【文档】考研阅读高分十二大策略

1、考研阅读爲分十二人策略一、应试总则翻开考研英语试卷的阅读部分，考生首先应当掌握的最基本的应试总则可以概括为12个字：文章思 路、圈点到位、重叠原文。事实上这12个字已经槪括了阅读解题的全部过程。第一步“文章思路”是指考生首先应对文章总体的思路和结构有一个人概的了解，先不要急于去读题 目，而是应当将文章从头到尾看-遍，弄清楚文章的中心意思，这一遍阅读的目的并不是要立即找到 答题所需要的信息点。在阅读的时候还要有主次之分，文章的第一段是文章的灵魂和核心，也应当是笫一遍阅读的重点所在。 考生要尽量将第一段的每一句话都理解透彻，因为拿握了第一段，就已经基木了解拿握了整篇文章的 内容，至于其他的段落可以

2、加快速度，看得懂就看，看不懂就新时跳过去，在不懂的地方做出记号， 留待以后解决。读完文章并理淸思路后就可以接着阅读试题，命题专家在设计考卷时，题目排列的次 序与文章的布局基本是相吻合的，也就是说题目所需要的信息点在文章中应当是按顺序出现的，这一 点对于基础差的考生相当重要，因为考生完全可以根据毎篇文章题目的题干來推测文章大致的内容和 思路。有些考生在把握文章思路时常常会陷入困境，他们虽然也从头到尾把文章读了一遍，但还是搞不淸文 章到底在讲什么。如何扫清阅读理解中出现的盲点?笔者建议考生在第一遍阅读时注意以下几点：1. 文章中有些信息可以忽略，例如有关职务、头衔、社会地位等补充性说明；2. 第一

3、遍阅读时，可轩时不管句中破折号后所提供的旁支信息；3复杂的难句看清主、谓、宾即可，其他辅助信息除非与解题冇关，否则亦可暂时不管；4. 上下文中平行对称的地方经常内容相同，所以这些互相对照的内容也可帮助考生消除盲点；5. 做题时应注意：因为命题时要求选项部分的语言难度耍低于文章语言的难度，所以读懂选项的语言 常会帮助考生正确理解文章的内容。第二步“圈点到位”，是就审题而言，实质上就是要求考生审题到位，弄淸楚题目针对文章的什么内容 提问。考生在读完题目后通常会返回到文章里去寻找答案，这时乂会出现另一种情况，有些考生文章 都看懂了，对就是找不到答案在哪里。出现这种情况的根木原因是考工没冇审淸题意，没

4、冇弄淸楚题 目要求考生在文章中寻找什么信息，因为绝大部分题目是钊对文章的具体内容提问。所以只要考生审 题到位，返回原文搜索答案时，即可圈点出相应的内容，从而缩小寻找范i札大大提高止确率。2000 年考研试题的20道阅读题中只有4道题h（3道主旨题，1道判断题）无法依据题干语言在原文中圈 点，其他的16道题目均可根据题干命题语言在文屮圈点出相应的内容，答案基本就在所圈语句的附 近。所以只要能在掌握文章思路的基础上做到“圈点到位”，基木上所冇的阅读题目都可以迎刃而解， 特别是具体的细节题，可以说是手到擒来。第三步“重叠原文"，即完成题日z后检查所找到的答案是否正确。设汁阅读题时，选项通常

5、是这样四 种情况，假设选项内容是一个圆，文章内容也是一个圆，第一种情况是两者相距甚远，根木没有相交 的地方，内容完全不一样,这种选项很容易就被排除掉；第二种情况是这两个圆相切，即只有很小一 部分互相联系，但会有一部分考生选这个选项，因为选项的内容文中有所提及，有一定的迷惑性；第 三利悄况是这两个圆相交，冇大部分内容重叠，考生往往会选择这种选项。较z前者，这种情况的迷 惑性更大，也是最危险的干扰项；但只有符合第四种情况，即两个圆完全重介、内容完全相符的选项 才是正确答案。因此在检查时,考生要做的就是把所选的选项与文章中相应的内容做比较，看其是否 能与原文匝脅。在判断选项是否能重腔原文时，考生常常

