大豆与玉米轮作的生产概况英ppt课件

1、2004 Crop Production ConsiderationsTodd VagtsISU Extension Crop Field SpecialistTalking Points Rotation changes? Corn Soybean Yield Comparisons Soybean Yield Plateau? Pest Considerations Soybean CornThe Rotation Decision? Traditional Corn-Soybean Corn-Corn-Soybean Continuous Corn Problems and Consid

2、erationsWhy Corn-Bean Rotation Higher Yields (?) Rotation Effect Lower fertilizer costs (?) Less pest problems (?) Weeds, insects, disease Less crop residue to manage Farm program (?)Corn Yield - % of Corn-Soybean RotationIA Studies75%80%85%90%95%100%105%23-Yr Data SetLast 4-YR Data SetCorn Grain Yi

3、eld% of Corn-Soybean Rotation Corn-SoybeanCorn (1st Yr)Corn (2nd Yr)Continuos Corn-10%-7%(1998-01)Corn Yield - % of Corn-Soybean RotationIA Studies75%80%85%90%95%100%105%23-Yr Data SetLast 4-YR Data SetCorn Grain Yield% of Corn-Soybean RotationCorn-SoybeanCorn (1st Yr)Corn (2nd Yr)Continuos CornCS |

4、 C (1) | C (2) | CC CS | C (1) | C (2) | CC Corn Yield - % of Corn-Soybean RotationMN-WI Studies0.80.850.90.9511.05Corn-SoybeanCorn (1st Yr) Corn (2nd Yr)ContinuosCornCorn Grain Yield% of Corn-Soybean Rotation -9%Corn Yield - % of Corn-Soybean RotationMN-WI Studies0.80.850.90.9511.05Corn-SoybeanCorn

5、 (1st Yr)Corn (2nd Yr)Continuos CornCorn Grain Yield% of Corn-Soybean Rotation 2nd Year Corn Potential 7 to 10 percent yield reduction compared to 1st year corn Additional 2 to 4 percent yield reduction with 3 or more years of cornSoybean Yield - % of Soybean-Corn RotationIA Studies60%70%80%90%100%1

6、10%120%23-YRLast 4-YR% of Soybean-Corn Rotation Soybean YieldSoy-CornSoy-Corn-CornContinuous SoyRotation Yield Gains and Losses 2nd Year Corn 8% Yield reduction X (149 bu/A) = 11.9 bu 11.9 bu/A X $2.48 = $28.56 (Disadvantage) Soybean following 2nd Year Corn 6% Yield Increase X (43.9 bu/A) = 2.6 bu 2

7、.6 bu/A X $6.04 = $15.70 (Advantage)Costs to Corn-on-Corn2nd year corn and 3rd year soybeanCorn Yield Reduction Soybean Yield Gain -$28.56 + $15.70= -$12.86Nutrient RequirementsNutrient Balance SummaryRotationN (lb/yr)P2O5 (lb/yr)K2O (lb/yr)Corn/Soybean635366Corn/Corn/Soybean915859Corn/Corn/Corn/Soy

8、bean1195658Continuous Corn1695846Nutrient Balance SummaryRotationNP2O5K2OCorn/Soybean0%0%0%Corn/Corn/Soybean145%108%89%Corn/Corn/Corn/Soybean190%106%87%Continuous Corn270%108%70% of Corn/SoybeanNutrient CostsNutrient Balance Cost SummaryRotationCost/Yr% IncreaseCorn/Soybean$280%Corn/Corn/Soybean$341

9、20%Corn/Corn/Corn/Soybean$39139%Continuous Corn$48171%Nutrient Balance Cost SummaryRotationCost/Yr$ Increase% IncreaseCorn/Soybean$28$00%Corn/Corn/Soybean$34$6120%Corn/Corn/Corn/Soybean$39$11139%Continuous Corn$48$20171%Nutrient Balance Cost Summary (Corn Bushels)RotationBushel/Yr Bu IncreaseCorn/So

10、ybean140Corn/Corn/Soybean173Corn/Corn/Corn/Soybean206Continuous Corn2410Nutrient Balance Cost Summary (Soy Bushels)RotationBushel/Yr Bu IncreaseCorn/Soybean50Corn/Corn/Soybean60.96Corn/Corn/Corn/Soybean71.83Continuous CornNutrient factors$/tonAnalysis$/lbP2O5 removal rate = 0.375 lb/bu corn and 0.80

