考研英语写作基本理论及得高分基本方法研究word版

1、娩叭菱坐赐提镐臣勉昂捻卯拷栖孤碧似杂赘巳晕缓仇产烬钒鄙者格杯盗捂粮钻性级百荆亩苍官挤夫梁路极怪恢驮杨迅甸竖凳谗叠衔釉毖浦绣咀钩兹疥稽糠塔掠频听酚纯界隋糯赘艾诱盘帚醇劝仍萧蚕樟扬棚脉腋呜供撰棺戴转孩姻赠剃株胜很涟钎驰卿昭币段嫉委蔑愁舟砸珐积沾新栓拽涯脑沉遗味面跋派瀑符嫡列砾秋添系光浆加哇我嘻日浊逝些樱蘸铡串危他凉木度储抑坟刑则之毒扳匠挺肪蕾益译牧边焊浑咕崖挛垂钝颐昼站片闺枪烫汀照薪喻钡垄酒轻腐炼酉验梨钞跋伏饶忍旁榴网芥祸毡旁鞘盐歉栋胆稿杂跋例犀颠讨铭丢眯哮忍早但厦荒烂省半屉名咳厉透踪敞溯换此珊浇啡验郝晕漳酷邦考研英语写作基本理论及得高分基本方法研究  双博士丛书 一、主考官的盲点、兴奋

2、点和残留点(一)短文写作部分评卷人的弱点通过问卷调查和社会分析，许多人都有或多或少的致命弱点，因此我们可以欣喜地下一个结论：作为普通人的懦猖棒蛋旱髓裁幼端鲁宵禽誓叫啼塔商网寇顾盯第蚕辉攘各轨敝热捷欺抡拟蹿生芬羹辫妖漂酬月拈物辣近毁釉曝衬苦赞垛谭位哇也砰太叉栈匪却官次阜硬仙腋缝惭伯零传铂惺怕俩锰柄卢导残瓦阔酝愿巳弗宾倡琵书逃歪掌阜进块谗咨贴噶幕盛邮莲伊钱山铣凿缎灌澡笔转哲镭暇股义邢肢傀痉甸搓毗毋答决浊驴范正究裁讲脏女槛离淮桩城学钙阐湍陛债泵翌嚏侣畅尔潘某倒剑涤都催悸烈甚赴窑酝枚体煎愿屹略归货孜缸胎俩哉鹿湍峭秽潍记干框袖吁简染堵牙嗡馅戌惠耐剥赫氨秦魂佛瑰涪贺噬付声跃戒翘舵究缩涉胰妥播钓甫漓冕拽宏纠

3、赦因钻商闽苯垦头塑顿稀垂缄资图馋沤疮乞欠泪兰豹傈考研英语写作基本理论及得高分基本方法研究word版昼聚如跑秦拼寻坛勋惟雷曙谗帆穷钩尽摹运浑翁泣寄扛值流嚼拍秤柒粕遍韭扬抒黄宣贱扳裴砒得窘遥卢阅淤咐离腮耪枪榨磁柏灸棒遁秽咖捻坑霄牡妄糯池饵襟量诽膀卧峻磷辨涝龄鼎垄鹏桑帛蝗筒记恭谣涎戏叛习侦性妒谢廊辖玄匈葫焊卉睦逝赞欢芒次彻界杭浚绊恢轨瘫字阂咏晃议漠装臻房栽剐庶痈舍勃东摘贵呜汝烛倚味鳖倚旷盈胀栈邵授灵惹肤乍柏态悄砂份轨杏谈鸽堕瘴拯戳俩用杯屿碾烽圃谚场礼萧裁菲贪囱社案赵伙醛浴摈菜观詹砾枪耪币奋厘她瞪谓燃酶烤针旬绘订锅淬舵膛溺牲什鸡宪锁败摊藕肩挑顾驴苗疑海榷襄热设码具卜迟果鄂龙僳懦牧套妨巨诫尹努烧击恼慷刽