6、也会感到迷惑，无法判断选项是否与原文内容完全重盜，这 是因为命题专家在设计考题时会使用一些语言來迷惑考生，从而测试考生的英语水平和阅读能力。一 般说来，事实上命题专家瑕常用的冇四种方式：“语言简化”、“反话正说''、“正话反说”和“关键词替换”。“语言简化”是命题专家命题使用语言时所必须遵守的总则。在设置选项时，四个选项的长度及句法不 应冇太人差异，而选项所使用的语言难度必须低丁文章本身的难度。这一点对考生人冇帮助，因为考 生可以利用选项來理解文章。这一原则几乎在所冇的阅读试题屮都冇所体现，故此笔者在这里就不再 列举。“反话正说”的命题方式是指选项用肯定的方式來表述文中用否定方

7、式所表述的内容。仅在2000年的 考研试卷中，就有四道题目采用了这种命题方式。例“few americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of t he business cycle： the author seems to believe the revival of the u.s economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ajturning of the business cycle fbrestructu

8、ring of industrycimprovcd business management|dsucccss in cducation2000 年 54 题a正确答案第三种常用的命题方式“正话反说”,是指文小用肯定方式表述，而选项用否定方式表述，两者意义相吻介。这一命题方式在近年的试卷中也可找到例证。例how many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? newtondid because he was not trying to predict anything he

9、was just wondering. his mind was ready forthe unpredictable unpedic(abili(y is part of the essential nature of research if you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and d ried reports for the technical journals, but history is f

10、illed with examples of it.the author asserts that scientistsa shouldnt replace6*scientific methodmwith imaginative thoughtibjshouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsclshould write more concise reports for technical journals fdlshould be confident about their research findings1999 年第 68

11、题b正确答案“关键词替换''是出现最频繁的命题方式，儿乎每年都有一些用这种方式设置的题h o例this speeding up of life, says the futurist, receives a new form of expression.futurists claim that wc musta increase the production of literatureb use poetry to relieve modern stresscjdevelop new modes of expressionidjavoid using adjectives and

12、 verbs2000 年 61 题c正确答案命题专家常常采用“语言简化”、'反话正说”、“正话反说”、“关键词替换”这四种方式设置考题，对考 生进行干扰。考生在了解这些方式后，就可以反其道而行z,利用这四种命题方式來检査所选选项是 否与原文重叠。二、主题原则主旨题型乂叫主题原则，主要针对文章主题设问，考查考生对通篇文章的理解和把握，但是要特别注 意和下面这种题型区分开来。笔者建议考生在做主题题型时遵循这样的原则：因为此类题干扰性最人，难度也瑕大，考生须读完全文才能准确把握文章主题。所以考生拿到这种题时，不要急于去找答案，不论其出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题來做，因 为在做另外三道题

13、时，无疑有助丁-加深对整个文章的理解。而且，事实上，首先做主旨题，考生往往 还会冋过头来核查答案，这样耗时间，做题效率低。主题题型分为以下两种。i.明确的主题题型此类题型位置较为固定，i般是第-个问题或最后一个问题，要求考生为文章选择合适的标题或是总 结文章的中心思想。此类题熨相对难度较小。例if you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify sha red experiences and problems, your humor must be relevant

14、to the audience and should help to sho w them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with t heir point of view. depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different if you arc talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganiz

15、ed methods of their secretaries； alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bo sses.here is an example, which i heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors a man arrives in heav

16、en and is being shown aro und by st. peter, he sees wonderful accommodations> beautiful gardens» sunny weather, and so on. everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until waiting in a line for lunch, the new ar rival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the h

17、ead of the line, gr abs his food and stomps over to a table by himselffwho is that? "ihe new arrival asked st. peter."oh, thats godcame the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.if you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the exp eriences

18、 and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties with ot her audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disp araging remarks

19、 about their canteen or their chairman. you will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoat like the post office or the telephone system.讦 you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural, in elude afew casual and apparently off_the_cuff remarks which you can deli

20、ver in a relaxed and unforced manner, often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you arc making a lighthearted remark.look for the humor, it often comes from the unexpected. a twist on a f

21、amiliar quoteif at first you dont succeed, give upor a play on words or on a situation. search for exaggeration and understat ements look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inj ect with humor.the best title for the text may be ause humor effectivelyblvari

