张道真全范围英语语法之6·介词

1、纸介图书双击此处跟踪链接天猫旗舰店·京东有售张道真全范围英语语法之介词担纲指导 张道真 执行主编 席玉虎 编 著 陈 静 赵淑文山西出版传媒集团·山西教育出版社2013年6月第2版2014年2月第5次印刷出 版人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 王爱仙ISBN 978-7-5440-6436-1学习探讨英语语法请加微平台bbzdzyyyf 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读 丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说，尤其是

2、成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：第一  可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二  可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三  可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四  语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几

3、点：第一  基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。第二  要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三  学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。  第四  要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五  将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一

4、样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六  实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后  可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 张道真全范围英语语法之·介词目 录话说介词 A介词的分类根据词形分类根据意思分类 B介词的宾语 C介词的构成由介词构成的成语动词介词成语 D介词短语的作用作状语作定语作宾语补足语 基础练习 能力提升Unit 6 介 词话说介词介词又

5、称前置词，它通常置于名词之前，用来表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的结构与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只能用在名词、代词或相当于名词的结构之前，与后面的词一起构成介词短语，简称介宾。A.介词的分类1. 根据词形分类从词形上看，介词可分为：类别说明例证简单介词即由一个介词构成before，at，of,since.合成介词由两个介词组成inside，outside，onto，into,out of.带-ing词尾的介词由现在分词构成considering，following，including，regarding成语介词由两个词、三个词，甚至四个词合成的介词短语along

6、with，in front of，according to，because of，except for2. 根据意思分类 (1) 表示时间的介词。如：Prior to her marriage she was a nurse. 结婚前她是一个护士。Around nine o'clock he came back. 九点左右他回来了。The Grand Prix is to be held here on the 5th of April. 汽车大奖赛四月五日将在这里举行。 (2) 表示地点的介词。如：Are you going to the post office? 你去邮局吗？Sea

7、n sometimes runs through the park on weekends. 周末，肖恩有时跑步穿过公园。We went round and round the town looking for the hotel. 我们在城里转来转去一直在找这家旅馆。相关试题解析Shenyang lies_the north of Dalian.(中考题)A. in B. toC. onD. over【选B】译文：沈阳位于大连的北面。 (3) 用于其他意思的介词。如：Jane usually goes to work by bike. 简通常骑自行车上班。In spite of his ef

8、forts he failed. 尽管他做了极大的努力，但还是失败了。Brandon arrived late owing to the storm. 由于暴风雨，布兰登迟到了。相关试题解析The boy_a white jacket is waiting at the bus stop.(中考题)A. onB. inC. ofD. for【选B】译文：穿白夹克的那个男孩在车站等车。B.介词的宾语介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构、短语或从句称为介词宾语即介词补足语。能充当介词宾语的主要有： (1) 名词：They dived into the water. 他们跳入了水中。I w

9、andered round the orchard. 我在果园里转了转。 (2) 代词：There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。Ashley clasped his hand in both of hers. 艾许莉用双手握住他的手。 (3) 动名词：Steven is keen on fishing. 史蒂文喜欢钓鱼。 (4) 连接副词或连接代词引起的从句或不定式：Think of what I said. 想想我说的话。I'll think over how I can convince them. 我要想一想怎样能说服

10、他们。Thomas gave a lecture on how to improve soil. 托马斯做了一个关于如何改良土壤的报告。The discussion centred on how to increase production. 讨论围绕着如何增产的问题。 (5) 有时在介词后可用另一个介词短语、复合结构或that引起的从句作介词宾语：Zoey won't go home until after the exam. 佐伊要考完试之后再回家。Philip had no objection to Dinny marrying him. 菲利普不反对丁妮和他结婚。Neil ha

11、s no special faults except that he doesn't try hard to learn from others. 尼尔没有什么特殊的缺点，只是他不虚心向别人学习。C.介词的构成1. 由介词构成的成语动词 (1) 动词+介词。如：The miners were digging for gold. 矿工在挖掘找金子。How do you get round this problem? 你怎样解决这个问题？The wish to go to California grew upon Miss Lee. 李小姐去加州的愿望越来越强烈。相关试题解析Victor,

12、 your radio is too loud. Your partner is writing her composition. Sorry, Miss Gao. I'll turn it_a little.(中考题)A. on B. up C. off D. down【选D】 turn on 打开；turn up调高；turn off关掉；turn down调低。根据句子意思，应该用turn down。 (2) 动词+副词+介词。如：The company came out with three new models. 这家公司推出了三种新型号的机器。Not many crimin

13、als get away with their crimes. 没有多少罪犯犯了罪而不受惩罚的。2. 介词成语英语中有大量成语是由介词构成的。如： (1) at：at a time 每次at first 最初，开始时at home 在家，随便at last 最后at least 至少at most 至多at once 立即；同时at present 现在，目前at the same time (与此)同时at times 有时，偶尔at the time 那时，当时at all events 无论如何at length 长时间，详尽at large 总体上；逍遥法外at sunrise 日出时

14、at sundown / sunset 落日时分相关试题解析John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School_the beginning of March.(高考题)A. onB. forC. withD. at【选D】at the beginning of“在的开始”。 (2) by：by accident 偶然by chance 偶然，碰巧by choice 出于自愿by day 白天by far 最(修饰最高级)by means of 借助于by mistake 错误地by surprise 突然攻击；撞见by the way 顺

15、便说by oneself 独自 相关试题解析We hadn't planned to meet. We met_chance.(高考题)A. ofB. inC. forD. by【选D】by chance意指“偶然”。 (3) in：in a row 成一行，一排in a sense 从某种意义上说in all 总共in case of 万一in conclusion 最后，总之in the control of 在控制之下in fact 实际上in full 全部地，全文地in one's opinion 在某人看来in order to (that) 为了in other

16、words 换句话说in short 简而言之 相关试题解析They have had a good harvest for three years_succession.(考研题)A. onB. afterC. atD. in【选D】in succession 意为“连续”。 (4) on：on average 平均 on board 在船上on duty 值班on fire 着火了on foot 步行on holiday 在休假on sale 在出售on the way 在路上on time 准时on top of 在上面相关试题解析 1. The conference has been

17、held to discuss the effects of tourism_the wildlife in the area.(高考题)A. in B. onC. atD. with【选B】effect.on意为“对产生影响”。 2. I was_the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.(四级题)A. toB. atC. onD. in 【选C】on the point of“当的时候”。 (5) out of：out of control 无法控制out of breath 气喘吁吁out of danger 脱险out o

18、f date 过时out of fashion 不时兴out of order 坏了out of sight 看不见了out of the question 不可能out of touch 失去联系out of work 失业 (6) 介词与名词之间构成的成语介词：day after day 日复一日地year after year 年复一年地step by step 一步一步地one after another 一个接一个地face to face 面对面hand in hand 手牵手地day by day 一天一天地heart-to-heart 互相交心的 (7) 包含两个介词的成语介词

19、：from beginning to end 从头到尾from bad to worse 越来越糟from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 从头到脚，浑身from morning to night 从早到晚from place to place 到各地from generation to generation 一代一代地 (8) “be+形容词+介词”构成的成语：be fond of 喜欢be full of 充满be interested in 对感兴趣be confident in 对有信心be busy with 忙于某事be different f

20、rom 和不同be married to 和结婚be worried about 为担心be good at 擅长于be absent from 未出席D.介词短语的作用1. 作状语 (1) 介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 水在100摄氏度沸腾。You can see it with your own eyes. 你可以亲自去看看。Why don't we go there by car instead? 我们怎么不坐小汽车去呢？ (2) 在“be+形容词”结构后也常可跟介词短语。如：Who is responsib

21、le for the project? 谁负责这项工程？Spike was eager for a quick cure. 斯派克急着赶快治好。She was quite aware of her current situation. 她很清楚她目前的处境。 (3) 介词短语也可修饰非谓语动词。如：Be careful enough while walking across the street. 过街时务必小心。Some people say it is unlucky to walk under a ladder. 有人说从梯子下走过去是不吉利的。Have you ever seen th

22、e mountain covered in snow? 你见过白雪覆盖的大山吗？2. 作定语 (1) 用介词短语作定语修饰名词。如：There are many colourful clouds of different shapes. 天空中有很多五彩缤纷形状各异的云朵。Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个女孩是谁？What are the major differences between British and American English? 英国英语和美国英语有什么主要差别？ (2) 一些介词可构成许多不同的介词短语作定语。如：ofFour boys sa

23、t on the floor of the living room. 四个男孩坐在客厅的地板上。They admired the beauty of the landscape. 他们欣赏风景的美。a professor of phonetics 语言学教授an act of friendship 友好的行动withThe lamp with the green shade is alight. 罩着绿色灯罩的那盏灯亮了。I painted a girl with a pigtail. 我画了一个梳辫子的姑娘。a boy with red hair 红头发的男孩a wardrobe with

24、a mirror 带穿衣镜的衣柜inThe girl in blue is my cousin. 穿蓝衣服的姑娘是我表妹。Paul was a thinnish man in his forties. 保罗是一个偏瘦的四十多岁的男子。a doctor in economics 经济学博士toHave you found an answer to the question? 你找到这问题的答案了吗？her contribution to science 她对科学的贡献resistance to the new law 对新法律的阻力forTheir desire for expansion ha

25、s increased. 他们扩张的野心增强了。a thirst for knowledge 求知欲regard for others 对别人的关怀aboutThat's my idea about friendship. 这是我对友谊的看法。I am glad to hear news about the progress of your book. 我很高兴听到关于你的书的进展情况的消息。an agreement about trade 关于贸易的协议a debate about the question 关于这问题的辩论3. 作表语 (1) 介词短语常可作表语。如：Anthony

26、 was below her in intelligence. 安东尼的智力比她差。That's all beside the point. 这都不关正题。Keith is off cigarettes. 凯斯戒烟了。That's not within my jurisdiction. 这不在我的权限范围之内。 (2) 一些介词可构成许多不同的介词短语作表语。如：atLarry felt at ease and confident in the future. 拉里很安心，对未来充满信心。The country was at peace. 国家处于和平时期。Business w

27、as almost at a standstill. 商业几乎陷于停顿。beyondThey're beyond the government's control. 它们是政府无法控制的。Good advice is beyond price. 有益的忠告是无价之宝。The scene was beyond description. 景色美得无法形容。inThe poor girl was in tears. 可怜的姑娘满脸泪水。Keith had never been in love before. 凯斯以前从来没谈过恋爱。Martin was wounded and in

28、pain. 马丁受了伤处于疼痛之中。ofI have come to know if I can be of any use. 我来看看我是否能有些用处。The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有什么价值。Would that be of benefit to her? 那对她有好处吗?onThe students are on strike. 学生们在罢课。Now I'm on tour in Europe. 现在我正在欧洲旅行。The show is on the air at seven o'clock. 这次演出七

29、点播出。out ofAllison knew she was out of danger now. 艾莉森知道她已脱离危险。Andy was feeling out of fun. 安迪情绪不佳。The piano is out of tune. 这钢琴走调了。underBenson has been under the doctor for some weeks. 本森由医生照顾了几星期。My office is under repair. 我的办公室正在装修。I'm under instructions not to say anything. 我奉命保持沉默。相关试题解析The

30、survival of civilization as we know is_threat.(高考题)A. within B. underC. towardsD. upon【选B】 under表示“在情况下”或“遭到”，is under threat相当于is experiencing threat；within的意思是“在里面、在以内”；towards的意思是“向、对”；upon可表示“在后立即”，但不能与threat搭配表示“遭到”之意。4. 作宾语补足语It has put me a little out of breath. 这使我有点气喘吁吁。I always find her at

31、 her studies. 我经常发现她在学习。He always considers himself in the right. 他总是认为自己是对的。学以致用【基础练习】1. 选择最佳答案填空。 (1) The old man died_cancer. A. inB. forC. ofD. from (2) Who took my schoolbag_?A. by accidentB. by mistakeC. with accidentD. with mistake (3) Thanks_the Green Great Wall, we live a happy life.A. forB

32、. ofC. on D. to (4) The film started at 8：00. We were_for it.A. on timeB. in timeC. at timeD. with time (5) The train runs fast_the speed of 100 kilometres an hour.A. atB. inC. forD. with2. 用适当的介词填空。 (1) We should learn_each other. (2) I've learned the poem_heart. (3) Zoos are terrible places fo

33、r animals to live in. So I am_building a new zoo in our town. (4) She'll leave_England next week. Maybe she'll get there in two days. (5) This kind of clothes sells_500 yuan each. (6) The desk is made_wood. (7) The children were very happy and they jumped_joy. (8) A mountain is_(在附近)our vill

34、age._(靠近) the village, there is a church. A river is_the church_the village(在之间). We often jump_the river and swim. When we come_the water, we feel very cool. (9) Light comes in_the window. (10) Today is very hot. The temperature is about thirty_zero.3. 用适当的介词填空，完成下面两篇短文。AWhen I was waiting for my t

35、rain in the station, I found a boy crying(1)_the corner of the station. I went over and asked, “What's the matter(2)_you?” The boy said, “I lost my money.” Then he told me that both of his parents died. Then he left home(3)_his own. He decided to make a living(4)_selling newspapers in the train

36、station. He said he couldn't give(5)_. He hoped to save some money to go to school. He took money with him every day. But now his money was stolen. He couldn't help crying again. How poor a boy!BMiss Cao is our English teacher. She is a beautiful girl and she always dresses herself (6)_red.

37、And all of her clothes are(7)_fashion. We call her “supergirl”. One day, she was teaching us to read when she found a boy sleeping with a book (8)_his face. She went(9)_him and touched his head gently and asked, “Did you have a wonderful dream?” “Yes! My dream is to open a clothing shop and I sell o

38、nly red clothes.” The boy said with a smile (10)_his face.【能力提升】1. 选择最佳答案填空。 (1) We drove_the direction of Hangzhou_a high speed.A. to; atB. in; byC. in; atD. to; with (2) The train was ten minutes_time. They were surely to catch us.A. afterB. behindC. ahead ofD. in (3) Books are the most important

39、records we keep_man's thoughts, ideas and feelings.A. upB. ofC. forD. on (4) I've given you my advice, whether or not you act on it is_to you.A. upB. fromC. onD. for (5) We took it_granted that he would join us.A. asB. forC. inD. to (6) The trees in that thick forest are so close together th

40、at there is hardly any room to move_them.A. betweenB. inC. amongD. across (7) When did it begin to snow? It started_the night.A. duringB. byC. fromD. at (8) They were hunting for a person_him_a stepping stone.A. like; asB. like; likeC. as; likeD. as; as (9) He_a sum of money every week for his old a

41、ge.A. sets upB. sets inC. sets alongD. sets aside (10) It was just the set of combs that Helen had longed_.A. toB. onC. afterD. for2. 根据短文内容，选择最佳选项填空。Waiting for the airplane to take off, I was happy to get a seat by myself. Just then, an air hostess approached me and asked,“Would you mind(1)_your s

42、eat? A couple would like to sit together.” The only(2)_seat was next to a girl with her arms in casts(石膏绷带)，a black-and-blue face, and a sad expression. (3)_am I going to sit there. I thought immediately. But a soft voice spoke, “She needs help.”Finally, I(4)_to move to that seat. The girl was named

43、 Kathy. She(5)_wounded in a car accident and now was on her way for(6)_. When the snack and juice arrived, it did not take me long to(7)_that Kathy would not be able to(8)_herself. I considered(9)_to feed her but hesitated, as it seemed too (10)_to offer a service to a (11)_. But then I realized tha

44、t Kathy's need was more (12)_than my discomfort. I offered to help her eat, and (13)_she was uncomfortable about accepting， she (14)_. We became closer and closer in a short period of time. By the end of the five-hour trip, my heart (15)_, and the (16)_was really better spent than if I had just sat by myself.I was very glad I had reached (17)_my comfort zone to sit next to Kathy and feed her. Love (1