中考英语阅读理解题技巧ppt课件

1、阅读理解解题技巧阅读理解解题技巧主讲人：樊瑞芳主讲人：樊瑞芳驻马店第四中学驻马店第四中学阅读理解阅读理解 是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的加工能力。加工能力。 阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。和理解力的正确率。 因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的放矢，提高命中率。放矢，提

2、高命中率。新课标解读新课标解读 据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义 能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系 能预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局 能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料 能根据不同的阅读目的 运用简单的阅读策略获取信息 不借助词典能读懂含有3%左右生词的语言材料。能根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略获取信息 命题依据命题依据 能根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略能根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略快快速获取细节信息。速获取细节信息。能把握所读材料的能把握所读材料的中心思想和主要事实中心思想和主要事实。能把握所读材料的能把握所读材料的主要逻辑线索，事件和空间的主要逻辑线索，事件和空间的顺序

3、。顺序。能根据上下文和构词法能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解词义。推断、理解词义。能根据上下能根据上下文理解作者的态度、观点和意图。文理解作者的态度、观点和意图。能能找出找出文章中的文章中的主题主题，理解故事的情节，理解故事的情节，预测预测故故事情节的事情节的发展和结局。发展和结局。能力要求能力要求 预测能力快速阅读能力 整体理解能力快速准确获取关键信息能力把握全文主旨能力能力要求能力要求把握段落主旨能力对西方文化的理解能力句子结构和文章结构的理解能力 掌握一定的阅读词汇量 词语意义的理解能力解题步骤解题步骤 一、先读问题，弄清考查要点一、先读问题，弄清考查要点二、快速浏览全文，掌握全貌二、快速

4、浏览全文，掌握全貌 三、细读原文，捕捉相关信息词三、细读原文，捕捉相关信息词 四、重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案四、重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案 主 旨 大 意 型主 旨 大 意 型事实细节型事实细节型 词词 义义 猜猜 测测 型型命命 题题 类类因此有关阅读理解题目主要有以因此有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种下几种: :推推 理理 判判 断断 型型step two: how to dealing with the problems on reading comprehension一、主旨大意题一、主旨大意题 （做题要领）1.干扰项干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。2

5、.干扰项干扰项 可能属从文中某些可能属从文中某些 (不完全的不完全的) 事事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。实或细节片面推出的错误结论。3.干扰项干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案正确答案) 是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。1)what does the writer mainly tell us? 2)whats the main idea of this text?3)which of the following best express

6、es the main idea?4)which is the subject discussed in the text?5) the main idea of the passage is6)whats the best title for this passage?主旨大意题主旨大意题 的常见的提问形式的常见的提问形式:技巧解析：主旨大意题主要考查对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。因此，在做题时，要注意每段的主题句。抓住主题句，就不难确定文章的中心思想。寻找主题句的方法： 1.认真阅读文章的首尾段或每段的首尾句子。 2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复

7、论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。example : there are many different ways to travel to paris from london. one of the quickest and most popular ways isby train. from waterloo railway station, you can travel allthe way to paris. the journey takes about three hours. the train, called the eurostar, is very mode

8、rn, and the seats are comfortable. you can also travel to france by ship. another way to travel to paris is by plane. 80. the passage mainly tells us about_.a. different ways traveling from london to parisb. international flights from london to parisc. buses stopping at ferry terminal seven in dover

9、主题句出现在段首：主题句出现在段首： 在议论文和说明文中，一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证或说明细节。 every 30 seconds there is an earthquake. but dont worrybecause most are so weak that they cannot be. felt. only a few big ones hurt people. many earthquakes happened in china, such as the big one in sichuan last month. thousands of people

10、died in it. so its important to know what to do when one hits. here are some tips on how to stay safe in anearthquake.1. i主题句也可能出现在段尾：主题句也可能出现在段尾： 作者先摆出事实依据，或者提出问题，然后层层推进，提出解决方法，然后后文再进一步详述。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现，是全文的主题句，下文按照主题句进行展开 weve talked about snails (蜗牛) and their slow move. but much of the time sna

11、ils dont move at all. they are in their shells (壳) sleeping. hot sun will dry out a snails body. so at the least sign of hot sun, a snail draws its body into his shell. a snail will die in a heavy rain. so when it rains, a snail does the same thing, too. a snail can sleep for as long as it needs to.