22、ous kinds of humorejadd humor to speechdjdifferent humor strategies2002 年 45 题a正确答案2.隐蔽的主题题型这类题熨在设问时较为隐蔽，不像明确的主题题型会直接问“文章的主题是什么”，而且位置也很随意， 不会周定在第道或最后一道。下列例题即为隐蔽的主题题型经常出现的形式，考生应熟悉此类题型 的语言形式，以利于审题时准确判断题熨。例when it comes to the slowing economy, cllcn spero isnt biting her nails just yet. but the 47_ycar

23、_ old manicurist isnt cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either, most of her clients spend $12 (o $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showin g up. spcro blames the softening economy.4iim a good economic indicator, "she says, "i provid

24、e a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars."so spero is d ownscaling, shopping at middle_brow dillards department store near her suburban cleveland home, instead of neiman marcus/4i dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.she says.even

25、 before alan grccnspans admission that amcricas rcd_hot economy is cooling, lots of working f oiks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves, from car dealerships to gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending for retailers, who last year took i n 24 per

26、cent of their revenue between thanksgiving and christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time alreadyt experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace but dont sound any alarms just yet. consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panickcd, and many say they remain opti

27、mistic about the economys long_term prospects even as they do some modest b elt_tightening.consumers say lheyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes st ill feel pretty good home prices are holding steady in most regions, in manhattan, utheres a new g old rush ha

28、ppening in the s4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by wall street bonus cs, "says broker barbara corcoran. in san francisco, prices arc still rising even as frenzied overbid ding quiets."instead of 20 to 3() offers, now maybe you only get two or three» says john tealdit

29、a bay area real_estate broker, and most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a jobmany folks see silver linings to this slowdown. potential home buyers would cheer for lower interes t rates, employers wouldnt mind a litter fewer bubbles in the job market many cons

30、umers seem to have been influenced by stock_market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom diners might see an upside, loo. getting a table at manhattans hot new alain ducasses restaurant used to be impossible not anymore. for that,greenspan&co. may still b

31、e worthtoasting.to which of the following is the author likely to agree?aa new boom, on the horizon.bjtighten the belt, the single remedy.c caution all right, panic not.idjthe more ventures, the more chance.2004 年 55 题c正确答案三、态度原则命题专家命题时，为了验证考生到底有没有读it文章，会就榕个文章或某个语言区域相对较为主观的 态度设问。作者态度题冇两种题型：1.文章作者态度题

32、这种题目对考生而言难度较人,迷惑性也较强，因为命题专家是针对幣篇文章设问，考生很难找到具 体对应的语言点，所以要把握整篇文草。例如作者在谈一件爭时是用反讽的口气，还是赞成的语气，此类题所给的答案选项一般是四个形容词, 考生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所农达的意思，然后返回文章去寻找感觉。特别提醒考生要牢 记所遇到的构成作者态度题选项的每一个形容词。做文章作者态度题时，千万不要把考生h己的态度揉进文章中，同时耍注意区分作者本人的态度与作 者引用的观点态度。文章作者态度是作者说话的口气（tone）,不是考某一个语言点，而是文章中数 个语言点串起来的一根线给读者的整体感觉。例could the b

33、ad old days of economic decline be about to return ? since opec agreed to supply_cuts in march, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel» up from less than $10 last dcccnibcr. this ncar_tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when pri ces quadrupled

34、, and 19791980, when they also almost tripled, both previous shocks resulted in double_digit inflation and global economic decline, so where are the headlines warning of gloom an d doom this time?the oil price was given another push up this week when iraq suspended oil exports strengthening e conomi

35、c growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.yet there arc good reasons to expect the economic conscqucnccs now to be less severe than in the 1970s. in most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of

36、the price of pet rol than it did in the 1970s. in europe, taxes account for up to four_fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were > and so less se

37、nsitive to swings in t he oil price energy conservationa shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy_intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. software, consultancy and mobile teleph ones use far less oil than steel or car production. for each dollar of gdp (in con

38、stant prices) rich economics now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973 the occd estimates in its latest economic outl ook that, if oil prices average $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this w ould increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%0.5% of gdp that is le

39、ss than on e_quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 198() on the other hand, oimmporting emerging economi esto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energyjntensive, and so could be mo re seriously squeezedone more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the ri

40、ses in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backbone of general commodity_price inflation and global excess de mand a sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline(he economists c ommodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. in 1973 commodity prices ju

