高英第一册What27sadictionaryfor课件

1、unit eleven: but whats a dictionary for ?teaching procedureindividual presentation on noah webster and websters third new international 2. discussion on question about whats a dictionary for: part 1. (para. 1-3) 1) sums up the worst attacks on the dictionary 2) states the claim of the compilers 3) c

2、alls for an examination of dictionary making, hence the question of “whats a dictionary for?”3. homeworknoah websters house an american lexicographer, journalist, textbook author, spelling reformer, advocate of cultural independence of the united states translator of the bible an ardent federalistno

3、ah websters dictionaries1) a compendious dictionary of the english language: his first dictionary of the english language (1806) 2) an american dictionary of the english language: his magnum opus, the first edition (1828) 3) an american dictionary of the english language: the second edition (1840) 4

4、) publishing rights of his dictionary were acquired by george and charles merriam (1843)5) george and charles merriam brought out a version edited by noah websters son-in-law, professor chauncey a. goodrich of yale college (1847)- the 1847 edition became the first merriam-webster unabridged dictiona

5、ry. 6) the second edition was published in 1934. (the first edition and second edition were based on prescriptive linguistics.) 7) the third edition (websters third new international dictionary) was published in 1961. (with philip b. gove, a famous descriptive linguist as its editor) (it was based o

6、n descriptive linguistics) content: 2752 pages, over 460,000 entries, 200,000 usage examples, over 3,000 pictorial illustrations, more than 1,000 synonym articles; an addition of 100,000 new words or new definitions that were not included in the second international. 2) three virtues in dictionary m

7、aking: accuracy, clearness, comprehensiveness3) enormous work and money: over 200 permanent staff of language experts and over 100 special outside consultants spent 27 years and $3.5 million. a total of 10 million citations were collected as background for definition. para. 1 1. what happened when t

8、he wtnid appeared? 2. how did the well-known,well-received newspapers and magazines greet the wtnid? 3. in the last sentence, theres a sarcasm, how do you understand the writers sarcastic meaning and translate the last sentence of this paragraph? 4. identify the figures of speech used in this para.

9、5. how is this paragraph developed?2. discussion on part. 1atlantic, new york times, life, the journal of american bar associationthe atlantic: american monthly journal, doing investigative journalism, fiction and poetry it view asb. the new york times: daily newspaper; considered the most reputable

10、 daily by many. equivalent to london times. it puts out a huge sunday issue covering just about everythingnews, sports, arts, etc.-also magazine section. it felt and accused of c. the american bar association: bar here means lawyer collectively; or the legal profession, e.g. be called to the bar (be

11、 received as a member of the bar); read for the bar (study to become a barrister). it saw the publication as d. life: american popular pictorial magazine. it called itand doubted thatthe influential newspapers in america1. the new york times 2. washington post3. the wall street journal4. the los ang

12、eles times5. the new york daily newsthe influential newspapers in america1. time2. readers digest3. life4. playboy5. fortunethrow light on - if sth. throws or casts light on sth.else, it makes it easier to understand, because more information has been added to what was previously known; reveal.eg. h

13、is remark throws light on the problem (mentioned last year).1)they doubted that. they didnt believe that lincohn could have written his famous gettysburg address with the language described in the 3rd international as a model. this reveals that lifes editors dont really know how things get written.

14、a successful writing is not made by a dictionary but by the authors passion and flexible use of language.2) a concept of how things get written.this concept can provide little information on how lincohn wrote his address, but it does explain how the editors of life write their articles. they are ign

15、orant enough to suggest writing with a dictionary as a model. paraphrase exercise1. never has a scholarly work of this stature been attacked with such unbridled fury and contempt.2. accelerate the deterioration of the language and sternly accused the editors of betraying a public trust.3. a flagrant

16、 example of lexicographic irresponsibility.para. 2 main idea: wtnid is a massive work. 1. do you know the allusion of “sound and fury”? 2. why is it claimed as a massive work? explain the implied meaning in the last sentence. para. 3. the writer explained, examined basic principles of compiling dict

17、ionaries with some questions.1. explain the first sentence. sound and furythe writer is using a quotation from shakespeares macbeth, act v, scene iv, l: 26-28 “.it (life) is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury signifying nothing.” 生活(人生)犹如痴人说梦， 充满了喧嚣与骚动， 却没有任何意义。this monologue, to some e

18、xtent, embodied the theme of the novel sound and fury, the great classic created by the american writer -william faulkner (18971962). sound and fury the “sound and fury” is a good example to illustrate faulkners concern in creative writing. the novel is a complex account of the breakdown of the once

19、 distinguished and honored compson family. four sections are included in the novel largely reliant on stream of consciousness. 这段独白在某种意义上说体现了的主题思想.小说主人公是南方没落贵族康普生一家.中心人物是康的女儿凯蒂. 虽然作者没为她专门写一章,但她是一根线,将四大部分连成一体.作者打破传统小说着重刻画主人公的做法,从其他人物的眼光和他们的生活经历来展示凯蒂的浮沉和她在家族中的地位.它既是家族成员,又是家族破落的象征.para. 4. 5 two brief

20、statements about dictionaries1. what was the first statement? 2. explain the last sentence of para. 4.3. what was the second statement? 4. what figure of speech is used in “much-touted second international and the much-clouted third international”? 5.what is the implied meaning in “not like the diff

21、erence between the yearly models but like the difference between the horse and buggy and automobile”? is not superficial (like the difference between the yearly models of the same car) but substantial (like the difference between two entirely different means of transportation)assonanceassonance is t

22、he repetition of a vowel sound within words. free and easy; make the grade; time and tide wait for no man. assonance in prose prose writers sometimes repeat vowel sounds to reinforce the meaning of the words. it also helps to create moods. here, the long o sounds mysterious. poetry is old, ancient,

23、goes back far. it is among the oldest of living things. so old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came. -carl sandburg, early moon assonance in poetryin poetry, too, assonance stresses words and moods. and so, all the night-tide, i lie down by the sideof my darling, my darling, my l

24、ife and my bride. -edgar allan poe, annabel lee“ “as i was going to st. ives, i met a man with seven wives, every wife had seven sacks, every sack had seven cats, every cat had seven kittens: kittens, cats, sacks and wives, how many were going to st. ives.”i feel the need, the need for speed. para.

