英语阅读解题过程关键点

1、2.英语阅读解题过程关键点词汇与指代1 .理解生词/不熟悉的词汇阅读理解的效果，很大程度上取决于学生的词汇量及对生词的推测能力。在阅读过程中，有些生词不重要，不懂也不影响对文章或句段的理解，文章通常也不会给出意义注释， 我们完全可以将其忽略，不受干扰。有些生词，虽然没有给出注释，但完全可以根据词缀分析及上下文线索推断和猜测出其意义。常用的推测方法有：句子或文字线索分析、意义代人分析、结合常识判断等。写作时，作者对生词或不熟悉的词汇通常都会给出进一步的解释与 说明，常用的手段有：定义法、例证法、解释法(破折号、括号、同位语或同位语从句、定语从句、附加说明等)、同义替换法、反义说明法、比较或对比法

2、、因果推断法、比喻修辞 法等。请大家试着阅读以下文段，并推测出所有画线的生词的大概含义。注意，你并不需要 知道各个词的确切意思，只要能大概了解整段话的意思就可以了。别忘了好好总结一下，你是用什么样的方法来推断的。shortly before an earthquake animals are known to go berserk : dogs bark and howl , cats run into the streets , and mice run around in circles!this has often been noted by farmers and other coun

3、try people in earthquake-prone zones. some people , too , areaffected with complaints of headache , nausea , and generalirritabiliyt. apparently , before an earthquake , electricity is released by the earthand this accounts for the pre-quake jitters that are experienced by animals and people alike .

4、该文段共77词，写的是在地震发生前人和动物的异常现象。这个背景知识大家都很 熟悉，所以虽然文段中包含了6个生词，但只要结合常识和上下文线索，不难获得对文段的整体理解。go berserk 的意思大约是 go crazy ; howl和bark并列，应该也是表示吠或嗥 叫的意思；earthquake-prone zones,根据地理常识，不难猜出是指“地震活跃带"；nausea和general irritability 与headache并列，都是指人产生的不舒服的症状；而最后的 jitters很明显是和第一句的go berserk呼应的。这样仔细思考下来，文章的意思就很清楚了。在阅读

5、过程中，有些句子往往是由大家都认识的单词所组成的，有些同学会掉以轻心，没有仔细思考，于是读完文章，或者没有完全读懂，或者产生了误解。提醒大家：在阅读时， 一定不能望文生义，要结合文章的结构和上下文的语气及用词好好理解。请再来读一篇小短文，测试一下，你读懂了吗？你能一一说出你推断的依据吗？a recent poll on the subject of fear asked people to respond to a list of eight commonphobias . the list included speed, heights , lifts , crowds, flying ,

6、confined spaces , open spaces, and the dark . it excluded things like snakes and spiders that are inherently dangerous . the poll revealed that many more womenthan men admitted experiencing fear . before you immediately jump to the conclusion that men are braver than women, you should be warned that

7、 one explanation for the figures may be that men are less inclined than womento owning up to fear . the poll also indicatedthatfear tends to increase with age and decrease with educational level.请对画线生词进行猜测，并判断第六题的四句陈述是否符合文章内容。(1)poll : (2)phobia : (3)exclude : (4)inherently : (5)own up to fear : a.f

8、ight against fear b.admit fear c.experience fear d.feelfear(6)tell whether each of the following statements is true or false：a . speed, heights , crowds are not inherently dangerous .b . the poll finds out that men are braver than women.c . a person tends to fear more when he grows older.d . a perso

9、n tends to fear less when he is less educated.核对一下答案，如果你有任何疑惑，请再次仔细阅读文章，找出你判断的依据，假如 还想不明白，就去请教你的同学或老师吧。答案是：(1)study , survey ; (2)fear ; (3)oppositeto include ; (4)(this is not an important word in the passage); (5)b ; (6)tftf 。猜词的各种方法和手段大家在阅读时一定都用到过，这里就不一一赘述。说到底，我 们还是得通过平常的阅读养成猜词的习惯，这样，慢慢地，我们就可以把这些

