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1、unit 3 mutiple acesstext a multiple access v 原文:原文:multiple access is a technique with which multiple terminals share the bandwidth of the transmission medium. multiple access techniques are of paramount importance in radio systems where the channel bandwidth is very limited. in multiple access, mul
2、tiple terminals or users share the bandwidth of the transmission medium. v 译文:多址接入技术是多个通信终端共享通信媒介频段的译文:多址接入技术是多个通信终端共享通信媒介频段的技术。多址技术对于频段非常有限的无线通信系统而言是技术。多址技术对于频段非常有限的无线通信系统而言是极其重要的。在多址接入技术中,多个通信终端或多个用极其重要的。在多址接入技术中,多个通信终端或多个用户共享传输媒介频段户共享传输媒介频段unit 3unit 3v原文原文:multiple access attains much importance
3、 in radio communications because the radio spectrum is a precious natural resource, and to make best use of the radio bandwidth is impotrant. we will discuss the various multiple access techniques with illustrative examples. v译文译文:在无线通信系统中,由于无线频谱是非常宝贵的自在无线通信系统中,由于无线频谱是非常宝贵的自然资源,多址技术对于获得无线频谱的最好利用是至关重
4、然资源,多址技术对于获得无线频谱的最好利用是至关重要的。我们将通过例子来讨论各种多址技术要的。我们将通过例子来讨论各种多址技术 。unit 3v 原文:原文:fdmav in radio communication system, a certain frequency band is allocated for specific use. this band is divided into smaller bands, and this pool of bands is available for all the terminals to share. depending on the ne
5、ed, the base station allocates a frequency for the terminal to transmit.v 译文:频分多址(译文:频分多址(fdma)v 在无线通信系统中,不同的频谱分配给特定的用户使用。在无线通信系统中,不同的频谱分配给特定的用户使用。这些频段被划分为更小的频段,供所有的终端共享。这些频段被划分为更小的频段,供所有的终端共享。unit 3v 原文:原文:this is known as frequency division multiple access (fdma). in fdma systems, there is central
6、 station that allocates the band (or frequency) to different terminals, based on their needs.v译文:基站根据需要给不同终端支配不同的频段译文:基站根据需要给不同终端支配不同的频段以传输信号,这就是频分多址以传输信号,这就是频分多址 。在频分多址系统。在频分多址系统中有一个中心站,它根据终端的需求来分配频段。中有一个中心站,它根据终端的需求来分配频段。unit 3v原文:原文:consider the example of mobile communication system. the system
7、consists of number of base stations. a base station has a pool of frequencies.v译文:考虑以移动通信系统为例译文:考虑以移动通信系统为例.该系统由许多基该系统由许多基站组成。一个基站拥有很多不同的频段。站组成。一个基站拥有很多不同的频段。unit 3v 原文:原文:all frequencies are available for sharing by the mobile terminals located around the base station the frequency will be allocate
8、d based on need. mobile terminal a will be allocated the frequency f1, and then mobile terminal b will be allocated the frequency f2.v译文:所有频段都可以被该基站周围的移动终端译文:所有频段都可以被该基站周围的移动终端共享,这种频段指配方式是共享,这种频段指配方式是 按需的。移动终端按需的。移动终端a得到频率得到频率f1,移动终端移动终端b得到频率得到频率f2。unit 3v原文:原文:to ensure that there is no overlap in
9、transmission by different terminals using adjacent frequencies, a guard band is provided. a small separation between adjacent bands is called the guard band.v译文:为了确保使用相邻频率的不同终端不出现译文:为了确保使用相邻频率的不同终端不出现频率交迭,必须设置保护频段。将相邻频段彼此频率交迭,必须设置保护频段。将相邻频段彼此分开的小频段称为保护频段。分开的小频段称为保护频段。unit 3v 原文:原文:sdmav because radi
10、o spectrum is a natural resource, we have to make best use of it. when a set of frequencies is reused in another location, it is called space division multiple access (sdma).v 译文:空分多址(译文:空分多址(sdma)v 因为无线频谱是一种自然资源,我们要最好的利用。当一因为无线频谱是一种自然资源,我们要最好的利用。当一组频率在别的位置重复使用,就称为空分多址组频率在别的位置重复使用,就称为空分多址unit 3v 原文:
11、原文:again, consider a mobile communication system. a base station will be allocated a few frequencies. the same set of frequencies can be allocated to another region, provided there is sufficient distance between the two regions.v译文:再次考虑移动通信系统。一个基站会被分译文:再次考虑移动通信系统。一个基站会被分配一些频率。同样的这些频率可分配给其他地区,配一些频率。同
12、样的这些频率可分配给其他地区,只要两个区域之间距离足够长。只要两个区域之间距离足够长。unit 3v 原文原文:in sdma, a service area is divided into small regions called cells and each cell is allocated certain frequencies. two cells can make use of the same set of frequencies, provided these two cells are separated by a distance called reuse distance
13、. sdma is used in mobile communication systems.v 译文:在空分多址中,服务区别划分为几个小的地区称为译文:在空分多址中,服务区别划分为几个小的地区称为小区并且每个小区都分配给一些固定的频率。两个小区可小区并且每个小区都分配给一些固定的频率。两个小区可使用同一组频率,两个小区之间的距离称为复用距离。空使用同一组频率,两个小区之间的距离称为复用距离。空分多址在移动通信系统中使用。分多址在移动通信系统中使用。unit 3v 原文:原文:in time division multiple access (tdma), one frequency is s
14、hared by a number of terminals. each station is given a time slot in which it can transmit. the number of time slots is fixed ,and the terminals transmit in the time slots allocated to them. v 译文:在时分多址中一个频率可以被多个终端共享。分配译文:在时分多址中一个频率可以被多个终端共享。分配给每个站一个时隙用来发送,时隙的序号是确定的,终端给每个站一个时隙用来发送,时隙的序号是确定的,终端在分配的时隙上
15、发送信息。在分配的时隙上发送信息。unit 3v 原文:原文:for example , in mobile communication systems, each frequency is divided into eight time slots and hence eight mobile terminals use the same frequency, communicating in different time slots. which terminal gets which time slot is decided by the base station.v 译文:例如,在移动
16、通信系统中,每个频率划分为八个时译文:例如,在移动通信系统中,每个频率划分为八个时隙隙 ,所以八个移动终端使用同个频率在不同的时隙上通信。,所以八个移动终端使用同个频率在不同的时隙上通信。终端所用的时隙是由基站决定的。终端所用的时隙是由基站决定的。unit 3v 原文:原文:in tdma systems, the time slots can be fixed or dynamic. in fixed tdma, each station is given a fixed tine slot ( for example, time slot 1 for station a, time slo
17、t 2 for station b, and so on). this results in a simple system design, but the disadvantage is that if a station has no data to transmit, that time slot is wasted. v 译文:在时分多址系统中,时隙可以是固定的或可变的。译文:在时分多址系统中,时隙可以是固定的或可变的。在静态的时分多址中,分配给每个站一个固定时隙(例如,在静态的时分多址中,分配给每个站一个固定时隙(例如,时隙时隙1给站给站a,时隙,时隙2给站给站b,等等),等等).这
18、导致系统的设计简这导致系统的设计简单,但不利之处是如果站没有数据发送的时候时隙被浪费单,但不利之处是如果站没有数据发送的时候时隙被浪费了。了。unit 3v原文:原文:in dynamic tdma, a station is assigned a time slot only when it makes a request for it. this leads to a more complex system, but the channel is used effectively. v 译文:在动态的时分多址中,一个站只在需要的译文:在动态的时分多址中,一个站只在需要的时候才分配时隙。这使
19、得系统更复杂,但信道能时候才分配时隙。这使得系统更复杂,但信道能高效率的使用。高效率的使用。unit 3v 原文:原文:an important issue in tdma systems is synchronization: each station should know precisely when it can start transmission in its time slot. it is easy to till terminal a that it should transmit in time slot 1,but how does terminal a know whe
20、n exactly tine slot 1 starts? v 译文:在时分多址中的一个重要课题是同步:每个站都要译文:在时分多址中的一个重要课题是同步:每个站都要准确的知道何时可在它的时隙中传送信息。很容易知道终准确的知道何时可在它的时隙中传送信息。很容易知道终端端a在时隙在时隙1中发送,但中发送,但a如何知道时隙如何知道时隙1何时开始?何时开始? unit 3v 原文:原文:if it starts transmission slightly early, the data will collide with the data in time slot 0. if it starts tr