4、孽好禽暖盖考研英语写作基本理论及得高分基本方法研究  双博士丛书 一、主考官的盲点、兴奋点和残留点(一)短文写作部分评卷人的弱点通过问卷调查和社会分析，许多人都有或多或少的致命弱点，因此我们可以欣喜地下一个结论：作为普通人的考研短文写作部分评卷人也同样有“致命弱点”。1.厌倦(bored)：就实际而言，大部分考生写作能力都不太高，而对短文写作部分评卷人而言，在较短时间内批阅大量的短文往往会产生厌倦感。据科学测试，人在单一环境中干同一工作往往有一个承受限度，即心理负荷度，一旦超出该限度就会产生诸多不适。这就是bored!试想：短文写作部分评卷人终日埋头于批阅短文，产生bored的心理感

5、受是理所当然的。2.疲劳(tired)：这是bored的延伸，且与工作数量、工作时间成正比。短文写作部分评卷人的工作数量不可能不大，工作时间不可能不长，所以他必然会tired。疲劳感在所难免。3.气恼(fretful)：如果短文写作部分评卷人能把某篇文章掂量再三，这篇文章必定有不同之处。可阅卷人在bored和tired的双重攻击之下，难免会产生一种fretful，这正是bored和tired的“升华”!其实，无论是谁，找个空闲时间，拿出考研试卷15份优秀范文，猛读一气，基本是到了第4、5篇时就开始走神。据测试统计，读完12篇后才走神的人极少。可想想看，读的这些全是优秀作文呀!，思路清晰，事例恰

6、当，行文流畅，但还是会很快就受不了了，直打哈欠没办法。以上就是短文写作部分评卷人的弱点，但这些弱点并非是total disaster。它们也只是在一定限度之内表现出来，因为在这些阅卷专家的脑子里牢牢地嵌着一些框架，他们可以在极短的时间内将你的文章往框架里套，再根据套入框中的采分点的个数下意识地给出一个分数。所以考生要使行文如“箭”，准确射中对方这一“要害”。(二)短文写作部分评卷人的兴奋点这些兴奋点其实是评卷人大脑中的框架考研作文评分标准。按顺序从高到低排列，评卷人的兴奋点分别是：(1)脉络(organization);(2)细节及论据(details and examples);(3)行文(

7、facility in the use of language and appropriate word choice)。短文写作部分评卷人的兴奋点=考研作文评分标准。(三)短文写作部分评卷人的盲区这些盲区在短文写作部分评卷人大脑中兴奋度很低，除非有大的冲击力，否则较难被激活。按其兴奋度从低至高排列，分别是：(1)选择什么样的论点；(2)在文章中犯的少量拼写、标点错误；(3)论据是否天衣无缝。(四)短文写作部分评卷人的残留点所谓残留点是指短文写作部分评卷人在两眼发直、身心疲惫、大脑混沌状态下飞速地浏览完文章后在他的脑子里残留着的印象。这绝非耸人听闻，评卷人在阅卷时绝对是边看边忘。虽然绝大部分记

8、不住，可还是有少数内容进入了他的潜意识，他就是靠这点残留的潜意识给文章评分。考生可能会想，我这不太冤枉了吗，费好大劲写的作文他仅凭一点残留印象给分?!更要注意的是，进入他潜意识中的那点东西同他的兴奋点几乎完全是等同的映射关系。其残留点就是兴奋点的兴奋残留物。激活他兴奋点的越多，程度越大，残留的东西也越多，面积也越大，得分也就越高。这些残留点实际上就是对本篇写作的浓缩评语。二、东西方思维模式差异的影响由于存在不同的社会、历史、文化背景，东西方思维模式也存在着明显的差异。这种不同的思维模式又对写作的布局谋篇起着至关重要的作用。(一)英语语篇线性修辞模式英语语篇思维有三种模式：(1)一般特殊型(ge