10、实用的方法融为自己信手拈来的阅读技巧了。让我们来做做下面的练习吧。提醒大家，有些词实际上并不重要，是命题人故意设置的阅读障碍，遇到这样的词就大胆地跳过去吧！2 .根据语境选择正确的词和短语(identifying words and phrases appropriate to thecontext)在阅读理解中碰到生词时，其实可以将其设想为一个填空的练习，然后努力地从语境 当中找寻线索进行推测。这个过程，就是我们通常所说的完形填空。完形填空通常考查语篇的意义、语法结构、固定短语、搭配用法及动词短语等几个方面。下面，我们通过练习再感受一下如何根据语境选择正确的词和短语。记住，在做完形 填空的时

11、候，别忘了用上猜词的技巧。3 .辨别主题词的重现及转换(repetition and transition of key vocabulary)有的时候，一篇文章从始至终都是围绕同一个主题词展开的。但有的时候，一篇文章可能会出现多个主题词。段落的展开有时是从一个主题词过渡到另一个主题词；有时则是几个主题词交替出现。我们在阅读的时候， 要注意培养自己的语篇意识及关联意识。既要学会对同一主题词不同重现方式的辨认，增强对同一话题的相关词汇的敏感意识，也要注意对不断变换的主题词的识别。下面，让我们分别来感受一下。首先，请一起来回顾 2007年广东省高考的完形填空题，注意，关注文章中主题词反 复重现时的

12、不同方式将会对你解题很有帮助。wouldn't it be great if we didn't have to remember passwords(密码)ever again?if we could just sit in front of our computers and be logged in(登录)？cravementions how necsoft biodelogon system uses face recognition technology to log you on to windows, rather than using a (2). all yo

13、u need is a webcamand your prettyface to (3) yourpc. nomore (4) confusing passwords to remember or change everyfew months .after doing a little research , i found this type of (5) already available to consumers via a relatively (6) application called facecode. the (7) requiresthe use of a webcam to

14、recognize and log pc users into their systems. you can addas many(8) as you want , provided they each have a windows account . if the system (9)to recognize your (10) a hot-key combination,you can recall the windows user name and password by usinga.automatically b.personallyc.correctly d.occasionall

15、y(2)a.faceb.passwordc.software d.systema.accessb.connectc.recognize d.remember(4)a.simpleb.complicatedc.special d.usefula.computer b.technologyc.password d.application(6)a.independent b.infrequentc.inexpensive d.instanta.account b.consumerc.designer d.software(8)a.usersb.passwordsc.systems d.compute

16、rs(9)a.beginsb.triesc.failsd.stops(10)a. account b分析文章主题词的重现，.namec用不同付方表小如下：.password d.facewouldn't it be great if we didn't have to remember passwords( 密码)ever again?if we could just sit in front of our computers and be (1) logged in(登录)？crave mentions how necsoft biodelogon system uses f

17、ace recognition technology to log you on to windows , rather than using a (2). all you need is a webcam andyour pretty face to _(3)your pc.no more (4) confusing passwords to remember or change every few months .after doing a little research, i found this type of (5) already availableto consumers via

18、 a relatively (6) application called facecode. the requiresthe use of a webcam to recognize and log pc users into their systems. you can addas many (8) as you want, provided they each have a windows account . if the system (9) to recognize your (10) , you can recall the windows user name andpassword

19、 by using a hot-key combination .从上面的分析可以看出，经验丰富的命题人在设空时，都会选择那些可以从语篇的上下文中得到提示的地方。而个别的设空，如 (4)、(6)、(9)则可以通过分析所在句子中所缺的 意义，利用猜词手段较快得出答案。答案分别是：(1)a ; (2)b ; (3)a ; (4)b ; (5)b ; (6)c ;d ; (8)a ; (9)c ; (10)d。你做对了吗?再试着把整个解题思路口述一遍吧。有声思维是一种能较快提高阅读水平的好方法，大家要经常使用。再阅读2007年广东省高考一篇阅读文章的首段，分析段落大意，并推测文章的写作目的。how

20、should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation(通货膨胀)?leftin a bank it will hardly keep its value , however high the interest rate . only a brave man, or a very rich one , dares to buy and sell on the stock market . today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings and eve