11、 lb/bu soybeanPriceDAP$24618-46-0$0.12K2O removal rate: Soybean 1.5 lb/bu; Corn 0.3 lb/BuK2O$1080-0-61$0.05Nitrogen:AA$32582-0-0$0.16Crop CategoryN-Rate (lb N/acre)Corn on recently manured soils0-90Corn after established alfalfa0-302nd-year corn after alfalfa0-60Other corn after corn150-200Corn afte

12、r soybean (no manure)100-150*Source: ISU Pub PM-1714Costs to Corn-on-Corn2nd year corn and 3rd year soybeanCorn Yield Reduction Soybean Yield Gain Fertilizer Cost -$28.56 + $15.70 + -$12.00 (2 years)= -$24.86 (2 year)Yield and Rotation Yield benefit to rotation most evident in lower yield environmen

13、ts (25%) Yield benefit declines under high yield environments for both corn and soybean (15% or less) Corn-Soybean rotation maximizes corn yield but not soybean yield The Corn Soybean Rotation Effect, Joe Laurer Paul Porter and Ed Oplinger. University of Wisconsin. Calhoun County Soybean and Corn Yi

14、eldsComparison5-Year Average Soybean Yield5 Year Average YieldYear: 2001CountyAcresYieldState RankCountyAcresYieldState RankScott82,00053.61Scott106,000173.61Benton169,00050.62Cedar138,000172.72Sioux194,00050.53Delaware160,000169.33Sac150,00048.016Webster186,000154.320Crawford159,00047.918Sac153,000

15、152.725Cherokee141,00047.919Ida112,000146.240Ida108,00047.622Buena Vista159,000144.447Buena Vista158,00046.526Calhoun165,000144.248Carroll145,00046.328Carroll160,000142.754Calhoun167,00043.746Greene156,000140.757Webster184,00043.450Crawford174,000137.665Pocahontas168,00042.559Pocahontas169,000135.36

16、9Greene154,00042.164STATE44.0STATE146.0Year: 2002CountyAcresYieldState RankCountyAcresYieldState RankCherokee133,00058.01Scott107,000186.91Clayton47,40054.92Cedar143,500184.72Dubuque36,70054.53Tama157,000184.73Sac140,00054.44Webster183,500177.121Ida103,40052.912Calhoun162,500171.734Buena Vista145,90

17、052.116Sac156,000169.946Carroll137,90052.117Crawford175,000168.148Calhoun151,90051.220Greene155,500167.249Crawford154,70050.525Ida111,000167.050Webster173,50050.028Carroll153,500164.655Pocahontas155,80048.942Buena Vista158,000160.861Greene145,90048.545Pocahontas168,500160.262State48.0State165.0Great

18、er Advantage to Corn“High corn yields relative to soybean yieldsYield Trends 1971 - 02Corn and Soybean Yieldy = 1.7036x + 91.609y = 0.4552x + 31.09502040608010012014016018019711974197719801983198619891992199519982001Bu/AcreCorn and Soybean Yieldy = 1.6628x + 96.186y = 0.4602x + 31.531020406080100120

19、14016018020019711974197719801983198619891992199519982001Bu/AcreIowaCalhoun CountyYield Trend - 1997 - 02Corn and Soybean Yieldy = 3.8x + 134.53y = -0.0857x + 45.967020406080100120140160180199719981999200020012002Bu/AcreCorn and Soybean Yieldy = 0.9171x + 139.77y = 1.02x + 40.513020406080100120140160

20、199719981999200020012002Bu/AcreIowaCalhoun CountyCorn and Soybean Yieldy = 3.8x + 134.53y = -0.0857x + 45.967020406080100120140160180199719981999200020012002Bu/AcreCorn and Soybean Yieldy = 5.4857x + 101.13y = 0.9571x + 36.567020406080100120140160198719881989199019911992Bu/AcreCorn and Soybean Yield

21、y = 5.2286x + 95.533y = 0.3857x + 36.233020406080100120140197719781979198019811982Bu/Acre6-Year Yield Trends Iowa1997 021987 921977 - 82Corn and Soybean Yieldy = 0.9171x + 139.77y = 1.02x + 40.513020406080100120140160199719981999200020012002Bu/AcreCorn and Soybean Yieldy = -3.8629x + 143.05y = -0.18

22、86x + 42.127020406080100120140160198719881989199019911992Bu/AcreCorn and Soybean Yieldy = 10.891x + 76.847y = 0.7914x + 36.38020406080100120140160197719781979198019811982Bu/Acre6-Year Yield Trends Calhoun County1997 021987 921977 - 82Soybean Yieldy = 0.9571x + 36.567y = -0.0857x + 45.967y = 0.3857x

