449nmigrated from denmark and the low countriesnjutes, saxons and angles (bede,

57、 731)jutes, saxon and angleswpicts and scots in the northwjutes: northeastern and later southeast, in kentwsaxons, 477, south coast, in sussex; 495, to the west, in wessexwangles, 547, east coast, a kingdomanglo-saxon civilizationwcivilization under the roman influence has been destroyed.w7th centur

58、y, northumbriaw9th century, wessexthe names england and englishwsaxones, saxonia-angli, angliawanglesenglew1000, englaland(land of the angles)the origin of englishwangles, saxons, juteswthe low west germanic branch of the indo-european familycommon features shared with the germanic languageswsound s

59、hiftwweak and strong declension of the adjectiveswweak and strong verbswstress on the first or the root syllable of most words. backthe periods in the history of englishw450-1150, old english period of full inflectionsw1150-1500, middle english period of leveled inflectionsw1500-, modern english per

60、iod of lost inflectionsthe dialects of old englishwnorthumbrian, merciannanglianwwest saxonnwest saxonwkentishnjutesfeatures of old englishwvocabularynpurely germanicnrarity of latin and absence of frenchwgrammarnsynthetic language: old englishnanalytic language: modern englishfeatures of old englishwalphabets