NewIndustrialRevolution学习教案

1、会计学1NewIndustrialRevolution第一页，共34页。第1页/共34页第二页，共34页。What Does Industrialized Mean?第2页/共34页第三页，共34页。Machines were invented which replaced human laborNew energy sources were developed to power the new machinery water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)Some historians place advances in atomic, so

2、lar, and wind energy at the later stages of the Industrial RevolutionIncreased use of metals and mineralsAluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.The Industrial Revolution 第3页/共34页第四页，共34页。The Industrial RevolutionTransportation improvedShipsWooden ships Iron ships Steel shipsWind-powered sails Steam-power

3、ed boilersTrainsAutomobilesCommunication improvedTelegraphTelephoneRadio第4页/共34页第五页，共34页。DevelopmentsMass production of goodsIncreased numbers of goodsIncreased diversity of goods producedDevelopment of factory system of productionRural-to-urban migrationPeople left farms to work in citiesDevelopmen

4、t of capitalismFinancial capital for continued industrial growthDevelopment and growth of new socio-economic classesWorking class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial classCommitment to research and developmentInvestments in new technologiesIndustrial and governmental interest in promoting invention

5、, the sciences, and overall industrial growth第5页/共34页第六页，共34页。Main IdeaIn the 1700s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile industry, which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries.A New Kind of Revolution第6页/共34页第七页，共34页。第7页/共34页第八页，共34页。During the 1700s chang

6、es in technology began based on the use of power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution. Exploration and colonialism Seapower Political stability Government support Growth of private investment Land, Labor, and CapitalFactors for SuccessResearch and development on farmsJethro

7、 Tull, seed drillImproved livestock breedingBetter varieties of food cropsIncreased food supplyPopulation grewEnclosure movementAgricultural FactorsA Revolution in Great Britain第8页/共34页第九页，共34页。第9页/共34页第十页，共34页。第10页/共34页第十一页，共34页。Textile IndustryBeginning of Industrial RevolutionWeaving was a cottag

8、e industryLabor performed at homeIndustrialization transformed thisFabric made of wool or cottonSupply of fibers increased in the 1700sSlave labor in America Slavery will eventually come to an end in most of the British Empire due to the efforts of William Wilberforce Slavery Abolition Act, 1833Inve

9、ntion of cotton gin, spinning jenny, flying shuttleNew Way of Making ClothCottages too smallFactory inventedPower for factories?Water frame for water powerOutput increased 8x by 1770Cloth-making in FactoriesA Revolution in Textiles第11页/共34页第十二页，共34页。Spinning JennyCotton Gin第12页/共34页第十三页，共34页。第13页/共3

10、4页第十四页，共34页。Steam engines needed large amounts of fuelWood scarceCoal mining industryChanging landscapesDangers of mining Coal for Steam EnginesFirst successful steam engine in 1712 Innovations by James WattSteam power versus water powerSteam locomotivesSteamships - Robert FultonDevelopment of Steam

11、 EngineSteam Powers the Revolution第14页/共34页第十五页，共34页。Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States. Other regions did not industrialize in the 1800s. What was it about Western countries that encouraged them to embrace industry? Political liberty Freedom to compete Rewards rea

12、ped Exploitation and improvementsWhy Western Countries? British Restrictions; Hamilton, 1791: Samuel Slater -Water frame; Slaters Mill Lowells Mill Belgium -1807; France 1815; Germany - 1850America / Europe Japan first in 1868 - Meiji government The 1900s industrialization for: China, India, RussiaA

13、siaIndustrialization Spreads第15页/共34页第十六页，共34页。Main IdeaThe transition from cottage industries changed how people worked in factories, what life was like in factory towns, labor conditions, and, eventually, processes within factories.Factories and Workers第16页/共34页第十七页，共34页。Raw materials deliveredWor

14、k done to completionMerchant takes product to marketWorkers controlled schedules, qualityFamily life revolved around businessWork in the HomeProduction before FactoriesDestruction of equipmentTime to learn skillsPhysical strength requiredFactory owners took advantage of drawbacksProblems for Cottage

15、 Industries第17页/共34页第十八页，共34页。FactoriesMajor change from cottage industryHad to leave home to workHardships for some workersLife in factory townsTowns grew up around factoriesTowns, factories rose near coal minesSanitation poor in many factory townsWorking in a factory or mineDangerous work for all

16、in factories and mines: working with dangerous heavy machineryLong workdays in textile mills - 10-14 hour workdayPoor factory conditions common in textile mills: unventilated rooms causing pneumonia and TB; in mines: Lung diseases from breathing in coal dustFactories and Factory Towns第18页/共34页第十九页，共

17、34页。Labor Conditions: Factories第19页/共34页第二十页，共34页。第20页/共34页第二十一页，共34页。Workers in a New Economy Wealthy to invest in, own factories Mid-level to run factoriesLow-level to run machines Changing Labor ConditionsNo government regulation Labor unions organizedStrikes brought change - 1870s: Parliament le

18、galizes workers strikes; Child Labor Laws; Public Health Acts.Cottage Workers UnrestHandmade goods more expensive than factory made Luddite movement, 1811 Violence spread, 1812 New Class of WorkersGrowth of middle class Managers, accountants, engineers, mechanics, salesmenEconomy increasedHuge contr

19、ast between the rich upper class and the poor laborersThe Factory System and Workers第21页/共34页第二十二页，共34页。The factory system changed the world of work. In addition, new processes further changed how people worked in factories. Mass production began in U.S. Elements:Interchangeable partsAssembly line P

20、roduction and repair more efficient Production more swiftMass ProductionDramatic increase in productionBusinesses charged less Affordable goodsMore repetitious jobs - soon became normEffectsFactories and Mass Production第22页/共34页第二十三页，共34页。第23页/共34页第二十四页，共34页。Main Idea The Industrial Revolution inspi

21、red new ideas about economics and affected society in many ways.New Ideas in a New Society第24页/共34页第二十五页，共34页。 Old mercantile system restricted trade Adam Smith: Laissez-faire economics “let them alone.” (No government intervention in the economy); market economy - Capitalism: economy in which most

22、of the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. Thomas Malthus, poverty unavoidable Industrialization succeeded and spreadCapitalism and Competition Shift in wealth and power Entrepreneur Banking and finance Andrew Carnegie - rags to riches Robber baronsNew Roles for Business

23、 LeadersNew Ideas about Economics第25页/共34页第二十六页，共34页。Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capitalism was good. Two who took a different stance were Robert Owen and Karl Marx. More hopeful than Malthus Socialism Society owns propertySociety controls business Model industrial town New Harmony Social

24、 democracyRobert Owen More radical socialismPredicted collapse of capitalism conflict between classes inevitableCommunist Revolution: the have nots would seize power from the haves.With no private property, there would be no classes. Government would fade and communism would be createdCommunist Government: owns means of production and controls economic planningKarl