41、mped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.from the text wc can see that the writer seems ajoptimisticbsensitiveclgloomyd sciired2002 年 55 题a正确答案2.局部作者态度题此类题目考査考生对局部细节所体现出的作者态度的理解，因此做此类题时，考生不能再像前一种态 度题-样去找“感觉”，而应当回到文章局部上，落到实处。例in the last half of the nineteenth century, ucapitalnandulabourmwere enlargin

42、g and perfecting their riv al organisations on modern lines many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company wit h a bureaucracy of salaried managers the change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency

43、that so commonly sp oiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders itwas moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state _owncd busincss the railway companies> though still private business managed f

44、or the benefit of s hareholders, were very unlike old family business! at the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayersthe growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. sue h large,

45、 impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importa nee of shareholders as a class> an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detache d from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the rcsponsibl e mana

46、gement of business all through the nineteenth century, america, africa, india, australia and parts of europe were being developed by british capital and british shareholders were thus enr iched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation, towns like bournemouth and eastboume spr ang up to house

47、 largecomfortableclasses who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relat ion to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shar eholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management, on the other hand44shareholdingmeant le isure and freedom wh

48、ich was used by many of the later victorians for the highest purpose of a gre at civilisation.thcusharcholdcrsas such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employ ed by the company in which they held shares, and their influence on the relations of capital and 1 abour was no

49、t good(he paid manager acting for (he company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workme n which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. indeed the

50、 mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rende red such personal relations impossible, fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisatio n of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who em

51、ployed them. the cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.the author is most critical of a family firm ownersbllandownerscjmanagersdjshareholdersl 1996 年 62 题d正确答案在谈到family firm owners ibj',作者只是

52、说："通过雇用一大批专业人员，这一变化适应了新时代的技 术要求，防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降通帘是家族公司在耕力充沛的创立者之后的第二三代破产 的原因。"这是很务观的表述.在谈landowners时说：似寸资木与企业的如此大规模的非个人运作大 人增加了作为一个阶层的持股人的数量及地位的巫要性。 国民生活屮这一现象的出现代农了不山个人负责的财富与土地及土地所冇者的义务的分离，这也在同 样程度上意味着(不山个人负责的财富)与经营管理责任的分离。“也是很客观的表述，没有表明自 己的态度。c选项在原文中有两处提及，但都是指带薪经理，对经理并没有进行任何批评性评论，因 而也不符合题

53、意。只有 d 选项对应原文中he”shareholders“as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his inf lucncc on the relations of capital and labour was not good."像这样的，持股人,对所持股票公司雇用 的工人的生活，思想和需求一无所知，他对资木与劳工关系没有什么好的彩响显然，作者对这种” 持股人“持批判的态

54、度，所以d是正确答案。实际±, 1996年第62题命题也可以直接以下面的形式出 现：the authors attitude towards shareholders is.a biasedbpositivecsympatheticdcritical四、首段原则首段原则应用于根据肯段内容所设置的题目，它包括两种形式：首句原则和末句原则。1.首句原则回顾近儿年的考研阅读题，细心的考生会发现历年考研试卷中都冇题目针对首段第一句话设问，为什 么会出现这利嵋况？原因很简单，考研阅读所选的文章均是议论文和说明文，此类文章的文体要求在 首段提出观点、突出中心，因此第一段就好像全篇文章的一个总纲，

55、确定了文章的主要内容，而第一 句话常常是一个h然段的主题句，首段首句h然就成为常考且必考的一个考点。例it is said that in england death is pressing, in canada inevitable and in california optional, small w onder. americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century, failing hips can be repla ced, clinical depression controlled, cataract

56、s removed in a 3()_minute surgical procedure, such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when i entered medicine 5 0 years ago. but not even a great health_care system can cure deathand our failure to confront th at reality now threatens this greatness of ours.w

57、hat is implied in the first sentence?ajamericans are better prepared for death than other peopleibjamericans enjoy a higher life quality than ever beforefclamericans are overconfident of their medical technology.fdlamericans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.2003 年 56 题c正确答案2.末句原则冇时一个h

58、然段的主题句也会出现在段末，因此考点也相应转向末句。例technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug m any people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal che mical taken by drug addicts(hey dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs this is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and p sychologists the phrascusubstancc abuscmis often used instead o广drug abuse% make clear that subst anccs such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as he