Ameican structuralism

1、Ameican structuralismBloomfields Theorychapter2-BehaviorismPart 1 BackgroundThe Background of This EarThe Background of This Theory The Background of This EarOrientationMethodologyAttitudeEuropeTheory-oreintedDeductionAssumptionAmeicaPracticalityInductionScienceBoas and Sapir Period (1911-1932)Bloom

2、fieldan period (1933-1950)Post-Bloomfieldian Period (1952-1956)( 1. Why? 2.what? )The Background of This Theoryv Phylosophy Mentalism Behaviorist theory Who? Albert Paul Weiss(1879-1981) Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) JohnB. Watson (1878-1958) Max Meyer (1873-1967) A. P. Weiss (18791931) 魏斯v The first psyc

3、hologist to apply behaviorist psychology to linguistics on the belief that language is a key to understanding human behavior. An early behaviorist 应该根据社会学和心理学 的内容理解行为“生物社会行为主义”Strongly opposed mentanlism.Only valid terms in linguistics are physical and biological terms, allowing on terms like mind o

4、r consciousness in liguistic studies.Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)巴甫洛夫v俄罗斯生理学家、心理学家、医师。因为对狗研究而首先对古典制约作出描述而著名，并在1904年因为对消化系统的研究得到诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。v生于：俄罗斯梁赞v逝于：俄罗斯圣彼得堡v教育背景： 圣彼得堡国立大学v著作： 巴甫洛夫v所获奖项： 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖， 科普利奖章vThe theory of conditional reflexJohn.B. Watson (Locke,Hume)约翰 布罗德斯 华生 All knowledge comes from dir

5、ect experience;only date obtained from objective and obsevrvable experiments are reliable. Behaviorism is based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. vConditional responses and unconditional responses.All responses are conditional.We experience all kinds of

6、stimuli and responses. This is stimulus-response theory. vAll our social behaviors are results of external stimuli and have nothing to do with mind.Learning is only the result of stimuli and responses, because language is a kind of behavior,and so is thought.美国心理学家，通过动物行为研究而创立了心理学行为主义学派，强调心理学是以客观的态度

7、去研究外在可观察的行为。华生认为，人的所有行为性格都是后天习得，他以宣称能将任意一打健全的婴儿用适当的行为技术创造成想要的任何类型的人而著称。他还进行了有争议的“小艾伯特实验”。 Max Meyer (1873-1967) 马克斯.梅叶尔 The Fundamental Laws of Human BehaviorvUnlike Watson, Meyer was an uncompromising neurophysiological reductionist.vAppearing two years before John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) issued

8、 his famous behaviorist manifesto,1 it has been called the first completely behavioristic explanation of human action2 and to some extent it is. Meyer rejects the explanatory use of mental states except as shorthand for the operation of complex nervous processes, emphasizes the importance of behavio

9、r, and limits the scientific value of introspection solely to the fact that it aids us in discovering the laws of nervous function.3 But Meyers seminal text, written for the beginning student, is both more and less extreme in its objectivism than the behaviorism that Watson made famous.Born in Danzi

10、g(但泽，波兰）神经生理学家Bloomfieldv Linguistists should br able to prove that human beings have no thought, and that they can only make sounds which stimulate other peoples behavior. What we call thought is nothing but linguistic forms, and the activities of mind are partly psychological activities and partly

11、 social activities.Part 2The Theory and Its LimitationsPart 2 3 Limitations 3 stages3 principlesStimulus-Response ThoeoryThe Limitations of Behaviorism3 Stages The practical event prior to the act of speech SpeechThe practical event after the act of speech 3 PrinciplesWhen one individual is stimulat

12、ed, his speech can make another individual react accordinglyThe distance between speaker and hearer, two seperate nervous systems, is bridged bound up sound waves.The division of labor and all human activities based on the division of labor are dependent on languageFormularv S r . s RvPractical stim

13、ulus v The substitu reaction of speech v The substitute stimulusv External practical reaction.3 Limitations The scope of data Never follow the deductive method Oversimplify the process of language production and language comprehension Part 3Part 3 ApplicationTeaching MethodologyBloomfields ViewWatso

14、nSkinnerr克勒克勒托尔曼托尔曼皮皮亚亚杰杰布布鲁纳鲁纳奥苏奥苏伯尔伯尔 加涅加涅海德海德,韦纳韦纳Bloomfields Viewv Criticise the traditional grammarians.v Pay less attention to graphetic forms, and give priority to the teaching of pronounciation learn language through constant practice and repetition. Teaching MethodologyAudio-lingual Method

15、(drills and pattern repetition) Repetition The students repeat what the teacher says. Inflection The teacher says a word, the students say another form of one of the words back to the teacher. Replacement The teacher says a sentence and the students replace on of the words for a different word. Rest

16、atement - The teacher says a sentence and the students rephrase the sentence. e.g.: Teacher “Tell me to walk to school”. Students “Walk to school”.Skinnerv Imitationv Practicev Discriminationv GeneralizationP141-P142-SkinnerView on Language AcquisitionPart 4Part 4References 1 Robert H. Wozniak(2006)

17、. Max Meyer and The Fundamental Laws of Human Behavior. Unpublished manuscript, Bryn Mawr College. 2 Cai-feng LI . Discussion on Teaching Method of Organizational Behavior under Constructivism Teaching Theory J. CSCanada Journal . 2010, Vol.5 (1) . 3 Http:/www. newworldencyclopedia. prg/ entry/ Leonard_Bloomfield 4 戴伟栋、 何兆熊. 新编简明英语语言学教程M. 上海:上海外语教育出版社，2011 5 胡壮麟. 语言学教程M.北京：北京大学出版社，2007