合同英语学习

1、Contract English合同英语合同英语 一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题、序文、主文条款及结尾辞四大部分。 标题开宗明义地显示合同的性质； 序文是用最简单的说明，大略介绍合同订立的背景； 主文条款里包括依各种合同性质的不同而约定的特殊条款，以及不论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款； 最后结尾辞则是当事人签名前的一段文字，为整份合同画下句点。合同的标题 OFFSHORE EQUIPMENT SUPPLY CONTRACT 1999年中国合同法第二条对contract定义为：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishin

2、g, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。根据这一定义，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。合同的序文 英文合同在标题之后，各式各样的条款出现之前，通常会先有一段序文，一般而言不会占去太多的篇幅，目的在很简略地介绍合同规范内容之人、事、时、地、物等背景，让阅读合同的人在接触冗长复杂的主文前，

3、先有一个基础的认识与心理准备。序文又分为两部分。 第一部分：称为commencement, 也就是合同的开场白，主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同中的简称。 This Offshore Equipment Supply Contract is signed at Chennai on the 22nd day of December 2010, by and between, IL&FS TAMIL NADU POWER COMPANY LIMITED, a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956

4、, having its registered office at B-4, Navins Presidium, 103, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai - 600 029, Tamil Nadu, India, through its authorized signatory (hereinafter referred to as Owner which expression shall include its successors and permitted assigns); by and between中文译词：由以下双方用法：用

5、“by”来表示合同被谁制定，“between”来表示谁与谁之间的合意。常用来强调合同是由双方签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋予的责任。如果当事人不只两个，也可以用“by and among”来代替。This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulat

6、ed below.注释： whereby：凭借 the under mentioned commodity：下列商品 subject to: 遵守，服从 the terms and conditions stipulated below：下述条款参考译文：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 当事人的姓名和名称都应大写，合同某些需要强调的部分用大写字母书写以资醒目。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 registered office registered o

7、ffice是指一个公司的注册所在地，它和principal office ，即主营业所并不一定位于同一个地方。举例来说，现在中国很多本土企业基于税务与方便性的考量，流行在海外几个特定的地方，成立所谓的纸上公司（paper company），此时这个公司必须在当地设有一个registered office，但是公司的principal office则可能不在那儿，而位于中国本土，因为公司一切的业务经营实际上都在中国进行。hereinafter英文释义:later in the same Contract中文译词:以下,在下文语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避

8、免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies (hereinafter referred to as “investment company”) in China in accordance with the Chinese laws an

9、d regulations governing foreign investment。注释：（1） to promote foreign investment in China：促进外国投资者来华投资 （2）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验 （3） hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下简称投资公司（4） the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign i

10、nvestment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规参考译文：为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。successor and permitted assigns中文译词：继任者和获准受让人用法：在这里的同义词和近义词并列，这在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” AND SEPCOIII ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION, a co

11、mpany duly constituted and validly existing under and by virtue of laws of the Peoples Republic of China, having its registered office at No. 201 Yuqing East Street, Weifang 261031, Shandong, Peoples Republic of China, through its authorized signatories (hereinafter referred to as Offshore Supplier

12、which expression shall include its successors and permitted assigns). The Owner and the Offshore Supplier are hereinafter referred to individually as a Party and collectively as the Parties.constituted and existing 中文译词：设立并存续合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍，在自然人的情况下可以用“a national of .”或“an individual with the nation

13、ality of .”来表示，如果是法人组织多半使用“constituted and existing under the laws of .”这样的字眼，其中“constituted”也可以用“incorporated”或“organized”来代替。by virtue of 中文译词：根据，因为用法：合同英语常用by virtue of 远远多于due to, 一般不用because of 第二部分：称为recital。recital是指契约等中陈述或证明事实的部分，以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因，俗称为Whereas Clauses。 WHEREA

14、S:The Owner is desirous of bringing into commercial operation a sub-critical imported coal fired thermal power plant comprising of Unit 1 and Unit 2 of 600 MW each, in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India, as more particularly described in the Technical Specifications.The Owner has applied to the G

15、overnment of India, Ministry of Power for approval of the Facility under the Mega Power Policy, and if such approval is granted, the Owner intends to develop the Facility under the Mega Power Policy.The Offshore Supplier has represented that it has the necessary specialized knowledge and expertise f

16、or design, engineering, manufacture, and supply of the Offshore Plant and Equipment.The Owner and the Offshore Supplier desire to enter into this Contract pursuant to which the Offshore Supplier shall supply and the Owner shall purchase the Offshore Plant and Equipment in accordance with the terms a

17、nd conditions herein set forth.Whereas英文释义: considering that中文译词：鉴于，就.而论（法律用语）用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。语法：起连词作用，紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。 Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish

18、a new joint venture company in China (hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”). The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注释：（1） whereas：鉴于（2） adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原则（3） through friendly consultation：通过友好协商（4） joint venture company：合资经营公司（5） hereinafter

19、referred as：以下称参考译文：鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。紧接在一串whereas clauses之后，会出现类似的“Now Therefore, the parties hereto agree as follows:”这样一句话，目的在提醒阅读合同的人，真正规范订约当事人权利义务关系的条款在这句话之后就要开始了，也就是说，这句话（一般称为“operative part”）是序文与主文之间的桥梁，在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述，在此之后则为关于交易关系的实体约定。NOW, THEREFOR

20、E, IN CONSIDERATION OF THE MUTUAL COVENANTS HEREIN SET FORTH, THE PARTIES AGREE AS FOLLOWS:NOW, THEREFORE中文译词：兹特用法：此短语用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项的常用开头语IN CONSIDERATION OF中文译词：以为约因/报酬约因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一，没有则合同不能依法强制履行。但是，大陆法系的合同则无此规定。 Covenant中文译词： (有法律约束的)协议, 盟约, 公约；承诺，合同在合同英语里称为承诺条款，是指当事人对于未来的事情承诺一定的作为或不作为

21、。例如公司将自己旗下的造纸业资产与股份全数出售给公司，公司为了保障自己在市场上的地位与经济利益，可能会要求公司承诺在这些股份与资产出售后，将不再经营相同的造纸事业，或购入其它造纸业的股份，这种所谓的不竞业义务的约定，就是公司的一个“Covenant”。Representations and Warranties所谓保证条款（Representations; Warranties），系指当事人一方或双方针对过去曾经发生或现在存在，可能影响合约效力的一些事实，保证为确实不虚假的条款。 set forth中文译词：阐述 herein英文释义:in this中文译词:此中，于此用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的，本法（中）的”等