21、ansmission slightly late, the data will collide with the data in time slot 2. the complexity of tdma lies in the synchronization. synchronization is achieved by the central station sending a bit pattern(101010101pattern), and all the stations use this bit pattern to synchronize their clocks. v 译文:如果
22、开始传送的早了,数据会和时隙译文:如果开始传送的早了,数据会和时隙0中的数据碰中的数据碰撞,如果开始的晚了数据会和时隙撞,如果开始的晚了数据会和时隙2中的数据碰撞中的数据碰撞.时分多时分多址的复杂位于同步上。通过中心站发送比特序列,所有的址的复杂位于同步上。通过中心站发送比特序列,所有的站使用这序列同步自己的时钟来实现同步。站使用这序列同步自己的时钟来实现同步。unit 3v 原文:原文:in tdma, a single frequency is shared by a number of terminals each terminal is assigned a small time sl
23、ot during which it can transmit. the time slot assignment can be fixed, or the assignment can be dynamic-a slot is assigned only when a terminal has data to transmit.v 译文:在时分多址中,多终端共享一个频率。每个终端被译文:在时分多址中,多终端共享一个频率。每个终端被分配一个时隙来传送信息。分配的时隙可以是固定的也可分配一个时隙来传送信息。分配的时隙可以是固定的也可是是 动态的动态的只在有数据传动时分配时隙只在有数据传动时分配时
24、隙 unit 3v 原文:原文:fdma/tdmav in many radio systems, a combination of fdma and tdma is used. for example, in cellular mobile communication systems, each base station is given a set of frequencies, and each frequency is divided into time slots to be shared by different terminals.v 译文:在许多无线系统中共同使用频分多址和时分
25、多址。译文:在许多无线系统中共同使用频分多址和时分多址。例如,蜂窝移动通信系统中,每个基站分配一组频率,每例如,蜂窝移动通信系统中,每个基站分配一组频率,每个频率划分为多个时隙来被不同终端共享。个频率划分为多个时隙来被不同终端共享。unit 3v 原文:原文:in fdma/tdma, a pool of frequencies is shared by a number of terminals. in addition, each frequency is shared in different time slots by the terminals. fdma/tdma is used
26、in mobile communication systems an satellite communication systems. the combination of fdma an tdma increases the capacity of the system.v 译文:在译文:在fdma/dma中,一组频率由多终端共享。此中,一组频率由多终端共享。此外,每个频率由不同时隙的终端共享。外,每个频率由不同时隙的终端共享。fdma/tdma使使用在移动通信系统和卫星通信系统中。二者的综合增加了用在移动通信系统和卫星通信系统中。二者的综合增加了系统的容量。系统的容量。 unit 3v 原
27、文:原文:cdmav code division multiple access (cdma) technology has been developed for defense application where secure communication is very important. in cdma systems, a channel with very large bandwidth is required, many times more than the bandwidth occupied by the information to be transmitted. for
28、instance, if the actual bandwidth required is 1mhz, in cdma systems, perhaps 80 mhz is allocated. v 译文:发展码分多址技术在安全通信很重要的防护应用。译文:发展码分多址技术在安全通信很重要的防护应用。在码分多址系统中,信道需要很高的带宽,是信息传输所在码分多址系统中,信道需要很高的带宽,是信息传输所需带宽的很多倍。比如说,如果实际所需的带宽是一兆赫需带宽的很多倍。比如说,如果实际所需的带宽是一兆赫兹,在码分多址中可能就需要八十兆赫兹的带宽。兹,在码分多址中可能就需要八十兆赫兹的带宽。unit 3
29、 原文:原文: such large bandwidths were available only with defense organizations, and hence cdma was used initially only for defense applications. because the spectrum is spread, these systems are also known as spread spectrum multiple access (ssma) systems. in this category, there are two types of tech
30、niques: frequency hopping and hopping and direct sequence. 译文译文 :只有安全组织才可以利用这么多的带宽。所以:只有安全组织才可以利用这么多的带宽。所以码分多址最初用在安全领域。因为频谱扩宽了,这个系统码分多址最初用在安全领域。因为频谱扩宽了,这个系统也被称为扩频多址系统。在这个范畴内有两种技术:跳频也被称为扩频多址系统。在这个范畴内有两种技术:跳频和直接序列。和直接序列。unit 3v 原文:原文:frequency hopping (fh)v consider a system in which 1 mhz bandwidth i
31、s required to transmit the data, instead of allocating a radio channel of 1mhz only, a number of radio channels( say 79) will be allocated, each channel with 1 mhz bandwidth. we need a very large spectrum, 79 times that of the actual requirement. v 译文:考虑需要一兆赫兹带宽来传输数据的系统。不只是译文:考虑需要一兆赫兹带宽来传输数据的系统。不只是给
