教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点(45)

1、教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点 (4.5) ( Teacherqualification examination, middle school education, knowledgeand competence, chapter 4.5 )Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 4.5Fifth learning strategiesI. overview of learning strategies(1) the implication

2、s of learning strategiesLearning strategies refer to learners in order to improve the learning efficiency and learning quality, a complex scheme about learning process, to consciously develop. It includes learners in the effective learning procedures, rules, methods, techniques and methods of contro

3、l, can be a regular system of implicit, can also be operating procedures and step outside.Amongt hem, the learning process for information processing and learning strategies are called cognitive learning strategies;to control the learning process, guarantee of effective information processing learni

4、ng strategy called monitoring learning strategies.(two) characteristics of learning strategies1., operation and monitoring of organic unityLearning strategy is reflected in the various stages of the cognitive process of the students, it can provide a variety of methods and skills for effective monit

5、oring of embodied cognition. Cognitive operation, implicit, from previous learning experiences to the learning strategies applicable in different learning situations are not the same, so learners need to be monitored and adjust it in the whole learning process. Operation and monitoring is the basic

6、characteristics of learning strategies.2., explicit and implicit organic unityFrom the cognitive process of learning activities and learning the observability, explicit in we can directly observe students' external learning operation, implicit learning strategies in the regulation of learning is

7、 through intention internal language in mind. From the consciousness of the learning process, only when the learning activities invalid or error can be realized clearly, and in some cases is not aware of.3., the organic unity of initiative and migrationTo some extent, learning strategies on learners

8、' learning activities can grasp, is a kind of self adjustment and monitoring of learning activities, the control way of learning strategies including the use of direct intervention of cognitive style and to monitor and adjust the process of learning. Learning strategies migration refers to the l

9、earning situation for learning from the strategy can effectively migrate to a similar or different learning contexts.(three) classification of learning strategies 1. according to the role of learning strategies, the learning strategies is divided into danseri economic strategy system and auxiliary s

10、ystem strategyThe main strategy of the system is the direct operation of a variety of materials such as learning strategies, selection of information, storage, encoding, retrieval, application strategy; auxiliary system mainly refers to the strategy to help learners maintain and adjust the good lear

11、ning and cognitive atmosphere, including time allocation, attention regulation, self regulation and auxiliary strategy strategy.The system is the main strategy background is to ensure the smooth implementation of the system, play the role of the main strategy system is very important for.2. componen

12、ts covered under the learning strategy, Makic et al to learning strategies into cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, resource managements trategies cognitive strategies are the methods and techniques of processing information, help effectively from memory extracting information. Metacogni

13、tive strategies of learnersSupervision of their cognitive processes and regulation, including their cognitive process of understanding, experience and control, is an important event to keep learners with high efficiency and quality of learning. Resource managements kills and Strategies of learning a

14、ll kinds of managers themselves and environment resources, can help learners to consciously take the initiative to adapt to the environment the characteristics of itself and the environment make full use of all available resources, help to improve learning efficiency. Weinstein also covers from the

15、perspective of the composition of learning strategies: cognitive strategies of information processing, auxiliary strategy, active learning strategies and metacognitive strategies.(four) grasp the significance of learning strategies1. mastery of learning strategy is the inevitable requirement of lear

16、ning to learn.2. learning strategy is to master the requirements of subjective learning,.3. learning strategy can effectively improve the quality of learningTwo, cognitive strategiesCognitive strategy is the learners in cognitive processing strategies, methods and techniques is the processing of inf

17、ormation. These strategies can make the information more effective storage, maintenance and retrieval. Cognitive strategies can generally be divided into repetition strategy, fine processing strategy and organization strategy.(I) rehearsal strategyIn order to keep the information retelling strategy

18、and the use of internal language in the brain to reproduce the learning materials or stimulation, so that the method to maintain the attention in learning materials. Such as to find a new telephone number, remember that it will use retelling strategy.1. use of unintentional memory and intentional me

19、mory The unconscious mind is not a destination, do not need to memorize. The unconscious mind is a purposeful and conscious memory, is the main form of our learning and memorizing.2. eliminate mutual interferenceAn important factor affecting learning and memoryi s forgotten and interference in the s

20、tudy, we will often use similar materials often recorded mixed, errors occur when extracting. In psychology, the interference of first learning materials of learning materials, called proactive inhibition; after inhibition of learning materials to learn the influence of the material is called after

