高分子英语课文翻译

1、unit11.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,sin

2、ce an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequen

3、ce that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。当知道了特定的氨基酸分子的实际含量，它们的序列正是生物化学家和分子生物学家特别感兴趣的地方。1,题目：Another striking

4、.答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb2. 乙烯分子带有一个双键，为一种烯烃，它可以通过连锁聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已经广泛应用于许多技术领域和人们的日常生活中，成为一种不可缺少的材料。 Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields

5、of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials.Unit31 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements

6、are among the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a cap

7、illary tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在实验上可以通过测定体系的任一性质的变化而确定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的测量是这些技术中最准确最敏感的。对许多单体的聚合来说，密度增加了20%-25%。在实际操作中，聚合体系的体积是通

8、过在膨胀计中进行反应测定的。它被专门设计构造了毛细导管，在里面可以对微小体积变化进行高精确度测量。通过膨胀计技术探测聚合过程中万分之几的变化是很常见的。Unti42 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, whi

9、ch are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in

10、plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on.Unit7Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators

11、for cyclic ethers and lactone polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; for example, epoxi

12、des polymerize readily with cationic and anionic initiators, while fluorocarbon epoxides polymerize exclusively by anionic mechanisms.开环聚合反应只能通过离子机理进行，环醚（的开环）聚合主要通过阳离子机理，而内酯和内酰胺的聚合物是通过阳离子或阴离子机理。对于环醚和内酯型聚合物很重要的引发剂是那些来自于烷基铝和烷基锌/水的体系。应该指出的是（对于）在活性基团附近有取代的单体，只能由单一机理，（这一机理）是在特定条件下的有效操作，例如环氧聚合能用阳离子和阴离子引发剂

13、，然而碳氟环氧化物的聚合只能是阴离子机理。ChineseEnglishMolecular Structure聚丁二烯polybutadiene聚苯乙烯Polystyrene三氯化钛titanium trichloride四氢呋喃Tetrahydrofuran丁基锂butyl lithiumCH3CH2CH2CH2Li异丁烯isobutylene酚钠Phenol sodium氯化钠sodium chlorideNaCl烯丙基AllylCH2=CHCH2光气，碳酰氯phosgeneUnti81 Polymers can be classified into two main groups, add

14、ition polymers and _condensation_ polymers. This classification is based on whether or not the repeating unit of the polymer contains the same atoms _as_ the monomer. The repeating unit of an addition polymer is identical _with/to_ the monomer, while condensation polymers contain _different/less_ be

15、cause of formation of _compound/byproduct_ during the polymerization process. The corresponding polymerization processed would then be called addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. As was mentioned earlier, this classification can result _in_ confusion, since it has been shown in l

16、ater years that many important types of polymers can be _prepared by both addition and condensation processes. For example, polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes are usually considered to be _condensation_ polymers, but they can be prepared by addition as well as by condensation reaction. Similar

17、ly, polyethylene normally considered an _addition_ polymer, can also be prepared by _condensation_ reaction.2. Answer the following questions in English (1) What is chain polymerization? Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form 

18、chain-like macromolecules through elimination of double bond.(2) Which kinds of monomers can carry out step-growth polymerization process?There are two kinds of monomers could carry out step-growth polymerization process. One is polyfunctional monomers and the

19、 other is a single monomer containing both types of functional groups.(3) What properties of polymers can be based on for measuring the molecular weight?The molecular weight of polymer could be measured based on colligative properties, light scatteri

20、ng, viscosity, ultracentrifugation sedimentation.3. Please write out at least 10 kinds of polymers both in English and in ChinesePolyester聚酯polystyrene,聚苯乙烯polyamide聚酰胺polypropylene聚丙稀polyethylene聚乙烯polyurethane聚氨酯polyvinyl alcohol聚乙烯醇Polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯polybutene聚丁烯polyether聚醚（1） Please write out

21、 at least 10 kinds of monomers both in English and in Chinese and the corresponging chemical structure5 In general，head-to-tail addition is considered to be the predominant mode of propagation in all polymerizations。However，when the substitutes on the monomer are small (and do not offer appreciable

22、steric hindrance to the approaching radical) or do not have a large resonance stabilizing effect，as in the case of fluorine atoms，sizable amounts of head-to-head propagation may occur. The effect of increasing polymerization temperature is to increase the amount of head-to-head placement。Increased t