32、信道分配一兆赫兹的带宽,还需要分配一组无线信道给信道分配一兆赫兹的带宽,还需要分配一组无线信道(七十九),每个信道的带宽为一兆赫兹。我们需要很大(七十九),每个信道的带宽为一兆赫兹。我们需要很大的带宽,是实际需要的七十七倍。的带宽,是实际需要的七十七倍。unit 3v 原文:原文:when a station has to transmit its data, it will send the data in one channel for some time , switch over to another channel and transmit some more data,and ag
33、ain switch over to another channel and so on. this is known as frequency hopping (fh). v 译文:当信道发送数据时,在一个信道中发送一段时间,译文:当信道发送数据时,在一个信道中发送一段时间,转移到另一个信道上发送更多的数据,然后在转移到一个转移到另一个信道上发送更多的数据,然后在转移到一个信道上,这样不断的继续。这就是跳频。信道上,这样不断的继续。这就是跳频。unit 3v 原文:原文:when the transmitting station hops its frequency of transmiss
34、ion, only those stations that know the hopping sequence can receive the data. this will be a secure communication system if the hopping sequence is kept a secret between the transmitting and the receiving stations.v 译文:当发送站改变它的传输频率是,只有知道跳频序列译文:当发送站改变它的传输频率是,只有知道跳频序列的那些基站可以接受到数据。如果发送站和接收站之间的的那些基站可以接受
35、到数据。如果发送站和接收站之间的跳频序列是保密的那么传输系统是安全的。跳频序列是保密的那么传输系统是安全的。unit 3v原文:原文:frequency hopping is used in global system for mobile communications (gsm) and bluetooth radio systems.v译文:跳频使用在全球移动通信系统和蓝牙无线译文:跳频使用在全球移动通信系统和蓝牙无线系统中。系统中。unit 3v 原文:原文:direct sequence cdmav in direct sequence cdma(ds-cdma), each bit
36、to be transmitted is represented by multiple bits. for instance instead of transmitting a 1,a pattern of 16 1s and 0s is transmitted, and instead of transmitting a 0, another pattern of 16 1s and 0s is transmitted. effectively, we are increasing the data rate and hence the bandwidth requirement by16
37、 times. v 译文译文:在直扩码分多址中,每个传送的比特被多个比特代在直扩码分多址中,每个传送的比特被多个比特代替。简单的说,用十六个替。简单的说,用十六个1和和0组成的序列代替一个组成的序列代替一个1来传来传输,用另外的十六个输,用另外的十六个1和和0组成的序列来代替组成的序列来代替0来传输。我来传输。我们提高了数据的速率,所以带宽需要成了原来的们提高了数据的速率,所以带宽需要成了原来的 十六倍。十六倍。unit 3v 原文:原文:the number of bits to be transmitted in place of 1 or 0 is known as chipping r
38、ate. if the chipping code is kept a secret, only those stations that have the chipping code can decode the information. when multiple stations have to transmit, the chipping codes will be different for each station. v 译文:代替译文:代替1和和0的比特序列称为码片率。如果码片编码的比特序列称为码片率。如果码片编码是保密的,只有那些有码片编码的站可以解码信息。当多是保密的,只有那些
39、有码片编码的站可以解码信息。当多各站发送时,码片的编码是不同的。各站发送时,码片的编码是不同的。v原文:原文:if they are chosen in such a way they are orthogonal to each other, then the data from different stations can be pushed on to the channel simultaneously without interference.v译文:如果码片编码是一这种方式选择的,那么译文:如果码片编码是一这种方式选择的,那么它们都是相互正交的,来自不同站的数据可以没它们都是相互正
40、交的,来自不同站的数据可以没有干扰的同时装到信道中。有干扰的同时装到信道中。unit 3unit 3v原文:原文:cdma systems are now being widely deployed for cellular communications as well as 3g systems for accessing the internet through wireless networks. cdma systems are used in wireless local loops. v译文译文:码分多址系统现在被广泛的使用在蜂窝移动码分多址系统现在被广泛的使用在蜂窝移动通信系统中
41、,像通信系统中,像3g系统一样通过无线网络接入因系统一样通过无线网络接入因特网。码分多址系统使用在无线本地回路。特网。码分多址系统使用在无线本地回路。unit 3v 原文:原文: ds- cdma, multiple terminals transmit on the same channel simultaneously, with different chipping codes .if the chipping code length is 11 bits , both 1 and 0 are replaced by the 11 bit sequence of 1s and 0s .