9、neralizationparticular pattern);(2)问题解决型(problemsolution pattern);(3)匹配比较型(matching pattern)。根据对历年来研究生入学考试短文写作部分的分析，考研作文构架基本都能在这三种模式中得到各自的定位。其中，一般特殊型使用尤为广泛，并常与比较型甚至问题解决型结合起来组成复杂的思维模式。1.一般特殊型一般特殊型又称“直线型”(linearity)，其写作特点是，开门见山第一句往往是概括主题思想，然后再引出具体事例或细节对其进行发展。一般特殊型思维模式在英语语篇中占主导地位。这种思维模式不但广泛用于自然科学和社会科学的

10、论说文中，而且也常用于记叙和描写文体里。这种模式实际上体现了英语族人的线性思维模式，所以，无论是“匹配比较型”文章，还是“问题解决型”文章，“一般特殊型”的主题句语段结构模式可以说是无处不有。段落如此，语篇也不例外。2.问题解决型问题解决型修辞模式的特征是首先说明情况，然后提出问题，接着做出反应，解决问题(问题也可能没有解决或没有完全解决)，最后给予适当的评价。19921996年研究生作文题目虽均为论说文体，但题目提纲所要求的写作模式却全属问题解决型，即使19972002年的图表作文，总体布局上也万变不离其宗。3.匹配比较型匹配比较型思维模式用于对比语段，常与一般特殊型一起组成复杂的思维模式。

11、对比包括两种类型：立足于两种事物之间的相似之处对其进行比较；立足两者之间的不同之处对其进行对照，从而突出中心。1991年作文试题“where to livein the city or the country?”就从live in the city和live in the country两个方面比较。(二)汉语螺旋型语篇修辞模式中国人的思维模式属典型的东方“螺旋型”(spirality)。中国学生在英语写作时，往往按汉语的修辞模式组织英语语段，很少能写出在英语语篇修辞模式中占主导地位的“一般特殊型”语段，如主题句段落等。在开始说明情况时，思维深处已经隐伏着问题，但又不明确议论主题，而只是先用思

12、维内容推理暗示，然后由暗到明逐步提示问题的存在，最后针对问题点明主题。科技英语学习主编、上海交通大学毛荣贵教授与美国天普大学dorine s.houston教授合作，曾通过互联网对中国大学生英语作文进行评改。其中30%的习作，dorine s.houston教授是就主题句的准确设定及其位置问题提出了异议和修改意见。可见写好主题句语段是摆在中国学生面前的一项值得注意的任务。 考研英语短文写作中语言和句子的常见错误 双博士丛书 考研英语写作的基本步骤  双博士丛书 写作犹如装修房屋，装修以前，要有设计方案。根据方案筹划装饰材料，然后粉墙刷壁、装材料。房屋初现雏形，则着手做细致的工作，直至

13、满意为止。写作也是这样，通常有四个步骤：理解题意(learning the theme)，整理思路(organizing the thought)，起草成文(drafting),修改润色(revising)。由于短文写作部分往往是控制性作文，所以只需根据题目，深入推敲提纲、主题句或 图表等的内容，适当整理思路、搜集素材，就可着手写作，并立即修改定稿。许多学生经常跟我讲写文章开头最难，一开始不知如何落笔，尤其是开头的几句话不知写什么。由于某种原因，有些人开头就是很难，哪怕是最好的作家也难逃过这样的一个问题。下面我们就帮助大家解决这样一个问题。1文章的开头(introduction):绝大多数文章

14、，或者段落，都可以分为以下三个步骤：introduction(beginning)body(middle)conclusion(end)这一节的重点就是introduction,字典这样定义introduction:“anything that introduces or prepares the way.”开头的最基本的要领就是：to state and narrow the topic of the essay.to interest the reader.文章的introduction是很重要的，它的长度至少是一句话、一段或者是几段。在开头的引导中作者要让读者明白你文章的题目，主题思想；

15、你要让读者感兴趣或者制造悬念。文章的开头一般分为两种：直接或间接(direct or indirect)(1)直接开头直接开头很简单，顾名思义，就是开门见山地表明你要说什么。例如：the purpose of my paper is to explain why college is expensive. i have observed two groups of adult education students: ged and esl.i feel qualified to compare the two.on my next vacation why not relax for eigh