12、 it spends all the winter months in its shell, asleep. in the spring the snail wakes up. its body, about three inches long, comes out from the shell. when hungry, the snail looks for food. its eyes, at the end of the top feelers (触角), are very weak. but its sense (感觉) of smell is very strong. it hel

13、ps the snail to find food and the new greens. a snails mouth is no bigger than the point of a pin (大头针). yet it has 256,000 teeth! the teeth are very small, and you cant see them. if you put a snail in a hard paper box, it will eat its way out! and if a snail wears out its teeth, it will grow new on

14、es.文章的主题也可能以高频词的形式出现。文章的主题也可能以高频词的形式出现。本文并没有出现明确的主题句，但细看之下会发现，文章中“snail”这个词出现的频率高达13次，是整篇文章中出现频率最高的词汇。snail既是文章说明的对象，又是文章的主题。阅读理解基础训练阅读理解基础训练basic training-主旨大意题主旨大意题passage 1 “mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱脏乱). come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. mary wanted to go outside and play. “ill

15、 clean it up later, mum.” “oh no , you wont. ive been asking you for days,” her mum said . mary went into her bedroom. she put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .mum, im going outside to play now .” she ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .a s

16、mall butterfly flew over and landed on marys hand .”youre a pretty little butterfly ,”may said ,”does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?” “what if i left my rubbish all didnt keep the garden clean and tidy ?would you have a nice place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly . “id not b

17、e happy if i came out to see rubbish here and there ,”mary said . “everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away . mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”ill keep my room clean from now on ,mum .ive got to do m

18、y part .”and she did just that .练习题练习题细节题细节题解释question: what is the main idea of the story ? （主旨大意题）（主旨大意题） a. a butterfly is kids best friend b. everyone should keep their rooms clean c. everybody has to do their part d. a butterfly is a better teacher than a mother 文章文章解释 【解析】答案为c；由文中的 “everybody

19、has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away .得出答案。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。文章b school life should be some of the best and happiest days of our lives. we shouldnt waste this wonderful time. dont

20、say things are difficult and boring. dont be too disappointed if things sometimes go badly. dont let small problems seem very big. be confident, go and play sports, work on a project, or help someone with problems. there are always a lot of things to do to relax yourself and make you happy.60. what

21、can we learn from the passage? a. how to get high scores. b. how to be relaxed and happy. c. how to make friends with foreigners. 1. in nature, you may see many insects (昆虫）and animals of different colors. have you ever wondered why? 2. locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always

22、 an easy job for birds to catch them. 3. brown bears,tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. 4. however, insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. so in order to survive, they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.【201

23、3广东】65. what is the main ides of this passage?a. some insects and animals have different skills. b. some insects and animals are clever than we think.c. some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves. d. some insects and animals can get used to the environment easily. have you ever beard

24、of iceland? iceland is a country, one-tenth of which is covered with ice. however, it is said that iceland is the land of heat. smoking volcanoes (火山), white steam (蒸汽) and hot springs are more amazing than the other sights including ice there. it has taken millions of years for volcanoes and lava f

25、lows (熔岩流) to build iceland. . like steam vents, hot springs can be seen here and there in the ancient lava fields iceland is one of the few places on the earth where active volcanoes lie below ice. heat from the volcanoes creates a strange and wild beauty. therefore, some people believe that its be

26、tter to call the country “heatland” instead of iceland. if you have a chance to travel there, take it. 【2013哈尔滨】() 50. the best title for this passage should be .a. the history of icelandb. the hot spring of blue lakec. the heat in iceland reading is a good hobby for all kinds of reasons. first, rea

27、ding is fun. you can always keep yourself happy if like reading. you will never feel bored or tired. next, you can read a book anywhere- in a car, on a plane, or even in the bathroom. all you need is a book! another good reason for reading is that it is useful. . some people say that reading is out

28、of date (过时的). . good readers may become writers, too. they always have more things to write about. . reading is a wonderful hobby. why not start reading right now? 【2012北京】85. what does the passage mainly tell us? a. reading is a good hobby. b. you can read on computers. c. good readers must be goo

29、d writers. 1.in the 1920s and 30s the airlines were just beginning. it was unusual for people to travel by air because it was expensive and dangerous. in those days, there were no flight attendants to look after the passengers. young men ,or “stewards” helped the passengers onto the airplane and car

30、ried the passengers luggage(行李)but they did not provide food and drinks. but then in 1930,a woman called ellen church invented the “stewardess”.2.ellen church was born in 1904 on a farm in iowa. .3.ellen was twenty-five years old when she first got in touch with boeing air transport. she loved 4.the

31、 young woman from iowa and seven other nurses became the first air stewardesses.5.at first pilots were unhappy because they did not want stewardesses on airplanes, but passengers loved the stewardesses. .in the 1970s, stewardesses were unhappy in their job and airlines had to make some changes. sinc