42、this sequence is unique for each terminal.v 译文:在直扩码分多址中多个终端同时在同一信道上通过译文:在直扩码分多址中多个终端同时在同一信道上通过不同的码片编码发送。如果码片编码的长度为十一比特,不同的码片编码发送。如果码片编码的长度为十一比特,1和和0都被十一比特的都被十一比特的1,0序列取代。每个终端的序列是序列取代。每个终端的序列是唯一的。唯一的。unit 3v 原文:原文:summary v multiple access techniques provide the mechanism to share the bandwidth effic
43、iently by multiple terminals. particularly in radio systems where the spectrum bandwidth is very limited, multiple access techniques are very important. v 译文:多址接入技术为多终端有效的共享带宽提供了机制,译文:多址接入技术为多终端有效的共享带宽提供了机制,尤其是在频谱带宽受限制的无线系统中多址接入技术是非尤其是在频谱带宽受限制的无线系统中多址接入技术是非常重要的。常重要的。unit 3v 原文:原文:in frequency divisi
44、on multiple access (fdma), a pool of frequencies is assigned to a base station, and the terminals are allocated a specific frequency for communication. in time division multiple access (tdma), one frequency will be shared by different terminals in different time slots .v 译文:在频分多址中,一组频率被分给一个基站,给终端译文:
45、在频分多址中,一组频率被分给一个基站,给终端分配一个固定的频率来传输。在时分多址中,一个频率被分配一个固定的频率来传输。在时分多址中,一个频率被不同时隙的不同终端共享。不同时隙的不同终端共享。unit 3v 原文:原文:each terminal is assigned a specific time slot during which the terminal has to send the data. in tdma frequency division duplex (fdd), a pair of frequencies is used for communication uplink
46、 and downlink. v译文:每个终端分配一个可以在上面传输的时隙。译文:每个终端分配一个可以在上面传输的时隙。在频分双工中,一对频率在通信的上行和下行链在频分双工中,一对频率在通信的上行和下行链路上使用。路上使用。unit 3v 原文:原文:in tdma time division duplex (tdd), a single frequency is used for communication in both directions the time slots will be divided into two portions- downlink slots and uplin
47、k slots. the code division multiple access technique requires large bandwidth, but the advantage is that it provides secure communication. v 译文:时分双工时,通信的两个方向上使用一个频率,时译文:时分双工时,通信的两个方向上使用一个频率,时隙被划分成上行时隙和下行时隙两部分。码分多址接入技隙被划分成上行时隙和下行时隙两部分。码分多址接入技术需要大的带宽,但好处是提供了安全的通信。术需要大的带宽,但好处是提供了安全的通信。unit 3v 原文:原文:in
48、cdma, there are two mechanisms: frequency hopping (fh) and direct sequence. in fh, the frequency of transmission changes will be able to decode the data. in direct sequence cdma ,instead of sending the bit stream directly , chipping codes are used to transmit 1s and 0s.v 译文:在码分多址中,有两种机制:跳频和直扩。在跳频译文:
49、在码分多址中,有两种机制:跳频和直扩。在跳频中,传输的频率按随机的可能快速的改变。只有知道跳变中,传输的频率按随机的可能快速的改变。只有知道跳变序列的站可以解调数据,在直扩码分多址中序列的站可以解调数据,在直扩码分多址中 ,码片编码用,码片编码用来传送来传送1和和0,而不是直接发送比特流。,而不是直接发送比特流。unit 3 mutiple acesstext b multiplexingv 原文:原文:v in a communication system, the costliest element may be the transmission medium. to make the b
50、est use of the medium, we have to ensure that the bandwidth of the channel is utilized to its fullest capacity . v译文:通信媒体也许是通许系统中成本最昂贵的译文:通信媒体也许是通许系统中成本最昂贵的一部分。为了充分利用通信媒体,必须确保信道一部分。为了充分利用通信媒体,必须确保信道带宽的利用达到最大容量。带宽的利用达到最大容量。unit 3unit 3v 原文:原文:multiplexing is the technique used to combine a number of
51、channels and send them over the medium to make the best use of the transmission medium. we will discuss the various multiiplexing techniques in this chapter.v 译文:复用技术先将许多信道合并,再将它们一起发送到译文:复用技术先将许多信道合并,再将它们一起发送到通信媒体上,以实现通信媒体的通信媒体上,以实现通信媒体的 最大利用。本节我们将讨最大利用。本节我们将讨论各种复用技术。论各种复用技术。 unit 3v 原文:原文:the use o