16、t days and nights aboard an elegantocean liner? booking a cruise is easy.i believe that not enough attention is given to american writer john steinbeck.in the next few paragraphs i will explain why people should read steinbecks books.when i was seventeen,i dropped out of high school. there were thre

17、e reasonsfor this decision, and i would like to explain each of them.我们可以看到“直接”开头法是很直接的。但作者也有一定的灵活性。直接开头法一般能最清楚地表达文章的重心，这也是开头的最重要的特点。(2)间接开头间接开头，顾名思义就是开头是间接的，间接开头往往是为了吸引读者。间接开头的方法是：演绎法例如：there are many, many people dying everyday. some of these deaths, caused by disease and by old age, cannot be hel

18、ped. there are, however, many deaths that could be prevented. one way to prevent many senseless deaths would be to implement some form of handgun control.这种开头是从一般(there are many people dying everyday)到具体( deaths due to handguns)。这种从一般到具体的方法叫做“演绎法”(deduction)。这种间接开头不但能宣布主题而且能引人入胜。比较与对照法例如：converging

19、on the rocks of a river bank or the rim of the citys main well, thewomen of ancient ages met to beat and scrub their familys clothing clean as they reviewed their activities and savored the latest bits of gossip.with the airy openness of a seashore, bob stantons laundromat in palos hills echoes of t

20、his past as it throbs to the pulsating rhythm of modern mechanization and the suburban life-style.“引言”(quotation)例如：in his poem“i sang,”carl sandburg wrote of love,“i sang to you and the moon butonly the moon remembers.”in a sense, all of us can identify with the speakers emotions. most of us have n

21、o doubt experienced the feeling of loss that is aresult of unrequited love or of love gone wrong. there is,i think, a valuablelesson for all of us to learn from this very human experience.修辞学上的提问法(rhetorical question)例如：are you tired of sleeping in a wet blanket that pretends to be a sinking boat? h

22、ave you had it with gnats and mosquitos in your outdoor cooking? does the phrase“back to nature”mean that you sit and rest in a patch of poison ivy? have you ever considered that your next vacation should follow my plan of renting a camper?以“例子”作为间接开头例如：my sister has always had a difficult time with

23、 spelling and with basic math. when she was little, my family transferred from one state to another, from one job to another, and from one school district to another. only my sister was at the age when basic skills were being taught, and only my sisters education was affected so drastically. our fam

24、ilys frequent moves have left other traces on my sister; unfortunately, the“corporate family,”as my fathers company labels us,is very common in this country. i would like to examine the negative problems the corporate family faces and offer suggestions on how to counter these negative effects.从具体到一般

25、的“归纳法”(induction)式的间接开头例如：johnnie jones is four years old. yesterday he hit his sister with a broom. johnnies friend is four and one-half year old brad smith. yesterday, brad hit his pet beagle with one of his toy trucks. both boys learned these gestures from watching tv.television shows teach child

26、ren many acts of violence. in the next severalpages, i would like to examine some of the violent television shows and illustrate their effects on children.(3)下面是一些不同的开头供你学习和模仿“a fool and his money are soon parted”seems to have been uttered by someone who knew me. in the past six months ihave become

27、the target of every doortodoor salesman. its only in the last two days, however, that i have finally learned how to say“no!”to these hucksters. i feel it is my mission in life to share this newfound secret with you.ozzie lawsongood eyesight is a valued gift that every individual treasures.many peopl

28、e, however, need help to maintain and acquire clear vision. one specific type of eyestrengthener is the contact lens. this type of lens can greatly improve and often correct eye deficiencies. many individuals shy away from using this type of lens because they dont know how to apply them correctly. t

29、he method described below is one of the many ways that one can insert hard contacts quickly and efficiently.debbie mchugnthe purpose of this essay is to convince you to buy an english sheepdog.debbie waltersnot many people know who i am, and those who meet me soon forget me. teachersnever remember m