32、e the 1970s, “stewardesses” have been called flight attendants. they are well paid and work fewer hours than in the past.【2013杭州】 55.( )the passage mainly talks about _. a. the background of early flying pilots b. the experience of flying passengers c. the history of early flight attendants d. the d

33、evelopment of airplanes 文章中心是文章中心是论点论点，事实细节是，事实细节是论论据据或或主要理由主要理由；有关细节的问题常对；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接直接或或间接间接在文章中找到答案。在文章中找到答案。 提问的特殊疑问词常有：提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。等。事事实实细细节节型型 解题原则解题原则：忠实于原文上下文忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。及全篇的逻辑关系，决

34、不能主观臆断。细节理解和细节判断细节理解和细节判断常考题型常考题型：1、是非题 2、例证题 3、年代与数字 4、比较 5、原因 6、事实排序题 7、直接信息题 8、间接信息题 9、综合信息题1）which of the following statement is true?2）which of the following is not mentioned in the text?3)according to the passage, all of the following are true except4）according to the passage, when ( where, wh

35、y, how, who, what, which, etc.)_? 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：阅读理解基础训练阅读理解基础训练basic training-事实细节型事实细节型练习题第三节passage 1 “mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱脏乱). come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. mary wanted to go outside and play. “ill clean it up later,

36、 mum.” “oh no , you wont. ive been asking you for days,” her mum said . mary went into her bedroom. she put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .mum, im going outside to play now .” she ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .a small butterfly flew

37、 over and landed on marys hand .”youre a pretty little butterfly ,”may said ,”does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?” “what if i left my rubbish all didnt keep the garden clean and tidy ?would you have a nice place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly . “id not be happy if i came o

38、ut to see rubbish here and there ,”mary said . “everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away . mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”ill keep my room clean from now on ,mum .ive got to do my part .”and she di

39、d just that .文章which is the correct order for the following to takeplace in the story ? （细节题）（细节题）a、 mary played in the back garden b、 mary promised to keep her room clean c、 mum asked mary to clean up her room d、 a butterfly flew over and talker with mary e、 mary cleaned up her room a. a, c, d, b,

40、e b. c, a, d, b, e c. c, e, a, d, b d. a, d, b, c, e 同义法同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。近的或递进的，由此可以推测。 反义法反义法 如如 hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。 释义法释义法 对文章中的生词用定语对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号

41、、破折号（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。词词义义猜猜测测型型 情景推断法、代词替代法情景推断法、代词替代法等等猜测词义题猜测词义题常见命题形式如下常见命题形式如下：1）、）、the word “” in the passage probably means_.2）、）、what does the word “”mean_.3）、）、the underlined(划线的划线的) word means_4）、）、the close meaning of the underlined word“”is _in english .5）、）、

42、the word “”refers to _阅读理解基础训练阅读理解基础训练basic training-词义猜测型词义猜测型1.利用构词法猜测词义 英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前缀、后缀形成的，因此运用构词法来判断生词的意义是一种提高阅读速度的常用技巧，同时也是学生比较熟悉、擅长的一种解题技巧。 实践证明这是一种快速有效解决词汇障碍的方法。实例1 (2008年浙江省宁波市中考试题) after the earthquake: 1. check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right

43、. watch out for aftershocks.2. protect yourself by wearing long pants, a long-sleeved (长袖的) shirt and strong shoes.3. listen to the radio for the latest information.54. the underlined word aftershocks in the passage means _ in chinese.a震感 b震源 c余震 d防震2.利用同义词或反义词猜测词义有时作者为了使他的意思表达得更清楚明白，通常用一个、两个或更多的同义词

44、、近义词、反义词或英文解释来说明文中一个比较难的词或关键词。通过我们熟悉的单词或解释，用已知的知识就不难推断出生词的词义来。the relay, planned to kick off at 15:40 saturday, will set out from da yu ling.55. the underlined phrase kick off probably means _.a. begin b. stop c. check d. leave解析 a。后面的set out是出发的意思，所以kick off应该是begin的意思q: which of the following is c

45、losest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” a. repeat b. reiterated c. uneducated d. sick passage3: most women in ghana the educated and illiterate, the city and countryside, the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewi- ves and mothers. their

46、reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved(应得的，值得应得的，值得的的). 解 释第四节解 释 这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中 的大多数妇女，的大多数妇女，受过教育的受过教育的educated educated 和没有受过教育的和没有受过教育的illiterate illiterate ；住在城市的住在城市的 city city 和住在农村的和住在农村的countryside countryside ；年轻的年轻的