21、the photo. This requires the learners in learning to the best of knowledge to analyze and compare the similar material to distinguish; on the other hand, we must pay attention to not to interfere with each other materials in the study together, to avoid their confusion.3. of the total memory and mem

22、orizing sectionThe internal connection of material or short, can be used for memorizing. The overall length is longer, or more difficult, the lack of internal contact materials can be segmented memory.More than 4. senses participate togetherIn the memory, to learn to use a variety of sensory channel

23、s, for example, eyes, ears, mouth read, write to the same memory. If the content of the study can use all kinds of sensory channels fully, not only conducive to the exclusion of outside interference, can also be a short-term memory in order toprovide more abundant information and clues. To promote t

24、he transformation of long term memory.5. draw lines to help memoryLine drawing is a retelling strategy often used in the reading process, because the painting line can make students will be linked to the existing structure. In addition, the teacher should also teach students some juandian notation,

25、with line drawing used together. For example, the circle does not know the word and sentence; indicate the definition; list the reasons and the event number; in the important paragraph before the tag may mark the exam; draw the arrow indicates the relationship. Draw a line is a kind of information s

26、election strategy, is also a rehearsal strategy.6., review the form of diversificationIt is better to understand and memorize than to repeat what you have learned, such as using what you have learned, using experiments to prove, writing reports, discussing with people, and explaining to others(two)

27、fine machining strategyFine processing strategy is a kind of deep processing strategy knowledge linked to add new information of new learning materials and mind. Wea re learning the knowledge, through the fine processing of construction, add and sublimation of it, not only can deepen the understandi

28、ng of knowledge, but also can provide more clues to strengthen the old and new the connection between knowledge and formation of knowledge networks. Fine processing strategies used are as follows.1. mnemonicsMnemonics can make use of visual representation, speech, semantics and so on between the old

29、 and new materials. (1) positional memoryPosition memorym ethod is for the learners to create a familiar scene in the mind, a clear line in this scene, determine a series of specific points on the route, then will the contents of all the visual memory, and each point of order and route linking is no

30、t only familiar. The scene, but also can lead to specific objects, the humanb ody, such as the room can adopt the position memory method.(2) first word couplet morphology;This is the method of using the first word of each word to form an abbreviated word for memory. (3) homophonic AssociationThis me

31、thod is carried out by associating homophonic clues. Homophonic method can improve the efficiency of memory, the key is that it is "a pun sound", the need for effective conversion between homophonic and learning materials. But the homophonic method is not suitable for strong logical relati

32、onship material.(4) visualizationThe visualization method is a memory method of converting meaningless material into image material by means of metaphor and association. (5) searching for the inner relation between informationGo to the mechanical memorizing material only from the surface contact, th

33、e effect is very poor, need to find out the relationship between more learning materials, deep processing of materials, in order to enhance the memory effect.2. make full use of background knowledgeBackground knowledge plays an important role in the fine machining process. Because the original knowl

34、edge stored in long term memory in learning is a new important internal conditions. In fact, the background knowledge enables us to predict how much students can learn more than general learning ability.3. take notesNote taking is a fine processing strategy widely used. Notes has several benefits fo

35、r learning: one is to take notes can help students to stay focused and concentrate on the teacher; two is to take notes to help students remember; three is to take notes for future study and review the examination provided convenient; four is to remember notes can provides a framework for knowledge,

36、 promotion of new knowledge of fine processing and integration. Note there are two main steps: the first step is to write down the information in the lecture; the second step is to make a note of the meaningful information to you.4. ask yourself questionsSelf questioning is a method for learners to

37、think and recall by asking questions themselves. Self questioning can help learners clear the purpose of learning, identify important parts of the material and seek the right answers5. generative learningGenerative learning is to train students to produce a representation of analogy or what they rea

38、d, such as graphics, images, tables and diagrams, to strengthen its deep understanding, this method can overcome the simple recording and memory information, and actively participate in the thinking process. The specific methods include: drawing a line, abstract with the Title, making notes; writing

39、 summaries.(three) organizational strategyThe organization strategy based on internal relationship between knowledge and experience, learning materials systematically and orderly classification, analysis and summarization, the structure of the organization. The application strategy can conduct in-de

40、pth processing of learning materials, and promote the understanding and memory of learning contents. Compared with the fine processing strategy and organization strategy to focus more on the on the inner link of the construction of learning materials, more suitable for those who need to understand a