21、n increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. here i am going to offer some advice oncollecting antique clocks , which i personally consider as one of the most interesting antiques .the purpose of the passage isa . to introduce the culture of antique clocksb . to offer some advic

22、e on collecting antique clocksc . to compare different ways to make a future profitd . to explain convenient and reliable ways of telling time这个段落由五个句子组成。我们先用常见的段落结构分析法来了解大意：第一至三句通过一个设问和两个可能的答案引出了文章的话题：如何在当今通胀严重的情况下进行投资？而第二、三句两个可能的答案显然已经被作者自己否决了：存入银行，基本不能保值；在股票市场上买卖，则只有很勇敢或很有钱的人才有这样的胆量。可以预见，作者将马上推出他

23、认为最理想的投资方案。果然，第四句引出保值或增值的最好做法是买古董。第五句则进一步提出具体建议：买什么古董呢？收藏古董钟。虽然没有看到文章的其余部分，但文章作者的写作目的已经很明显：为大家提供收藏古董钟（以保值）的建议。答案是b。这是一种很流行的段落展开方式，篇章规范、典型，值得大家仔细回味。下面，让我们 换一个角度，通过分析文章中的名词及一部分动词来看看文章在主题描述上的切换：how should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation（ 通货膨胀）？left in a bank it will hardly keep its

24、 value , however high the interestrate . only a braveman, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the stock market. today it seemsthat one of the best ways to protect your savings and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. here i am going to offer some advice on co

25、llecting antique clocks , which i personally consider as one of the most interesting antiques .文章前三句中画单行线的词，全部都和"金钱”这一话题有关：invest , money,inflation , bank, value , interest rate , buy and sell , stock market 。而第四句开始 出现了另外一个主题，除了依然与“钱"有关的 savings , wealth之外，还有beautiful objects 出现。 可见，第四句是个转

26、承句，第五句将进一步出现与beautiful objects 相关的内容antique clocks和antiques 。而第五句中框出的名词 advice ,虽然只出现一次，但却 是和how的问题及best ways直接相关，这才是本段的真正关键词。上面这个思维练习，给了我们这样一种新思路：在阅读时，我们可以通过关注文章中的名词来获得对文章大意的整体把握。这一方法对那些语法、句法能力比较弱的同学来说，绝对是一个很好的方法，值得不断尝试。请再看下面的这篇文章（2003年全国高考阅读），根据关注文章中的名词的方法，我 们可以很快发现，其中出现了多个island和nearest neighbor的

27、相同字眼，到底它们是同一事物，还是有所不同呢 ？请你判断。tristan da cunha , a 38-square-mile island, is the most isolated island in the world , according to the guinness book of records . it is 1510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor , st. helena , and 1950 miles west of africa . discovered by the portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军

28、上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the islandbelongs to great britain and hasa population of a few hundred.coming in a close second and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land iseaster island , which lies 1260 miles east of its nearest neighborl . pitcairn island , and 2300 m

29、iles west of south america .the mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century,supposedly by people who were lost atsea. they had no connection with the outsideworld for more than a thousand years , giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures , called

30、moai , for which the island is most famous.on easter sunday , 1722, however, settlers from holland moved in and gave the island itsname. today, 2000 people live on the chilean territory（智禾u领土）. theyshare one street , a small airport . and a few hours of television per day.仔细阅读之后，我们发现：这篇文章其实介绍了两座isla

31、nd 。第一段介绍的是the mostisolated island in the world ,岛的名字是 tristan da cunha 。而其余三段介绍的是常 被误认为是 the most distant land 的 the second farthest island ,岛的名字是 easter island 。很明显，文中两个 nearest neighbor也各有不同所指。只有理解清楚这些，你才不会在做题的时候张冠李戴，对不同岛屿的信息产生误解或混淆。从上面的思维练习，我们又发现这样一个道理：很多阅读理解的策略讲解中，都会提到：大家可以先从问题入手，然后带着问题跳读文章，便可以