23、emperature leads to less selective (more random) propagation but the effect is not large. Thus，the head-to-head content in poly (vinyl acetate) only increases from 1.30 to 1.98 percent when the polymerization temperature in increased from 30 to 90 .通常在所有聚合物的链增长中，头-尾加成是主要方式。然而，当单体中的取代基很小（对接近的自由基没有空间阻

24、碍）或没有较大的共振稳定作用，如氟原子，则有相当量的头头增长发生。提高聚合温度的影响是提高头-头排列的量。温度的提高导致较少的选择（更多的无规）增长，但影响不大。因而，在聚乙酸乙烯酯中，当聚合温度由30C提高到90C，头-头含量仅由1.3%提高到1.98%。 2Write out an abstract in English for the text in this unitPolymers with different structures present various properties. Usually, polymers are divided into three categor

25、ies, i.e. plastic, elastomer, fiber with different initial modulus range respectively. Polymers show quite different behaviors due to the different interchain forces in elastomer and fiber. However, with the advent of new techniques and mechanisms to improve the structure of polymers, polymers may b

26、e classified and named according to the mechanism, and their properties will largely depend on the structure. 3Put the following words into Chinese entanglement 纠缠 irregularity 无规 sodium isopropylate异丙醇钠 permeability渗透性 crystallite 微晶 stoichiomertric balance 当量平衡 fractionation分馏法 light scattering光散射

27、 matrix 基体 diffraction衍射 4Put the following words into English形态 morphology 酯化 esterification 异氰酸酯isocyanate杂质impurity 二元胺 diamine 转化率change ratio 多分散性polydispersity 力学性能mechanical property 构象conformation 红外光谱法infrared spectroscopy常见聚合物命名（1）常见杂链和元素有机聚合物类型Polyamide -聚酰胺. Polyester-聚酯 Polyurethane -聚氨

28、酯 Polysiloxane -聚硅氧烷Phenol-formaldehyde-酚醛 .Urea-formaldehyde-脲醛 Polyureas-聚脲 Polysulfide -聚硫Polyacetal-聚缩醛 Polysulfone (polysulphone)-聚砜 Polyether-聚醚 第五单元Traditional methods of living polymerization are based on ionic, coordination or group transfer mechanisms.活性聚合的传统方法是基于离子，配位或基团转移机理。Ideally, the

29、mechanism of living polymerization involves only initiation and propagation steps.理论上活性聚合的机理只包括引发和增长反应步骤。All chains are initiated at the commencement of polymerization and propagation continues until all monomer is consumed.在聚合反应初期所有的链都被引发，然后增长反应继续下去直到所有的单体都被消耗殆尽。A type of novel techniques for livin

30、g polymerization, known as living (possibly use “controlled” or “mediated”) radical polymerization, is developed recently. 最近开发了一种叫做活性自由基聚合的活性聚合新技术。The first demonstration of living radical polymerization and the current definition of the processes can be attributed to Szwarc.第一个活性自由基聚合的证实及目前对这一过程的解

31、释或定义，应该归功于Szwarc。Up to now, several living radical polymerization processes, including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), etc., have been reported one after another.到目前为止，一些活性自由

32、基聚合过程，包括原子转移自由基聚合，可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合，硝基氧介导聚合等聚合过程一个接一个被报道。The mechanism of living radical polymerization is quite different not only from that of common radical polymerization but also from that of traditional living polymerization.活性自由基聚合的机理不仅完全不同于普通自由基聚合机理，也不同于传统的活性聚合机理。It relies on the introduction of

33、a reagent that undergoes reversible termination with the propagating radicals thereby converting them to a following dormant form： 活性自由基聚合依赖于向体系中引入一种可以和增长自由基进行可逆终止的试剂，形成休眠种：The specificity in the reversible initiation-termination step is of critical importance in achieving living characteristics.这种特

34、殊的可逆引发-终止反应对于获得分子链活性来说具有决定性的重要意义。This enables the active species concentration to be controlled and thus allows such a condition to be chosen that all chains are able to grow at a similar rate (if not simultaneously) throughout the polymrization.可逆引发终止使活性中心的浓度能够得以控制。这样就可以来选择适宜的反应条件，使得在整个聚合反应过程中(只要没有