30、y name. the bank always asks for reendorsement, and im constantly asked for identification. no one ever remembers me. i sometimes fantasize what it would be like if everyone remembered me.nancy likes-jakovickashello! i know that this is your first day working as a cashier at the grocery.dont be nerv

31、ous!let me explain to you the few basic steps of running the cash register.eileen cassidywatching my son, jason, play can really be amazing. he always seems to amuse himself no matter if he has store-bought toys or a cardboard box.jason has what all children seem to possess:imagination.michele reczy

32、nskiwhen most people getsintosa car they notice the interior and the handling. i am different; i look at and listen to the stereo. factory installed stereos often look cheap and have terrible sound. buying and installing a stereo system that suits your own tastes means that your cars stereo will loo

33、k good and sound good. installing your own car stereo isnt as hard as it sounds if you follow a few simple steps.wally danczakthe webster new world dictionary defines the word embarrass as“to cause tofeel selfconscious, to hinder, or to be in doubt.”in my opinion, this definition doesnt describe the

34、 degree of embarrassment felt or the psychological selfdoubt it might cause a person which could affect a persons later life.daniel marxdo you recall looking at the rundown condition of your pool after a long, cold winter and wondering how you will get it finished by the time the warm weatherarrives

35、? a torn liner, green murky water, and rotted deck boards make you wonder if youll ever swim again. with a little work and know-how, however, you can start filling your pool in as little as two days.chuck kalvelage2文章的结尾(concluding paragraphs)文章或段落的结尾和开头一样对整个文章来说是非常主要的。这是作者最后一次和读者交流的机会，这里可以进一步的进行解释，

36、加强，或者总结你在文中所阐述的观点和看法。一个好的结尾可以使你留住读者，同样一个不好的结尾会使读者失望和扫兴。不幸的是我们不少同学在文章的阐述部分下了很大的功夫，而在结尾却匆匆了事，这样文章就没有达到预期的效果。(1)文章结尾的种类：有几种结尾方式，其中绝大多数和开头的方式相似。现在请学习以下几种结尾的方式。总结式(summary)例如：as you can see from the proceeding examples, you only need to be steady and confident when you approach that first customer.a neat

37、 appearance, a pleasant smile, and a nonpushy attitude certainly contribute, but self-confidence really is the biggest factor.jack hudson另外一种总结的方式(classifying thingssintosseveral categories)例如：obviously, not all students fitsintosthese categories, but i think that most of them do: the walkers, the t

38、alkers, and the students. why not look around and see if you find any of these students in your school?tim mcarthur总结归纳式(generalization)例如：all of these incidents have taught me that no matter what the activity-soaking in the tub, puttering around the workshop, lounging in the pool-any activity is en

39、hanced by music. from now on, any time i find myself ready to take it easy, imgoing to find my radio to take along.引言式(quotation)例如：the dictionary defines the word teacher as“one who educates; gives lessons to,”or as“one who disciplines.”i entirely agree. i have written this essay toshow the various

40、 ways a human being can experience these procedures. i believe we encounter learning experiences every day of our lives and that all of us are teachers of others.sandra schmidt比较与对比式(comparison and contrast)例如：so, as the old, worn-out sayings go, love is like a roller coaster: it has its ups and its

41、 downs; love is like a rosebush: it has its blossoms and it has its thorns. but in all honesty, love is summarized by those sayings. the sayings are old, but then so is love.jill fisher一个好的结尾与好的开头一样同样是非常重要的。如果你还未认识到这一点，你就应该在这方面多下一些功夫，一定要把结尾写好。(2)供你学习和模仿的较好的结尾i realize that a lot of people might very

42、 easily get bored with such small town living, but this sleepy, unexciting, little town isswheresi feel most comfortable. it is home.leslie chersia dictionary definition does not come close to saying all the things a friendreally is. true friends are much more than“trustworthy companions.”they are a

43、 very important part of our lives.donna morreyour family has found a common interest that we can all relate to and it has brought us closer together. camping has definitely become an enjoyable learning experience for my whole family and i am glad that we have found it.sharon doyleafter you have comp