32、在较短的时间内获得正确的答案。现在看来，采用这样的方式比较危险，因为经验丰富的命题者在设置干扰项的时候，总会基于文章中的片断信息，如果我们一味求快，就很可能错选答案。因此，建议大家在阅读的时候，还是以中等的速度先看文章，把握文章的大意，关注重点信息的大概位置，然后再仔细读题，圈画题干设问的关键词，然后回溯原文，查找到答案所在的位置，再进行仔细的推敲，与选项进行细致的比对，从而获得正确的答案。4 .指代(reference)英语的特点之一是不重复，于是，为了不重复前文出现的主题名词，便产生了代词的丰富用法。在阅读文章时，正确理解代词的指代关系十分重要。代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子

33、之间的逻辑关系。这种类型的问题一般来说难度不是很高，只要仔细体会上下文的逻辑连贯关系，认真分析篇章，就可使问题迎刃而解。当然，在句子结构比较复杂的情况下，这类题也会有一定的难度。下面，让我们一起来看看下面的文段中画线的them指代什么吧。trans fats are very dangerous and they increase total cholesterol level. theyblock up the blood vessels . as a result , the bloodstream in them is not smooth .通过调用背景知识，我们应该知道这个小文段中出

34、现的主要名词分别是脂肪、胆固醇、血管和血流。them作为一个复数代词，只能代替文段中的fats或blood vessels 。尝试把两个答案分别代入，便很清楚，只有 blood vessels才符合句子意义的要求。可见，在做指 代题的时候，我们除了从意义上进行判断外，代词本身的属性也会给我们很多的提示，如，指代对象是单数还是复数 ？是指代事物还是指代人？指代人的时候，是指男性还是女性？等等。大家再来试试看下面文段中画线的it指代什么呢？when arakawa and his wife designed the bioscleave house, their intent was to con

35、quer death . they both believed that the downhill course of human life could be reversed , so that they made it its mission to stop aging in people's livesto arouse curiositya . to paint different eoloursc . to cure the diseaseto stop aging in people's lives上面这个例子，是为了说明，在阅读中， 大家必须对句子结构和语法有很强

36、的意识。本句中的it并不是指代上文中已经出现的名词，而是作为形式宾语，指代的是下文中的tostop aging in people's lives , 你分析对了吗 ？总之，“指代”是英语文章中的常见现象，情况也各不相同，这些都有待大家在大量的阅读实践中总结经验，逐渐提高自己对文章中“指代”关系的敏感度。5 .辨别主题词的重现及转换（repetition and transition of key vocabulary）有的时候，一篇文章从始至终都是围绕同一个主题词展开的。但有的时候，一篇文章可能会出现多个主题词。段落的展开有时是从一个主题词过渡到另一个主题词；有时则是几个主题词交替出

37、现。我们在阅读的时候， 要注意培养自己的语篇意识及关联意识。既要学会对同一主题词不同重现方式的辨认，增强对同一话题的相关词汇的敏感意识，也要注意对不断变换的主题词的识别。下面，让我们分别来感受一下。首先，请一起来回顾 2007年广东省高考的完形填空题，注意，关注文章中主题词反 复重现时的不同方式将会对你解题很有帮助。wouldn't it be great if we didn't have to remember passwords（密码）ever again?if we could just sit in front of our computers and be logg

38、ed in（登录）?cravementions how necsoft biodelogon system uses face recognition technology to log youon to windows, rather than using a (2). all you need is a webcamand your prettyface to (3) yourpc. nomore (4) confusing passwords to remember or change everyfew months .after doing a little research , i

39、found this type of (5) already available to consumers via a relatively (6) application called facecode. the (7) requiresthe use of a webcam to recognize and log pc users into their systems. you can add as many(8) as you want , provided they each have a windows account . if the system (9)to recognize

40、 your (10), you can recall the windows user name and password by usinga hot-key combination .(1)a. automatically b . personally c. correctly d. occasionally(2)a. faceb. password c . software d. system(3)a. accessb. connect c. recognize d . remember(4)a. simpleb. complicated c . special d. useful(5)a

41、. computerb. technology c. password d.application(6)a. independent b. infrequentc. inexpensive d.instant(7)a. account b. consumer c. designer d. software(8)a. usersb. passwords c . systems d . computers(9)a. beginsb. triesc. failsd. stops(10)a. account b. namec. password d . face分析文早主题词的重现，用不同符勺表小如下