35、平行反应)所有的分子链都能够以相同的速度增长。This has, in turn, enabled the synthesis of polymers with controlled composition, architecture and molecular weight distribution.这样就可以合成具有可控组成，结构和分子量分布的聚合物。They also provide routes to narrow dispersity end-functional polymers, to high purity block copolymers, and to stars and

36、other more complex architecture.这些还可以提供获得狭窄分布末端功能化聚合物，高纯嵌段共聚物，星型及更复杂结构高分子的合成方法。The first step towards living radical polymerization was taken by Ostu and his colleagues in 1982.活性自由基聚合是Ostu和他的同事于1982年率先开展的。In 1985, this was taken one step further with the development by Solomon et al. of nitroxide-m

37、ediated polymerization (NMP).1985年，Solomon等对氮氧化物稳定自由基聚合的研究使活性自由基聚合进一步发展。This work was first reported in the patent literature and in conference papers but was not widely recognized until 1993 when Georges et al. applied the method in the synthesis of narrow polydispersity polystyrene.这种方法首先在专利文献和会议论

38、文中报道，但是直到1993年Georges等把这种方法应用在窄分子量分布聚苯乙烯之后，才得以广泛认知。The scope of NMP has been greatly expended and new, more versatile, methods have appeared.NMP的领域已经得到很大的延展，出现了新的更多样化的方法。The most notable methods are atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and polymerization with reversible addition fragmentation

39、 (RAFT).最引人注目的方法是原子转移自由基聚合和可逆加成断裂聚合。Up to 2000, this area already accounted for one third of all papers in the field of radical polymerization, as shown in Fig.5.1.到2000年，这个领域的论文已经占所有自由基聚合领域论文的三分之一。如图5.1所示。Naturally, the rapid growth of the number of the papers in the field since 1995 ought to be al

40、most totally attributable to development in this area. 、 自然地，纸的数量的迅速增长在领域，因为1995在这个区域应该是几乎完全可归属的到发展。UNIT9 Structure and Properties of Polymers 聚合物的结构和性质Most conveniently, polymers are generally subdivided in three categories, namelyviz., plastics, rubbers and fibers. 很方便地，聚合物一般细分为三种类型，就是塑料，橡胶和纤维。In

41、terms of initial elastic modules, rubbers ranging generally between 106 to 107dynes/cm2, represent the lower end of the scale, while fibers with high initial modjulai, of 1010 to 1011dynes/cm2 are situated on the upper end of the scale; plastics, having generally an initial elastic modulus of 108 to

42、 109dynes/cm2, lie in-between. 就初始弹性模量而言，橡胶一般在 6到107达因 平方厘米，在尺度的低端， 10到1011达因 平方厘米，尺度的高端，而纤维具有高的初始模量， 达到10到1011达因 平方厘米，尺度的高端，塑料的弹性模量一般在 8到109达因 平方厘米，在尺度的中间As is found in all phases of polymer chemistry, there are many exceptions to this categorization. （正如高分子化学的各个部分都可以看到的那样），在高分子化学的所有阶段，我们都可以发现，这种分类

43、方法有许多例外的情况。An elastomer (or rubber) results from a polymer having relatively weak interchain forces and high molecular weights. 弹性体是具有相对弱的链之间作用力和高分子量的聚合物。When the molecular chains are “straightened out” or stretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to

44、maintain the oriented state and will retract once the force is released. This is the basis of elastic behavior. 当通过一个拉伸过程将分子链拉直的时候，分子链彼此之间没有足够的相互吸引力来保持其取向状态，作用力一旦解除，将发生收缩。这是弹性行为的基础。However, if the interchain forces are very great, a polymer will make a good fiber. 然而，如果分子链之间的力非常大，聚合物可以用做纤维。Therefore

45、, when the polymer is highly stretched, the oriented chain will come under the influence of the powerful attractive forces and will “crystallize” permanently in a more or less oriented matrix. 因此，当聚合物被高度拉直的时候，取向分子链在不同程度取向的母体中将受强引力的影响而“永久地结晶。These crystallization forces will then act virtually as cro

46、sslinks, resulting in a material of high tensile strength and high initial modulus, i.e., a fiber. 而后，这些结晶力实际上以交联方式作用，产生高拉伸强度和高初始模量的材料，如纤维。Therefore, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiber unless subjected to a “drawing” process, i.e., a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecula

47、r orientation. 因此，一个可能的（潜在的）纤维高分子不会变成纤维，除非经历一个拉伸过程， 即， 这导致分子间高度取向的拉伸过程。Crosslinked species are found in all three categories and the process of crosslinking may change the cited characteristics of the categories. 交联的种类在所有三种类型（塑料，橡胶，纤维）中找到，而交联过程可以改变分类的引用特征。Thus, plastics are known to possesspzes a ma

48、rked range of deformability in the order of 100 to 200%; they do not exhibit this property when crosslinked, however. 因此，我们熟知塑料具有的形变能力大约在100-200%范围内，然而当交联发生时塑料不能展示这个性能。Rubber, on vulcanization, changes its properties from low modulus, low tensile strength, low hardness, and high elongation to high m

49、odulus, high tensile strength, high hardness, and low elongation. 对橡胶而言，硫化可以改变其性质，从低模量，低拉伸强度，低硬度及高拉伸率到高模量，高拉伸强度，高硬度及低拉伸率。Thus, polymers may be classified as noncrosslinked and crosslinked, and this definition agrees generally with the subclassification in thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. 这样，聚合物

50、可以分为非交联和交联的，这个定义与把聚合物细分为热塑性和热固性聚合物相一致。From the mechanistic point of view, however, polymers are properly divided into addition polymers and condensation polymers. Both of these species are found in rubbers, plastics, and fibers. 然而，从反应机理的观点看，聚合物可以分成加聚物和缩聚物。这些种类聚合物在塑 料，橡胶和纤维中都可以找得到。In many cases poly

51、mers are considered from the mechanistic point of view. Also, the polymer will be named according to its source whenever it is derived from a specific hypothetical monomer, or when it is derived from two or more components which are built randomly into the polymer. 在许多情况下，聚合物可以从反应机理的角度考虑分类。 每当聚合物来自于

52、一个假象单体，或来自于两个或两个以上组成物无规则构建聚合物时，也可以根据聚合物的来源来命名。This classification agrees well with the presently used general practice. 这种分类方法与目前实际情况相符合。When the repeating unit is composed of several monomeric components following each other in a regular fashion, the polymer is commonly named according to its struc

53、ture. 当重复单元由几个单体组成物规则排布，聚合物通常根据它的结构来命名。It must be borne in mind that, with the advent of Ziegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular and

54、 crystalline structure. 必须记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理，以及提高结晶度和链堆砌紧密度新技术的出现，对许多过去已经得到的关于空间结构和晶体结构旧的资料，应当批判地接受。The properties of polymers are largely dependent on the type and extent of both stereoregularity and crystallinity. As an example, the densities and melting points of atactic and isotactic species a

55、re presented in Table 8.1. 聚合物的性质主要依靠立体规整性和结晶度的类型和程度。如，无规立构和全同立构物质的密度和熔点 展示在表8.1中 。UNIT11 Functional PolymersFunctional polymers are macromolecules to which chemically functional groups are attached; they have the potential advantages of small molecules with the same functional groups. 功能聚合物是具有化学功能基

56、团的大分子，这些聚合物与具有功能聚合物是具有化学功能基团的大分子， 相同功能基团的小分子一样具有潜在的优点。Their usefulness is related both to the functional groups and to the nature of the polymers whose characteristic properties depend mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the molecules.它们的实用性不仅与功能基团有关，而且与巨大分子尺寸带来的聚合物特性有关。The attachment of fun

57、ctional groups to a polymer is frequently the first step towards the preparation of a functional polymer for a specific use. 把功能基团连接到聚合物上常常是制备特殊用途功能高分子的第一步。However, the proper choice of the polymer is an important factor for successful application. 然而，对成功应用而言，选择适当的聚合物是的一个重要因素。In addition to the synt

58、hetic aliphatic and aromatic polymers, a wide range of natural polymers have also been functionalized and used as reactive materials. 除了合成的脂肪组和芳香组聚合物之外，许多天然高分子也被功能化，被用做反应性材料。Inorganic polymers have also been modified with reactive functional groups and used in processes requiring severesivi service conditions. 无机聚合物也已经用反应功能基团改性，被用于要求耐用条件的场合。In principle, the active groups may be part of the polymer backbone or linked to a side chain as a pendant group either directly or viavai a spacerspeis group. 理论上讲，活性基团可以是聚合物主链上的一部分，或者直接 连接到侧链或通过一个中间基团的侧基。A