41、nd grasp the deep thinking and significance of learning materials.1. outlineThe outline is brief words to write down the major and minor point of view, it is the point of Pyramid in the form of organizing materials, concrete details are included in the high level category. The outline is to grasp th

42、e learning materials Medica, points and internal relationship. Through the outline, can be the core idea and the relevant details in the form of a concise and brief outline displays. There are two forms, one is the key points and structure brief statement to express the contents of learning; the oth

43、er is in the form of a graph to visually represent internal relations of the learning materials.2. use graphicsGraphics are used to illustrate how various kinds of knowledge are communicated. The main idea is to refine the main knowledge points, then identify the relationships between these knowledg

44、e points, and then use appropriate explanations to indicate the links between these knowledge points(1) system structure diagram;Classification of learning materials, the main information into different levels or parts, and then form a system structure diagram (2) flow chart A flow chart can be used

45、 to represent the order of steps, events, and stages, usually in the order of time or event. (3) a schema or model diagramSchema diagrams illustrate how each element in a process is related to each other. (4) network diagramsA network diagram, also known as a concept map, can represent a variety of

46、relationships between things or events, and use diagrams to illustrate how things or events relate to each other3. use the form(1) the list provides a comprehensive and comprehensive analysis of the material, extracts the main information, and lists the information from an angle to reflect the mater

47、ialOriginal appearance.(2) bidirectional graphThe two-way diagram is the main information from the two dimensions of the vertical and horizontal4. generalizations and generalizationsGeneralizing is one of the most commonly used strategies in organizational learning, learning can be used to simplify

48、the classificationof complex memorym aterial. It includes generalprinciples: omitting minor, omit important materials; delete redundant, not repeat to have been involved in the content; the concept of the concept of the choice to replace; Italy, find out the topic sentence; readme Italy, active cons

49、truction of theme or central idea.Three, metacognitive strategiesMetacognition is the cognition of their cognitive activities, its essence is to adjust the current cognition. Meta cognition is a cognitive activity on their own knowledge system, is also a kind of conscious and unconscious of their co

50、gnitive activities. Metacognitive regulation process mainly through the monitoring and control of the two mechanisms of cognitive regulation the process is a process of information. To monitor progress, about their cognitive activities for a person to get the effect. Control refers to one's own

51、cognitive activities, making the plan, regulation, ensure the cognitive activity in the right direction and destination.Metacognition includes three aspects: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience and metacognitive skills.Metacognitive knowledge including cognitive self-concept, cognitive

52、 content and difficulty of the system of knowledge, familiar with the knowledge about cognitive strategy; metacognitive experience including cognitive content difficulty and familiarity, may complete degree of expectations and experience to complete the assessment of themselves; metacognitive skills

53、 refers to the strategies and methods used to monitor their own individual cognitive activities. Generally speaking, the structure of human thinking include the target system, material system, operating system, product system and monitoring system. The monitoring system is in a dominant position, an

54、d plays a coordinating role on several other systems, its main function orientation, control, inspection, adjustment.(1) planning strategyMetacognitive plan is based on the specific goals of cognitive activities, planning activities, expected results and strategies, to come up with a solution to the

55、 problem and expects its effectiveness in a planned activity. Strategies include the set learning objectives, reading materials, produce question and analyze how to complete the task of learning.(two) monitoring strategyThe monitoring strategy refers to the cognitive process, according to the timely

56、 detection of cognitive process cognitive goals, find the difference between the two, and the learning process of timely adjustment, in order to successfully complete the effective learning strategies. The monitoring strategy including reading of attention to monitor their speed and time tracking, s

57、elf questioning and examination of materials when these strategies help learners become aware of possible problems in attention and understanding, in order to find out and modify. Monitoring strategies including monitoring and understanding pay attention.1. understanding monitoringPerceived monitori

58、ng refers to the process of reading in the process of reading as a monitoring object, and constantly actively monitor and adjust it2. pay attention toIn the process of information processing, the information can only get attention to our working memory, further processing, to obtain better learning

59、effects, and no attention information will appear natural decline and active suppression. Therefore, in order to improve the learning effect, must concentrate.(three) adjustment strategyAdjustment strategy refers to the learning process based on cognitive activity monitoring results, find out the cognitive bias, timely adjustment of strategies or amendmentt argets; in the learning activities at the end of cognitive evaluation results, take