42、：wouldn't it be great if we didn't have to remember passwords(密码)everagain?if we could just sit in front of our computers and be (1) logged in(登录)？crave mentions how necsoft biodelogon system uses face recognition technology to log you on to windows , rather than using a (2). all you need is

43、 a webcam andyour pretty face to _(3)your pc.no more (4) confusing passwords to remember or change every few months .after doing a little research, i found this type of (5) already availableto consumers via a relatively (6) application called facecode. the requiresthe use of a webcam to recognize an

44、d log pc users into their systems. you can addas many (8) as you want, provided they each have a windows account . if the system (9) to recognize your (10), you can recall the windows user name andpassword by using a hot-key combination .从上面的分析可以看出，经验丰富的命题人在设空时，都会选择那些可以从语篇的上下文中得到提示的地方。而个别的设空，如 (4)、(

45、6)、(9)则可以通过分析所在句子中所缺的 意义，利用猜词手段较快得出答案。答案分别是：(1)a ; (2)b ; (3)a ; (4)b ; (5)b ; (6)c ;d ; (8)a ; (9)c ; (10)d。你做对了吗?再试着把整个解题思路口述一遍吧。有声思维是一种能较快提高阅读水平的好方法，大家要经常使用。再阅读2007年广东省高考一篇阅读文章的首段，分析段落大意，并推测文章的写作目的。how should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation(通货膨胀)?leftin a bank it will hardly

46、keep its value , however high the interest rate . only a brave man, or a very rich one , dares to buy and sell on the stock market . today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. here i am going to offer some

47、 advice oncollecting antique clocks , which i personally consider as one of the most interesting antiques .the purpose of the passage isa . to introduce the culture of antique clocksb . to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks c . to compare different ways to make a future profit d . to exp

48、lain convenient and reliable ways of telling time这个段落由五个句子组成。我们先用常见的段落结构分析法来了解大意：第一至三句通过一个设问和两个可能的答案引出了文章的话题：如何在当今通胀严重的情况下进行投资？而第二、三句两个可能的答案显然已经被作者自己否决了：存入银行，基本不能保值；在股票市场上买卖，则只有很勇敢或很有钱的人才有这样的胆量。可以预见，作者将马上推出他认为最理想的投资方案。果然，第四句引出保值或增值的最好做法是买古董。第五句则进一步提出具体建议：买什么古董呢？收藏古董钟。虽然没有看到文章的其余部分，但文章作者的写作目的已经很明显：为大

49、家提供收藏古董钟(以保值)的建议。答案是bo这是一种很流行的段落展开方式，篇章规范、典型，值得大家仔细回味。下面，让我们 换一个角度，通过分析文章中的名词及一部分动词来看看文章在主题描述上的切换：how should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation(通货膨胀)？leftin a bank it will hardly keep its value、however high the interest rate . only a brave ma" or a very rich one , dares to buy

50、 and sell on the stock market . today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings and even increase your wealth isto buy beautiful objects from the past. here i am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks , which i personally consider as one of the most interesting anti

51、ques .文章前三句中画单行线的词，全部都和"金钱”这一话题有关：invest , money,inflation , bank, value , interest rate , buy and sell , stock market 。而第四句开始 出现了另外一个主题，除了依然与“钱"有关的 savings , wealth之外，还有beautiful objects 出现。可见，第四句是个转承句，第五句将进一步出现与beautiful objects 相关的内容antique clocks和antiques 。而第五句中框出的名词advice ,虽然只出现一次，但却 是和how的问题及best ways直接相关，这才是本段的真正关键词。上面这个思维练习，给了我们这样一种新思路：在阅读时，我们可以通过关注文章中的名词来获得对文章大意的整体把握。这一方法对那些语法、句法能力比较弱的同学来说，绝对是一个很好的方法，值得不断尝试。请再看下面的这篇文章（2003年全国高考阅读），根据关注文章中的名词的方法，我 们可以很快发现，其中出现了多个isla