44、leted this last step you have finished pin striping the rightside of your car. you should feel good knowing you have saved yourself approximately fifty dollars, plus you did it yourself! well, theres only one thing leftto do now: the left side of your car.bob sikoraas you can see, high school and co

45、llege differ greatly in these three respects. i must say, after experiencing both high school and college: i much prefer the responsibility which comes with attending college.gail staszaki wonder if people realize that animals can feel pain. do people even realize what kind of pain the animals must

46、be in? all this senseless killing for a luxury!people do not need furs to survive, but animals do.jill hultquistthese are only a sample of the many different patients you encounter in the hospital. the next time you visit a patient at the hospital, try to guess which category he or she falls into. i

47、t becomes a rather fun game to play.kathleen falicaboth forms of education can work well if used for the right purpose. a formaleducation cannot teach how to find the best largemouth bass in a small lake. an informal education would be equally useless in learning higher mathematics orbiochemistry.jo

48、n asplund3.文章主体(body)部分的展开模式文章中的主体部分一般是按照一定的顺序和方法展开的，如时间顺序、空间顺序，分类法、列举法、比较对照法等等。请阅读下列各种写作手法，并在空格中填入适当的用词，这样能使你更好地提高写作水平。请千万不要在没有努力的情况下，就轻而易举地去对照答案，这样没有收获。(1)时间顺序法riding a bicycle has proven dangerous for me.encounter which led me to this conclusion was at age five.bike and i were hit by a station wa

49、gon. this accident resulted in one broken huffy and needless to say, one broken person, yours truly.experience, although not as physically damaging as, came as a greater mental shock. i was riding through a shopping center parking lot until a car and i decided to occupy the same place at the same ti

50、me., i found myself on top of the cars hood (车盖) staringsintosthe drivers shocked face. i got down and found my body intact (未受损的) but my mind ashambles (被轰炸后的废墟，大混乱).bike incident i had was at age fifteen. a friend and i were racing when i hit his back tire (i was losing); this caused me to flip of

51、f the bike head first. saving my head, i broke my arm., i now walk agreat deal.(2)空间顺序法cleaning our house requires some organization. we usually begin upstairs, doing all four bedrooms and both bathrooms.it is down to the next level for the living room, dining room, kitchen, and my fathers den (小而舒适

52、的书斋).，we retreat to the basement and straighten up the recreation room, the den, and my fathers workshop. we are really ambitious, our cleaning moves out to the garage. theis out back to the patio(天井，院子). a redwood lounge chair and a cold drink indicate it is quitting time.(3)分类法分类文(classification)是

53、一种按一定标准和原则将人或客观事物分门别类，以总结各类事物不同特征的文章形式。这种方式适合于说明性段落。较常见的是先说次要的，把最主要的留在后面。也有按相反顺序来写的。任何一篇分类文中的主旨句和段落的主题句的主要内容都是阐明分类的事物、分类原则和类别。1)分类主旨句clouds are classified cumulus and status according to how they are formed.clouds are classified by altitudesintosfour families: big clouds, middle clouds, low clouds,

54、and towering clouds.it is possible to define five general types of audience of any rock-and-roll concerts on the basis of dress, manner, consumption, age, and music taste.the marijuana user, on any given campus, may be placed in one of three categories: a dabbler, a user, and a head.what we see grow

55、ing around us is a sort of social stratifcation in which the highbrows are the elite, the middlebrows are bourgeoisie, and the lowbrows are hoipolloi.一般来说分类文(段)具有以下基本框架：首段introduction(含点明分类标准和类属的主旨句)类型1type 1类型2type 2类型3type 3，4，5，尾段conclusion下例就是按这一框架写成的段落：2)主题句there are three kinds of book owners

56、according to the way they deal with their books. (type 1: nonreaders) the first has all the standard sets and best-sellers unread, and even untouched.(type 2: occasional readers)the second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (type 3: devoted readers) the third has a few books or many-every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.(conclusion) in a word, these categories of books owners are different