普通语言学第1次

1、普通语言学作业答案answers to exercises (1) i . directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, c or d in the brackets. i. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. a 6.a 7. b 8. b 9.b 10. bii. directions: fill the blank in each

2、 of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 11. synchronic12. allophones13. derivational14. transformational15. synonyms16. perlocutionary_17. conquer

3、or18. speech19. utterance20. rootiii directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. 21. t 22. f

4、. 23. f. 24. t 25 .f. these two linguistic forms differ in sense but as a matter of fact, they refer to the same star. 26. f. the meaning of a sentence is concrete and context - dependent.v.t _.t29. f      it is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in se

5、nse. a case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." they refer to the same star but differ in sense.30. t iv. directions: explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. arbitrariness is one of the desi&1 features which

6、distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. it refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. for example, different languages use different sounds to refer to the same object.32. phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. it

7、 is concerned with all the speech, sounds used in all human languages.33. bound morphemes are those that can not be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.34. the maxim of quality, one of the four maxims under the cooperative principle,

8、requires the participants not to say what they believe to be false and not to say that for which they lack adequate evidence when making conversation.35. synchronic linguistics refers to the study of variation in language in different places _d among different groups at a given point in time.36. dig

9、lossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language coexist in a speech community, each with a distinct mange of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.37. the sapir - whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the american anthropological l

10、inguists sapir and whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.v. directions: answer the following questions. (10% x 2 = 20%)38. .in addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierar

11、chical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.                f

12、or example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two interpretations, i.e. the adjective "old” may modify the noun "men", or the following two nouns "men and women". linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous. whereas, the constit

13、uent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear. so, we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.                    np                    &

14、#160;         np        np                np                np                np    the old men      and  

15、0;     the women  the old men  and    the old womenanswers to exercise (2) i . directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, c or d in the brackets. 1.a 2.a3. c4. b

16、 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. c 9. a 10. cii. directions: fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. phonology'12. allophone13. bou

17、nd14. syntax15. situational16. utterance17. sense 18. idiolect19. affixes20. morphologyiii directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the' brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain

18、 why you think so and give the correct version. 21. f. modem linguistics is mostly descriptive. 22. t 23. t 24. t 25. t26. f. pragmatics analyses utterances in close connection with their contexts of situation.27. f. all living languages change with time. a language, like latin which is no longer sp

19、okenby the general public of a society, does not change.'28. f. in view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more correct, any more logical, or any purer than any other dialect of the language. all dialects of a language are

20、 equally effective in expressing ideas.29. f. it is the left hemisphere that has "directed" that action.30. f. because syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the d - structure and s structure of some sentences look exactly the same at different levels of representation.iv. dir

21、ections: explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. productivity is unique to human language. it refers to that aspect of language which makes it possible for its users to construct and interpret an infinite number of sentences, including sentences they have never he

22、ard before.32 . voiceless in phonetics refers to the sounds produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide a part to let air go through them without causing vibration.33. morphology is a branch _f grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34. univers

23、al grammar or ug was a theory proposed and developed by noam chomsky and other generative linguists since the-early 1980's. also known as the principle - and - parameters theory, ug is a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about natural languag

24、es.35. polysemy refers to the lexical phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning.36. illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. for example, in the utterance " you have left the 

25、9;door wide open" , the illocutionary act performed by the speaker is to ask someone to close the door.37. a speech community is a group of people who form a community, and share the same language or a particular variety of language. a speech community can be as small as a family or as large as

26、 a nation.v. directions: answer the following questions. 38. language does not so much determines the way the speaker perceives the world as it functions as a means by which information can be stored and retrieved, by which a culture transmits its belief, values and norms, and by which the speaker i

27、nteracts with other members of the culture.answers to exercise (3)i . directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four. choices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, c or d in the brackets. 1. c2. d3. c4. d 5. c 6.d 7. a 8. d 9. b 10. dii. dir

28、ections: fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. descriptive -12. distinctive13. morphology14. principlesl5. sense16. pra

29、gmatics17. affixes18. regional19. sentence20. hierarchical iii. directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the c

30、orrect version. 21. t 22. t23. t. a root is part of a word, which is not a free morpheme but a bound morpheme. it can never be used independently.24. f. because syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the d - structure and s structure of some sentences look exactly the same at different

31、levels of representation.25. t. "symbol" in this context refers to the linguistic elements like words or phrases.26. f. the pragmatic speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the wordsliterally mean.27. t 28. t29. t."30. f. major syntactic category refers to all

32、 phrasal syntactic categories such as np, vp, and pp, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as n and v.iv. directions: explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. duality, one of the design features which distingu

33、ish human language from any animal system of communication, refers to the two sets of structures or the two levels of the system of language. one is a structure of meaningless sounds at the lower or basic level and the other is the units of meaning at the higher level.32. phonology is a branch of le

34、arning concerned with the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.33. free morphemes are those containing only one morpheme, which are independent units of

35、 meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.34. the x - bar theory is a widely recognized and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrase structure rules into a single format: x "-+ ( spec) x (compl).35. synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.36. the maxim of

36、quantity, one of the four maxims under the cooperative principle, requires the participants to make their conversational contribution as informative as required; do not make their contribution more informative than is required.37. sociolects or social dialects are varieties of language used by peopl

37、e belonging to particular social classes.v. directions: answer the following questions. (10%. x 2 = 20%)38. (1) yes, this is an ambiguous sentence. this is a structurally ambiguous sentence, which can be rewritten in two ways as follows: a. the boy saw the man. the man had a telescope. b. using the

38、telescope, the boy saw the man. (2) since the sentence is an ambiguous one, which has two ways of interpretation, there are two ways of drawing constituent structure trees for it. s np vp art n v np art n pp p np art n the boy saw the man with the telescope. snp vp art n v np ppart n p np art n the

39、boy saw the man with the telescope.(3) tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. in addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categor

40、y of each structural constituent, and consequently, can truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.answers to exercise ( 4 )i . directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the

41、 letter a, b, c or d in the brackets. 1. a 2. b3. b4. a 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. a 9. c 10. aii. directions: fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change

42、the letter given. 11. parole12. phonetics13. compounding 14. complex15. behaviorists16. illocutionary17. lexical18. descriptive19. obstruction 20. productivityiii. directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of

43、 the statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.21. f. language is culturally transmitted. it is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning.22. t23. f . prefixes modify the meaning of the original word (ste

44、m), but usually do not change thepart of speech.24. f. move a is a. general rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. what move a says is "move any constituent to any place" .25. t26. f. some utterances like" hi !" and "ouch!" are not compl

45、ete sentences. "good morning" isan utterance, but it is not a sentence.27. f. the general form of the words has remained the same after the great vowel shift, but thevowel sounds have changed considerably from middle english to modem english.28. f. many black americans speak standard engli

46、sh in reality.29. t30. tiv. directions: explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 32. tow allophones of the same phoneme, such as /v and / r / and /p/ and /ph/ in english,occurring in diff

47、erent environments, are said to be in complementary distribution.33. morpheme is a morphological term used to refer to the smallest meaningful component at thelowest level of a word.34. syntax is a sub - field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.35. componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical