语法名词THE noun

1、Chapter TwoChapter TwoDefinition & classification of the nounNouns with dual class membership Plural forms of the nounCase of the nounPracticeDefinition of the noun A NOUN is the name of a person, place, or thing, some state, quality, or action etc. Classification of the noun 专有名词 Proper n. 名词 个

2、体名词Individual Nouns: country, house, orange 可数名词 集体名词Collective Nouns: family, committee 普通名词 Common n. 物质名词Material Nouns: water, cotton, air, tea 不可数名词 抽象名词Abstract Nouns: strength, love 张道真张道真实用英语语法实用英语语法Nouns with dual class membership双重类别名词双重类别名词 She was a beauty in her youth. (individual noun)

3、 She had great beauty in her youth. (abstract noun) Twenty youths attended the meeting. (individual noun) The youth of China have ideas. (collective noun) The storm did great damage to the crops. (abstract noun) The court ordered him to pay ￥10,000 damages to the person he had hurt. (individual noun

4、) Dont count the chickens before they are hatched. (individual noun) Do you like boiled chicken? (material noun) Thousands of Lei Fengs emerged in China after his death. (Proper nounindividual noun) She showed me much kindness/many kindnesses. (see Ex. II P30) 物质名词以复数形式出现，表示巨大的数物质名词以复数形式出现，表示巨大的数量或范

5、围，且有文学色彩。如：量或范围，且有文学色彩。如： For months they traveled through the sands of the Gobi. They sailed on the great waters. 江河 The high snows高原积雪 the Snows of Kilimanjaro Partitive noun / Unit noun 单位词单位词 单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。英语的单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。英语的可数名词可与单位词搭配表示可数名词可与单位词搭配表示“一群一群”、“一帮一帮”等意义；不可数名词一般不可以个数等意义；不可数名词一般不可

6、以个数计算，要表示这类名词的个体性也得用单位计算，要表示这类名词的个体性也得用单位词。词。 1. We bought a new _ of furniture.2. John pulled out a _ of grass from the garden.3. They havent had a _ of rain for at least 2 years.4. I need a _ of sugar for my coffee.5. Jackson pulled a _ of change from his pocket.6. There wasnt an _ of corn left in

7、 the vegetable garden.7. We saw a _ of lightning in the sky.9piecebladedroplumphandfulearflash表物体形状的单位词表物体形状的单位词na cake of soapna bar of chocolate/soapna blade of grassna stick of celery/incensenan ear of corn / barley/ millet(小米）/ wheatna flight of stairs / stepsna loaf of breadna sheet of paperna

8、slice of meat/bacon/breadna strip of clothna grain of rice/salt/sandna lump of sugarna head of cabbage/lettuce / garlic10表物品集合的单位词表物品集合的单位词na heap of ashes / books / bones / leavesna pile of bills / bricks / cushions / rubbishna bunch of flowers / grapes / keysna bundle of sticks / strawna cluster o

9、f flowers / islandsna series of films / lecturesna tuft of feathers / grass / hair / beardna collection of stampsna packet/pack of cigarettes11表人群的单位词表人群的单位词na crowd of people/studentsnan army of soldiersna band of musiciansna bench of judges / examinersna choir of singersna crew of sailorsna group

10、of childrenna party of guestsna staff of teachersna troupe of actorsna gang of hooligans / rascals / thieves / robbersna mob of rebelsna team of players12表动物群的单位词表动物群的单位词na litter of puppiesna brood of chickensna cluster of antsna flock of birds / sheepna swarm of ants/bees/waspsna pack of wolves/ho

11、undsna school of fish / whalesna bevy of larks (百灵鸟)na shoal of fish / shrimpsna herd of cattle / elephant13表长度、重量、容量、面积的单位词表长度、重量、容量、面积的单位词na(n) inch / foot / yard / meter of clothna(n) ounce / pound / gram / kilo / ton of flourna gallon / liter / pint / quart of oilna(n) acre / hectare of land14表容

12、器的单位词表容器的单位词na bottle of beer / milkna bowl of rice / soupna basket of eggs / fruitna sack of rice / sugarna glass of waterna pail / bucket of waterna barrel of brandy/powderna packet of biscuitsna jar of strawberry jamna lorry load/shipload/ trainload / truck load of coalna handful / mouthful / spo

13、onful of rice15表方式、状态的单位词表方式、状态的单位词na fit of anger / coughing / laughter / fever / temperna peal of applause / laughter / thunderna burst of laughter / applausena ray of hope / light / sunshinena flash of lightning / light / hopena display of courage / force / power / skill / fireworks16ExercisesnA

14、_ of cattlenA _ of whalesnA _ of antsnA _ of chickensnA _ of sandnA _ of envelopesnA _ of cigarnA choir of _nA gang of _nA cluster of _nA suite of _nA head of _nA piece of _nA library of _17Plural forms of the noun1. Introduction 朴实之中有一种美。 There is a beauty in simplicity. 许多牲畜在去年的大雪中死去。 Many animals

15、 died in last years heavy snows. 统治者掠夺了他们的劳动果实。 The rulers robbed them of the fruits of their toil. 我们来到十字路口。 We came to a crossroads. 这是达到目的的一种手段。 This is a means to an end. 引起这些谣言得怪传媒。 The media is / are to blame for starting the rumors. 今天的青年比我们过去处境要好。 The youth of today is / are better off than

16、we used to be. 他是一个披着羊皮的狼。 He is a wolf in sheeps clothing. 他毫不犹豫的同意了。 He agreed without a moments hesitation. 布朗先生的那个太太老是抱怨。 That wife of Mr. Browns is constantly complaining. 2. The form of noun pluralsA: pronunciation: /s/ /z/ /iz/ /p, t, k, f/ 等清辅音后发/s/ cups, hats, cakes, roofs /s, z, $,d$/等浊辅音后

17、发/iz/ glasses, roses, brushes, matches 其他情况发/z/ days, beds 注意：在长元音，双元音后，ths读作.baths, paths 在短元音或辅音及字母rth后，ths读作cloths, moths, berths职位, lengths 特殊：youth, truthB: Irregular plurals & Plurals of the compound nouns goose-geese鹅, ox-oxen公牛, louse-lice虱子, brethren教友 touch-me-nots凤仙花, go-betweens, wom

18、an-haters, man-eaters runners-up, men-of-war军舰, grants-in-aid拨款, comrades-in-arms men servants, women doctors 外来语复数外来语复数 us-i /ai/ stimulus-stimuli; locus-loci地点; alumnus-alumni男校友 a-ae /i :/ alumna-alumnae女校友; alga-algae海藻; larva-larvae幼虫 uma /e/ curriculum-curricula课程; addendum-addenda附录 bacterium

19、-bacteria, medium-media, datum-data is-es /i:z/ thesis-theses; diagnosis-diagnoses; basis-bases; analysis-analyses; on-a criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena注意：注意：data, memoranda, media, criteria在通俗英语中有时做单数使用。 This data is collected from reliable sources. He took out a memoranda. C. 其他复数形式其他复数形式

20、 The 1980s / 1980s VIPs / VIPs Mind your ps and qs. There are two ls in the word all. I will not accept your ifs and buts. You use too many thiss in your theme. 3. 常用于复数形式的名词常用于复数形式的名词(1) “二合一复数”： 一是工具和仪器如：bellows, spectacles, scales, clippers, pliers, tongs； 二是服装如trousers, pants, shorts, tights, sl

21、acks, pajamas, suspenders。二合一复数名词要求谓语动词的复数形式。n This pair of scissors needs sharpening. nNailclippers are the basic life necessities. (2) 若干以-ings结尾的名词。 Beginnings早期阶段, bookings预购, savings储蓄, lodgings租住的房间, doings行为, findings调查结果, winnings赢的钱, writings作品, earnings挣的钱. n This reminded her of her suffe

22、rings in the old society.n The sweepings have been disposed of. n The surroundings here are usually quiet. n Good tidings spread all over the land. n Her earnings are higher this year.25(3) contents目录, arms, statistics统计资料, fireworks, remains残余, thanks, assets, riches, ashes, valuables, particulars,

23、 greens, tropics, goods, brains头脑, archives, eaves, minutes, suburbs, wages, crossroads等. n Are my valuables safe here? n Many troops/soldiers were sent overseas. n Riches have wings. 富贵无常。钱财易散。n They include silks and colored thread.n Please give my respects to the Chinese people.n She told him of

24、her hopes and fears.26(4) Cordillera, Peninsula, , Falls such as the Alps, the Balkans, the Niagara Falls.nThe Niagara Falls enjoy great fame in the world.nThe West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. nThe Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.nThe Straits of Gibralta

25、r have not lost their strategic importance. 27(5) 单复数同形,如: barracks营房, headquarters司令部, means方法, series系列, species种类, works工厂。动词取决于这些名词是用单数还是用复数。n The only means is to appeal to arms. n All means have been tried out. 28(6) people, police, cattle, poultry, livestock, vermin, gentry, militia等集体名词应使用复数

26、谓语动词：n Our livestock are not as numerous as they used to be. (7) 集体名词如audience, board, crew, committee, jury, faculty, flock, majority, government, team, class, company, enemy, family, public, firm, group, staff等，谓语动词为单数时，在意义上把集体名词看成一个整体；为复数时，指该集体的各个成员。n The committee were unanimous in their opinion

27、 that day. n The committee is made up of ten members. 29但是，但是，merchandise, machinery, foliage（叶子）（叶子）, furniture, vegetation, clothing, luggage等集体名词表一类东西的总称，常用作单数。常用作单数。n The merchandise has arrived undamaged. n Your luggage is overweight.304. 复数形式但常用于单数的名词复数形式但常用于单数的名词(1) Unique things in the world

28、 such as the United States, the United Nations, the NetherlandsnThe United States has two official languages: English and Spanish.nThe United Nations has its headquarters located in New York.31(2) Subject ending with -ics is used as the singular form, but regarded as the plural form when it doesnt r

29、efer to a subject. mathematics, athletics, gymnastics, acoustics, optics, mechanics, statistics, linguistics, thermodynamics 热力学n The economics of the country are pessimistic.n The acoustics of the hall are faultless.n His politics are rather conservative.32(3) news, summons 永远是单数。永远是单数。n News is tr

30、aveling fast nowadays.n A summons was issued.(4) 以以-s结尾的游戏名称结尾的游戏名称，如 billiards（台球）, draughts（跳棋）, darts（投镖）, marbles（打弹子）等，后接动词单数。但cards（纸牌）除外。n Billiards is his favorite recreation. n Cards are not allowed here.33(5) 以以-s结尾的疾病名称结尾的疾病名称通常用作单数。 如bronchitis支气管炎、mumps腮腺炎、tonsillitis扁桃体炎、arthritis关节炎、m

31、easles麻疹等。但有时做复数用。n Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of the body. n Generally measles dont / doesnt occur in adulthood. 34Exercises1. 十年过去了，我发现他多了些白头发。Ten years had elapsed. I found that he had a few white hairs.2. 这些害虫对家禽非常有害。These vermin do great harm to poultry.3. 这个

32、栅栏被用作是御敌于城外的一种防护。The barrier was used as a means of protection which kept theenemy out of the town.4. 公众被鼓励发表对此事的看法。The public are invited to express their opinions about the affair.5. 多数人的看法是什么？What is the majoritys view? 35nDiabetes _ (be) a common disease.nBilliards _ (be) a good indoor game.nThe

33、 Himalayas _ (lie) on the west boundary of China.nMathematics _ (be) the base of all other sciences.nThe acoustics of the hall _ (be) excellent.nThe scales _ (do) not work accurately.nBacteria of the harmful kind _ (cause) diseases.36isislieisaredocausenThe committee _ (have) not agreed on a plan.nH

34、e joined the party (which is, who was, who were) in power.nHe joined the party (which is, who was, who were) walking before him.nHer earnings _ (be) soon spent.n(Much, Many) machinery _ (need) repairing.nThe police _ (be) controlling the crowds.37havewereneedsareCase of the nounn格是一种语法范畴，它是表示名词或代词与句

35、中其他词之间意义关系的形式。现代英语名词有两个格：通格common case和属格genitive case/the possessive case。当名词在句中充当主语、宾语或补语时，名词词形无变化，采取通格形式。当名词在句中表示所有关系时，名词采用属格形式。属格又分为两种：s属格和of属格。381. Forms (1) an hour and a halfs talk, a week or sos break, the Presidents office, the editors-in-chiefs office his mother-in-laws interference(2) the

36、 birds nest, wolves fierce, a workers rest-room 工人疗养院(3) the Working Peoples Palace of Culture 劳动人民文化宫 The oxens horn (4) Dickens / Dickenss novels392. Uses Living things or beings n There you can get a birds eye view of the city. Lifeless thingsn todays Peoples Dailyn without a moments hesitationn

37、He reaffirmed his governments policy of opposing hegemonism.n After that they had a good nights sleep. 40 Idiomatic expressionsnNational Day is coming. Lets play to our hearts content.nHe escaped the danger by a hairs breadth.nHe has bought a pair of new shoes and he has been wearing it for ten year

38、s. So he has really got his moneys worth.nLadies! Keep the strangers at arms length. nIts only within a stones throw from the teachers office to the classroom.41nOut of harms way不要受损害nat ones wits end, nin ones minds eye 在某人心目中nhave sth. at ones fingers end 熟练掌握nfor goodness sake nFor s sake 类习语类习语

39、如果起修饰作用的名词以/s/结尾，则加，有时甚至省略。如nFor fairness sake, for conscience sake, for convenience sake42n如果起修饰作用的名词不以/s/结尾，则加s。如nThey did this only for friendships sake.n In my minds eye, I can still see his kind face.nThe two groups were at swords points. (Unfriendly)nNow you may sing to your hearts content.nFi

40、nally he found himself at the waters edge.nThe beach is within a stones throw. 433. Functions (1) 所有关系所有关系 possessive genitive nThe earths gravity=The earth has gravity. =the gravity of the earth(2) 主谓关系主谓关系 subjective genitivenHis parents consent= His parents consented. =the consent of his parents

41、nThe visitors arrival= The visitors arrived. nThe oceans roar= The ocean roared. (3) 动宾关系动宾关系 objective genitivenThe boys release= released the boy. =the release of the boynThe enemys defeat=defeat the enemy. 44(4) 表示来源表示来源genitive of origin nThe girls story=The girl told the story. =the story of th

42、e girlnThe generals poem=The general wrote the poem. (5) 表示类别表示类别 descriptive genitivenA womens college= a college for womennChildrens books=books for children nA summers day=a day in summernA doctors degree (6) 表示度量表示度量genitive of measure nTen days absence=The absence lasted for ten days. =an absen

43、ce of ten days one dollars value454. of属格与属格与s属格属格 s属格多用于表示有生命的东西。属格多用于表示有生命的东西。of属格多用于表示属格多用于表示无生命的东西。无生命的东西。nthe ladys car, the roof of his house但有时无生命的亦可以用但有时无生命的亦可以用s属格，如地理名词，表示时属格，如地理名词，表示时间、位置的名词等。间、位置的名词等。nThe worlds economy=the economy of the world, nlast years profit = the profit for last y

44、ear但是：todays newspaper今天的报纸; the newspaper of today 当今的报纸46 the + adj./participle表示一类人，只能用表示一类人，只能用of属格。属格。nthe struggle of the exploited, the livelihood of the poor of属格表示动宾关系，属格表示动宾关系，s属格表示主谓关系。属格表示主谓关系。n the familys support n the examination of the fire department 检查消防部门注意：The proposal obtained m

45、uch familys support. 主谓 He refused to pay his familys support. 动宾有些含有主谓关系的of结构，不能用s属格来代替。如n The joy of his return= His return gives joy. n An angel of a girl= The girl is an angel. n He is a girl of a boy. 女孩似的男孩。47 of 结构的选择结构的选择当修饰语有后置修饰语时，用当修饰语有后置修饰语时，用of属格。属格。n Have you read the articles of the s

46、tudents who were with us at the rally yesterday? 当修饰语后面有一个同位语时，用当修饰语后面有一个同位语时，用of属格。属格。nThe arrival of his daughter, a student of German当被修饰语后面有一个同位语时，用当被修饰语后面有一个同位语时，用s属格。属格。nThe monitors brother, a PLA man, was here this morning. 当修饰语是比较长的并列成分时，用当修饰语是比较长的并列成分时，用of属格。属格。nThe arrival of his daughter

47、 and his German friend n? His daughter and his German friends arrival485. Double genitive 兼用两种结构的后置修饰语。兼用两种结构的后置修饰语。of + possessive case Partitive meaning n a friend of my fathersn Mrs. Browns daughter 暗示只有一个女儿n a daughter of Mrs. Browns 暗示不是唯一的女儿49Emotional forcen That silly uncle of yours had told

48、 me the same joke five times.n That little daughter of your uncles is really a dear.n I really hate that pride of Marys.比较：a picture / portrait / printing / photograph / statue of my uncles a picture of my uncle50后置修饰语必须是限定的，指人的。被修饰的中心后置修饰语必须是限定的，指人的。被修饰的中心词是非限定的。词是非限定的。n? an opera of a composers n?

49、 The daughter of Mrs. Browns has come. n? The friend of the doctors n? The friend of a doctors n? A friend of a doctors nA friend of the doctors 但是：当第二个名词后有关系从句修饰时亦可。如nthe friends of Bobs who were here last night51 双重属格所修饰的中心词可和双重属格所修饰的中心词可和a, any, some, this, these, every, such, no, which, two 连用连用

50、 n three novels of Lu Xunsn any daughter of Mrs. Greensn some inventions of Edisons当被修饰的名词是criticism, opinion, judgment, condemnation，带有动词含义。双重属格表示主谓关系，of 属格表示动宾或同位关系ncriticism of Toms criticism of Tom 汤姆提出的批评 对汤姆的批评nA bone of the dogs a bone of the dog 一根狗吃的骨头 一根狗骨头52nJohn is one of my friends. Joh

51、n is a friend of mine. nOne of Doctor Blacks patients has died. A patient of Doctor Blacks has died.nThose new shoes, I mean yours, look very smart. Those new shoes of yours look very smart.nThis is Pro. Greens secretary. (No change.)nThat is a tale told by an idiot. (No change.)nThese exercises you

52、 set are quite easy. These exercises of yours are quite easy.53HomeworknPut as many nouns in the following sentences as possible into plural forms. Make other changes if necessary.1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family.2. Another criterion is needed in analyzing this phenomenon.3. The

53、 anonymous workman was the real hero on the campus.4. The runner-up was given a pound note.5. The skeleton found in the lower stratum was taken at once to the museum.54nError correction 1. Each man and each woman have to consider how to react to sudden emergency.2. Individuals exposed to loud noise for long intervals may suffer te