23、+ 36.23320253035404550199719981999200020012002Bu/AcreCorn Yieldy = 5.4857x + 101.13y = 3.8x + 134.53y = 5.2286x + 95.5336080100120140160180199719981999200020012002Bu/AcreSoybean Yieldy = 0.9714x + 38.767y = -0.0857x + 45.967y = -0.0714x + 39.3332025303540455055199719981999200020012002Bu/Acre19851991

24、1997Corn Yieldy = 3.8x + 134.53y = 3x + 115.67y = -2.7714x + 129.536080100120140160180123456Bu/Acre198519911997Yield Trends for Iowa6 Year IncrementsSoybean Yieldy = 2.4886x + 35.04y = 1.02x + 40.513y = 0.04x + 40.793202530354045505560199719981999200020012002Bu/Acre198519911997Corn Yieldy = 0.9171x

25、+ 139.77y = 4.7629x + 117.68y = 4.2429x + 113.036080100120140160180123456Bu/Acre198519911997Yield Trends for Calhoun County6 Year IncrementsHave Soybean Yields Reached a Plateau? For Calhoun County, when compared to similar time periods in the past No Answer is more difficult to determine for the st

26、ateEconomicsShift Acres from Beans to Corn?2/09/04 Dec. corn futures $2.83 Less basis, N. Iowa 0.35 Harvest hedge price 2.48 Nov. soybean futures $6.49 Less basis, N. Iowa 0.45 Harvest hedge price 6.04R. WisnerISU Econ. Corn/soy: Harvest hedge price $2.48 Less variable prodn costs 170 bu./A. 1.17 Ne

27、t/bu. 1.31 Net/A. over variable cost $222.70 Corn/corn: Harvest hedge price $2.48 Less variable prodn costs 145 bu./A. (ISU farms avg. diff.) 1.55 Net/bu. 0.93 Net/A. $134.85Corn, Corn, SB rotation Corn/soy: Harvest hedge price $2.48 Less variable prodn costs 149 bu./A. (5-Yr Ave. Yield Calhoun Coun

28、ty) 1.21 Net/bu. 1.27 Net/A. over variable cost $189.23 Corn/corn: Harvest hedge price $2.48 Less variable prodn costs bu./A. (91% of C/S) 1.60 Net/bu. 0.88 Net/A. $119.68Corn, Corn, SB rotationReturns to Corn Production Corn/soy: Harvest hedge price $6.04 Less variable prodn costs 50 bu./A. 2.17 Ne

29、t/bu. 3.87 Net/A. $193.50 Corn/soy: Harvest hedge price $6.04 Less variable prodn costs 38 bu./A. 2.86 Net/bu. 3.18 Net/A. (excludes aphid spraying cost) $120.84Shift Acres from Beans to Corn?Disease, Nematode, aphid problems2/09/04Economic Summary Return to corn C/S Rotation $189 ($1.27/bu) C/C/S $

30、120 ($0.88/bu) Return to soybean Low Yield $121 ($3.18/bu) High Yield $194 ($3.87/bu)Other Factor to Consider Greater percentage of farm in one crop increases risk Corn requires greater input expensesPest Management Considerations Corn Western Bean Cutworm Grape colaspis Soybean Soybean Aphid Bean L

31、eaf Beetle Cyst Nematode Soybean Rust (?) Eggs: Small, whitish, clusters that turn purple prior to hatch Larvae: New larvae long and dark brown, lighten to pale brown as they mature. Full size is 1 Adults: White band along most of the leading edges of forewingsLARVAADULTEGGSCorn Pests western bean c

32、utworm Injury: Different from other cutworms; ear feeders Economic damage may occur when multiple cutworms feed on an ear Injury allows pathogensinto the earCorn Pests western bean cutwormCorn Pests western bean cutwormPyrethroids (RUP) Ambush* Asana XL* Capture 2EC Baythroid 2E Mustang Max Pounce 3

33、.2EC* WarriorOrganophosphates (RUP) Lorsban 4E Penncap-MCarbamates Sevin XLR PlusSee “Integrated Crop Management (/ipm/icm/) or product labels for correct application rates. Insecticides for western bean cutworm *Mite risk Description Honey-brown leaf beetle Fine tan & brown later

34、al stripes on grooved wing covers Larvae are small, “C-shaped, grubsCorn Pests colaspis beetlesCorn Pests colaspis beetleslGrubs feed on rootslAbove-ground symptoms may include stunting, wilting, purpling of the stem and leaves, and tip and leaf-edge browninglDamage extent unknownSoybean AphidWhere

35、is it now?Spread of Soybean Aphid in the US, 2000-2003 Spread to S & W continues Outbreaks in 2003 primarily in western half of NC states Treatment occurred in DE & MD in 2003Slide from K. Ostlie, Data from R. Venette, unpublished dataSoybean aphidDescriptionVery small, yellow aphid, 1/16 in