47、young young 和年长的和年长的old old 正好是一对对反义词。正好是一对对反义词。因此选因此选 c c 项。项。本题答案选本题答案选c c3.利用上下文猜测词义有些生词的意思必须通过对上下文所提供的信息或线索综合予以考虑方能确定。这种线索可以是一些词语也可以是一些出现在上下文中的句子，考查的方式一般是猜测中文意思。in some cities the rubbish is collected and taken outside of city to a dump. often the city dump is placed where the ground is low or t

48、here is a big hole. the kitchen rubbish is broken into small pieces and sent into the sewage system. the sewage system takes away the used water from toilets, bathtubs and other places.53. the underlined word sewage in the passage means_.a排污 b染色 c洗涤 d吸尘4.利用标点符号猜测词义作者有时利用标点符号为一些生词直接提供定义或解释，这些符号无疑为学生理

49、解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索，如破折号、引号等。bob works in a car factory near his home. he works very hard.he needs to work 8 hours every day.he will be on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.next week. a开夜车 b夜班 c熬夜 d晚上休息解析 b。文中两个破折号之间部分解释了“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。 i never saw her anger,never saw her cry. i knew she lov

50、ed me, she showed it in action. but as a young girl ,i wanted hearted-to-hearted talks between mother and daughter.they never happened. and a gulf opened between us. i was “too emotional(易动感情的)”. but she lived “on the surface”.( ) 3.the underlined word “gulf” in the passage means _.a. deep understan

51、ding between the old and the youngb.different ideas between the mother and the daughterc.free talks between mother and daughterd.part of the sea going far in land解析 b。“gulf”原来的意思应是“海湾”，但在此处有了另外的引申意义。文中两个引号内分别是“易动感情的”和“冷静的”的意思，为上文中的“gulf”提供了词义线索，因此文中的“gulf”应是“母女之间的鸿沟或分歧”。5.利用生活常识猜测词义历年中考英语阅读理解选择的素材具有

52、时代性、新颖性和生活性的特点，尤其强调选择一些与学生生活息息相关的素材。因此我们的生活经历或与日常生活有关的常识往往可以帮助学生更准确地猜测句中生词的词义。if traffic is heavy , the taxi will be slow. during the mornings and afternoons, there is the “rush hour”.this is the time when the traffic is very heavy with people going to and from work.( )the phrase “rush hour” in the

53、fourth paragraph means “_” in chinese.a.比赛中的冲刺时刻b.一小时内所跑的路程c.（上下班）交通高峰时刻d.匆匆忙忙的一小时解析 c 。根据生活常识，早上上班时和傍晚下班时交通拥挤的时段我们称为交通高峰期，与c项正好对应。6.利用逻辑关系明确指代明确指代关系其实是一类比较特殊的词义猜测题。一般情况下，中考中用指代性的代词，如it,they,he,she以及其宾格形式来指代前面所出现的名词,或以this,that,those来指代文中提到的某个观点或看法。the woman left the store less worried, and gloria h

54、as always remembered the pride she felt in having helped her customer.( ) what does the word “she” in the third paragraph refer to? a.the boss. b.the woman.c.gloria.d.the doctor.解析 c 。该句中虽然出现了the woman 和gloria两个人物，但英语中代词的使用原则是指代最近的那个名词，所以这里指代的是gloria。sandra was wearing a brightly-colored shirt with

55、her jeans. “no one else wears a shirt like mine,” she said. “im the only one, and i like that. i can understand that the school needs a dress code(准则).its a problem if students come to school with their shirts open. we all understand that , but no one wants a uniform. even my mum thinks its stupid.”

56、( )what does the underlined word “that”mean in the sixth paragraph?a.why no one wants a uniform. b.the school needs a dress code.c.wearing a school uniform is stupid. d.wearing ones own clothes isnt right.解析 b。这里出现的指代词“that”所指的是前面提及的一个事实，即学校需要一个穿衣准则。a. the herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns abou

57、t 650 yuan a year.b. like her younger sister who is gregarious, alice also likes to make friends. a. the herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中的 looks after sheep 就解释了 herdsman的词义为“牧人”。b. like her younger sister who is gregarious, alice also likes to make friends. 句首的 li

58、ke（像）这个语境线索说明：句中的gregarious与 likes to make friends意义相近。猜测词义题猜测词义题 解题技巧解题技巧： 1、通过因果关系猜测词义；、通过因果关系猜测词义；2、通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜词；、通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜词； 3、通过构词法猜测词义；、通过构词法猜测词义；4、通过定义或释义说明来推测词义；、通过定义或释义说明来推测词义；5、通过描述猜测词义；、通过描述猜测词义；6、用知识和生活经验猜测词义；、用知识和生活经验猜测词义；7、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。 推理判断题推理判断题：着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。 以原文内容以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。推推理理判判断断型型 透过现象看本质透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。推理判断题推理判断题（做题要领） 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