25、6 1. whats the figurative meaning in “gets its charter”? 2. what kind of scholar was bloom-field ?3. what do you know about strunks element ? para. 7: the major basic finding of descriptive linguistics. 1. what should linguists do when they study a language? 2. why do we say each language is a uniqu

26、e language? 3. in point three, what features does a language have? 4. according to the writer, what does correctness based on? strunk strunks elements of style: this volume on language style was originated by strunk to a freshman class at cornell university (new york state) in the form of lectures.d

27、escriptive linguistics linguistics is the science of language, including phonology音韵学音韵学, morphology词法学词法学, syntax句法学句法学, and semantics词义学词义学. it is sub-divided into descriptive, historical, comparative, geographical, social applied, etc. linguistics. descriptive linguistics is the branch of linguis

28、tics which describes the structure of a language or languages as they exist, without reference to their histories or to comparison with other languages.para. 8. 1. in order to be comprehensive, what does a dictionary include?para. 9. 1. why are new dictionaries needed? 2. what is the average period

29、of two generations? 3. what does a dictionary have to do with the changes? para. 10. 1. what has caused the changes in english language? 2. according to the writer, what does he think of the language used in todays publications? para. 11. 1. what does the first sentence mean in this context? 2. how

30、did the writer refute the life and the new york times and the washington post? para. 12. 1. what kind of language does the third international describe? para. 13. 1. what should the papers do with the language? 2. explain the implied meaning of the last sentence if the editorials were serious, the p

31、ublic.on these publications are more literate than the editors. para. 14. 1. why does the common reader consult a dictionary? 2. what is the full truth about american english today? 3. explain certainty is impossible and simplification is misleading.if the editorials were serious. the sentence impli

32、ed that it is a lucky thing that the writers on these publications are not as ignorant as the editors. if the editorials were serious , the editors would stick to the language described in the dictionary compiled in the 30s, and if they did so , their publications would be unreadable and nobody woul

33、d subscribe to them and as a matter a result, they would cease to bring profits to their share-holders. (sarcastic tone here)para. 15. 1. paraphrase even in so settled a matter as spelling, a dictionary cannot always be absolute. 2. paraphrase but neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of t

34、he dictionarys. 3. what kind of facts should the dictionary record? 4. what does the writer say about spelling? para. 16. &17. 1. what does the writer say about pronunciation? 2. paraphrase has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility? 3. how do you understand lexicography, like god, is no re

35、specter of persons.? whats the figure of speech used in this sentence? 4. explain this sentence but because so wide-spread and conspicuous a use of two pronunciations among people of this elevation shows that there are two pronunciations. para. 18. 1. how does a reader and an author use a dictionary

36、 differently? 2. what does this refer to in the last sentence? para. 19-21 1. what does the word furnish mean in the first sentence? 2. explain abdication of authority and barbarism. 3. whats the posts editorials attitude to the definition of door offered by the third international? 4. explain takes

37、 the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude.para. 22. 1. whats the biggest booby traps mentioned in the first sentence? 2. according to the author, how do we deal with the habitual terms in a dictionary? 3. why was dr. johnson ridiculed? para. 23. 1. explain the implied meaning of the first se

38、ntence. 2. what should a lexicographer do in order to sort out meanings included under door? para. 24. what does the fine print in the lease mean?para. 25.& 26. 1. why does the author first go to the second international, and then go on to the third international? 2. which one does the author pr

39、efer, accuracy or brevity? 3. explain in the definition which raised the posts blood pressure.the fine print in the lease lease- a contract by which a landlord gives a tenant the use of a room or rooms for a specified time and for fixed payment. the major conditions of the lease are usu. printed in

40、large characters (large print). but some quite important provisions(条款) may be printed in very small characters(fine print) by the landlord to dupe (欺骗) his tenant because he doesnt expect the tenant to read the fine print, because they may include such details as the number of rooms ,furniture,etc.

41、 para. 27. 1. has the third new international dictionary any faults? what are they if it has? 2. paraphrase nothing that tries to meet an ever-changing situation over a terrain as vast as contemporary english can hope to be free of them. 3. explain and much in it is open to honest, and informed, dis

42、agreement. para. 28. 1. what is certain according to this paragraph?6. rhetorical devices1) metonymy 2) synecdoche 3) sarcasm 4) alliteration 2) synecdochesynecdoche means giving the part for the whole or vice versa, using a kind of thing to represent another big kind or vice versa, and using raw ma

43、terial to represent the thing made of it. a. use the part to represent the wholetwenty years later when he came back to his home town, he saw many new faces.(strangers)the farms are short of hands during the harvest season.(workers)he has a fleet of fifty sails.(ships)great minds think alike.(great persons)a. use the whole to represent the part the score is 2 to 1 in favor of china. (chinese team)the world