36、ch longDistinct black tailpipe-like structures on end of abdomenWingless and winged formsAppear in colonies of adult females and offspringFemales give birth to live females(Buckthorn)(Soybean)How fast can a soybean aphid reproduce?data generated in the lab by Ragsdale et al., Univ. of MinnesotaChris

37、 DiFonzo, Michigan State UniversityNodesPods/PlantSeeds/PodSeed Wt.Yield% ReductionSoybean Aphid Impacts on Yield & Yield Components:5 MN Fields in 2001Slide from K. Ostlie, University of MNSooty Mold020040060080010001200140016007/117/187/258/18/88/178/248/299/5mean soybean aphids per plant02040

38、6080100natural enemies / 80 sweepssoybean aphidHarmoniaOriusLacewingNabisBob Ellingson and David Hogg, UW Entomology Product Performance & Canopy DistributionLorsbanFuradanPyrethroidsVolatile distribution through canopy.May “fume into untreated check stripsSystemic, a.i. activity within plantin

39、addition to contact activity Cannot work its way through canopy beyond contact activity.Coverage in closed canopy critical for efficacy against aphids at lower and inner locations on plant.Eileen Cullen UW Extension, EntomologyProduct Performance & TemperatureLorsbanFuradanPyrethroidsOptimal per

40、formance at higher temps.(may increase “fuming action)Also relatively better at higher tempExhibits a Negative Temp Relationship:Works better under cool conditionsbelow 90oF.Eileen Cullen UW Extension, EntomologyProduct Performance & ResidualLorsbanFuradanPyrethroidsShort residual, measured in d

41、ays.Longer residual than organophosphates.Some additional feeding exposure,due to systemic activityLongest residual , 2 weeks or moreEileen Cullen UW Extension, EntomologyWhat to look for in 2004 Look to areas of the north MN and Wisconsin Areas with buckthorn and cooler temperatures Watch the weath

42、er North Wind Bring winged aphids in Temperature Favorable environment for survival and reproduction.Aphid Population Development - MNWind DirectionAverage Temperature5055606570758085907/17/87/157/227/298/58/128/198/26DateTemperature20032001Temperature(Ames)Iowa Aphid Treatment Yield ResponseSoybean

43、 Yield Response to Soybean Aphid Controly = -0.2419x + 11.736R2 = 0.1140510152025-10-5051015202530Treatment Day, AugustYield Advantage from Treatment (bu/A)53 Data PointsIA Soybean Aphid Treatment Yield ResponseSoybean Yield Response to Soybean Aphid Control(Outlier data points removed)y = -0.4875x

44、+ 15.914R2 = 0.4972024681012141618-5051015202530Treatment Day, AugustYield Advantage from Treatment (bu/A)42 Data PointsIA Response by Aphid CountSoybean Yield Response to Soybean Aphid Control(Response by Aphid Count per Plant)y = 0.0044x + 1.1419R2 = 0.381205101520250500100015002000250030003500Aph

45、id per plantYield Advantage from Treatment (bu/A)ThresholdCannot overemphasizeDROUGHTChris DiFonzo, Michigan State UniversityHow many aphids per plant cause that much yield loss.+ a 7-day lead time?254210254305178216381270317Based on data from University of Minnesota plots in 2003Chris DiFonzo, Mich

46、igan State University82 AphidsHow Many Aphids?850 Aphids49 Aphids11 AphidsMonitor weather forecast Cool to mild forecast may enhance aphid reproduction capacity Warming trend may slow or stop aphid reproduction Northerly fronts may blow aphids in from north Precipitation may or may not help Yellow o

47、r red; with or without four square marks on wing covers Always with a small, black triangle behind the head Soft and gray when adults first emergeBean leaf beetles Key feature:Small, black triangle behind head Soybean Pests bean leaf beetlesTiming of Bean Leaf Beetle Generations050100150200250300350

48、5/266/26/96/166/236/307/77/147/217/288/48/118/188/259/19/89/15datemean bean leaf beetlesOverwintering1st Generation2nd Generation Economic damage from pod feeding and by transmission of bean pod mottle virusSoybean Pests bean leaf beetlesL. SweetsPod InjuryFoliar symptomsof virusBean Leaf Beetle Population Trend05010015020025030035040045019891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002yearbean leaf beetles / 50 sweepsHighest abundance recorded in 14 years!Bean Leaf Beetle ManagementDifferent strategies based on pest complexA) Bean leaf beetle onlyB)