52、f multiplxing technique is possible if the capacity of the channel is higher than the data rates of the individual data source . consider the example of a communication system in which there are three data sources. the signals from these three sources can be combined together (multiplexed) and sent
53、through a single transmission channel. v 译文:复用技术在信道的容量大于信源的数据速率是可使译文:复用技术在信道的容量大于信源的数据速率是可使用。假设通信系统中有三个信源的例子。来自三个信源的用。假设通信系统中有三个信源的例子。来自三个信源的信号合并在一起在一个传输信道上发送。信号合并在一起在一个传输信道上发送。unit 3v 原文原文:at the receiving end, the signals are separated (demultiplexed) . at the transmitting end. equipment known as
54、a multiplexer (abbreviated to mux ) is required. at the receiving end, equipment known as a multiplexer (abbreviated to demux ) is required, conceptually, multiplexing is a very simple operation that facilitates good utilization of the channel bandwidth.v 译文:在接受端,信号被分解。在发送端需要复用设备。译文:在接受端,信号被分解。在发送端需
55、要复用设备。在接收端需要解复用设备。从概念上说,复用是一种简单在接收端需要解复用设备。从概念上说,复用是一种简单的操作可以促进信道带宽的利用。的操作可以促进信道带宽的利用。unit 3v原文:原文:in frequency division multiplexing( fdm), the signals at translated into different frequency bands and sent over the medium. the communication channel is divided into different frequency bands and each
56、 band carries the signal corresponding to one source.v译文:在频分复用中,信号以不同的频率发送然译文:在频分复用中,信号以不同的频率发送然后在媒介上传送。通信信道划分成不同的频段,后在媒介上传送。通信信道划分成不同的频段,每个频段承载一个信号响应。每个频段承载一个信号响应。unit 3v 原文:原文:fdm is used in cable tv transmission, where signals corresponding to different tv channels are multiplexed and sent throug
57、h the cable . at the tv receiver, by applying the filter, the signals of aparticular channel can be viewed. v 译文:频分复用使用在有线电视传输,不同电视信道的信译文:频分复用使用在有线电视传输,不同电视信道的信号响应被复用然后在电缆上发送,在电视接受端号响应被复用然后在电缆上发送,在电视接受端 ,采用滤,采用滤波器收看特定信道的信号。波器收看特定信道的信号。unit 3v 原文:原文:radio an tv transmission, are also done using fdm,
58、where each broadcasting station is given a small band in the frequency spectrum. the center frequency of this band is known as the carrier frequency.v 译文:无线和电视传输都使用频分复用,每个广播站分配译文:无线和电视传输都使用频分复用,每个广播站分配给频谱中的一个小的带宽。频段的中心频率称为载频给频谱中的一个小的带宽。频段的中心频率称为载频 unit 3v 原文:原文:each voice channel occupies a bandwidt
59、h of 3.4khz. however, each channel is assigned a bandwidth of 4 khz . the second voice channel is frequency translated to the band 48 khz. similarly, the third voice channel is translated to 812 khz and so on. v 译文:每路话音信道占用译文:每路话音信道占用3.4khz的带宽。然而,每个信的带宽。然而,每个信道分配的带宽是道分配的带宽是4khz。第二路话音信号传输的频率的频。第二路话音信
60、号传输的频率的频带范围从带范围从4khz到到8khz。同样的,第三路话音信号在。同样的,第三路话音信号在8khz到到12khz范围传送。范围传送。unit 3v 原文:原文:slightly higher bandwidth is assigned (4khz instead of 3.4khz) mainly because it is very difficult to design filters of high accuracy .hence an additional bandwidth, known as guard band, separates two successive c
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