英语国家概况重点整理

1、第一周Questions and answers1. 一、 What are those 6 English-speaking countries and its capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 (London伦敦) 2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国 (Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国 (Washington DC 华盛顿DC)4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa

2、渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦 (Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周 chapter1-2Questions and answers2. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3. What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。Geogra

3、phical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles? Great Britain and Ireland5. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6. W

4、hat are their respective capitals（首府）? London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7. Whats its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8. Whats the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9. Whats its national flower? Rose10. Whats its national flag? Union Jack11. How many members are there in British Commonw

5、ealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20五、2第三周 chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English. 2. Middle English. 3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present)English is descen

6、ded from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons. (450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people? Its Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of

7、 the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people? Its Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all.London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast,

8、Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1. Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC） p.482. Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493. Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494. Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的

9、封建社会（1066） p.515. King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215） p.526. Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265） p537. Hundred Years War 英法百年战争 (13371453)p.578. Black Death 黑死病 (1348)9. Watt Tylers Uprising 瓦特-泰勒起义 (1381) p5810. The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争 (14551485) p5911. Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命 (1534) p

10、6012. The Civil War 内战 (16421649) p6313. The Commonwealth (16491660) 共和国时期 p6414. Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命 p64Questions and answers1. The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isle

11、s is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Te

12、utonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name “England” and “English”.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Da

13、nes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex. 8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England 9. King William made a record of each mans property, which was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliam

14、ent was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝 Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the

15、 Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in the age of Elisabeth I. 16. The “Glorious Revolution” was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in tex

16、tile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18. James Hardgrave, a carpenter made the first invention called “spinning Jenny”.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets. 课后重点练习CHA

17、PTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服 Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生 Roman Conquest 罗马征服 Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居 Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒 Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役 Doomsday Book 末日审判书 The Great Charter 大宪章 All Estates Par

18、liament 各级会议 Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years War 百年战争爆发Wat Tylers Uprising 农民起义 The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命 the call of the Long Parliament -The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟 the execution of Charle

19、s 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament -CHAPTER 8 一：1 2 3 四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机 the power loom-The steam engine 蒸汽机 the “Spinning Jenny” 珍妮纺织机 CHAPTER 9一：1 3 6 7 8 11 15 16 第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary? The United Stat

20、es is situated in the southern part of North America with its two youngest states. It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、Wh

21、ats its rank all over the world concerning its area? Its fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States? 48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other? Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii

22、is in the central Pacific6、 What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4 or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、 The t

23、wo most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters” refers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_, _, _, _ and _.HOMES：H-Huro

24、n，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior.11、How many geographical regions is it divided into? The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? Whats the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.C the capital of the US,

25、is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers. 2:New York City The largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a littl

26、e over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angeles A seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 第八周Cha

27、pter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA? Its full name: the United States of America; Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、Whats its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag? The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It consist

28、s of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the

29、 Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮 and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance警觉， Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people? Its Uncle Sam.Its Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、Whats its national anthem, national flower and tree? The Star - spangled Banner5

30、、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say some of them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of LibertyWhite House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas H

31、oover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise Golden Gate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a “melting pot”, meaning people with different cultural and ethn

32、ical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today. Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term “melting pot”. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its positio

33、n in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America. 7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels? Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford (1863 19

34、47)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didnt know how much the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. Thats why it has got the

35、 name of “a nation on the wheel”.9、Whats the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name Whos Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scienti

36、sts、actors or actresses and so on.). 1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic ActorActress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway

37、 Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long)Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三 四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 1518Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American In

38、dians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at L

39、exington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration of Independence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, almost doubled the

40、territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union, establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861.9、Harriet Beecher Stowes anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin had a profound effect on attitudes to

41、ward African Americans and slavery in the United States.10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated some four million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long econ

42、omic depression in the late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelts (FDR) New Deal measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs

43、on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, and the Cold War began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12 四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 三：1 2 7 8 9 10

44、四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10 四：1 2 7 8 Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10 三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1. How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2. On what kind of system are the three branches based? A system of checks and balances