状语从句(整理后)

1、英语语法学习状语从句（一）时间状语从句一、定义：时间状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生时间的状语从句。二、引导词：1. 用when引导：“当时候”。如：Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。People breathe more slowly when they are asleep. 人睡觉时呼吸比较缓慢。2. 用while引导： “当时候”。如：We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。I went swimming

2、while the others played tennis. 我去游泳，其余的人都打网球去了。注意：while 所引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词必须是持续性的，不能是短暂性的。3. 用as引导： “当时候”“随着”。如：He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时，把杯子摔了。We get wiser as we get old. 随着年岁的增长，我们也变得聪明些了。4. 用before引导： “在之前”。如：Turn off the lights before you go to bed.&#

3、160;睡觉前要关灯。Before he went to university he was a worker. 上大学之前他是工人。5. 用after引导： “在之后”。如：I will tell you after they leave. 他们走我再告诉你。After you finish the letter show it to me信写完后给我看看。6. 用until / till引导： “直到”。如：He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。I watched him u

4、ntil he disappeared in the distance. 我瞧着他直到他在远处消失。这类句型的主句动词通常只能是延续性动词，不能是终止性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间。在否定句notuntil till句式中，主句动词可以是终止性动词，表示相应动作开始的时间，意为“直到才”。如：She didnt marry until she was over fifty. 她直到五十多岁才结婚。Wed better not go until your sister arrives. 我们最好等你姐姐到了再走。I did not begin to work til

5、l he had gone. 他走了后我才开始工作。not.until结构的强调和倒装：It was not until she had arrived home that she remember her appointment with the doctor.直到她到家才想起她和一生的约定。Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor. until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词，；在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词，意为“直到才”。如：7. 

6、;用since引导： “自从以来”。如：We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小认识。Theyve moved twice since they got married. 他们结婚后已搬了两次家。Its a long time since we met last. 好久没见面了。How long is it since you came in London? 你来伦敦有多久了?8. 用as soon as, immediately, directly, instantl

7、y, the moment, the instant, the minute, no sooner.than., hardly.when.,the second, once引导：表示“一就”。如：The boys ran off as soon as we appeared. 我们一来，孩子就都跑了。He started as soon as he received the news. 他一接到消息就出发了。I want to see him the minute he arrives. 他一来到我就要见他。The moment I saw him I knew

8、there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。Hardly had she arrived when it began t

9、o snow. 她刚到就下起雪来了。The moment I have finished I'll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。9. 用every time等引导：any time, each time, every time, the first time, the last time, the next time, whenever, all the time, the whole time, by the time等有时也可用连词，引导时间状语从句，分别表示“任何时候”“每次”“第一次”“最后一次”“下次”等。如：You can c

10、all me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。Each time I went there, I saw him working. 我每次去那儿都看见他在工作。Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来，请关门。Every time I see her Ill think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。He felt nervous eac

11、h time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。He didnt tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed. 我到家时她已睡觉了。 三、时态问题：关于这个问题有两点值得注意：(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前

12、关灯。I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。Do it before you forget. 趁早动手，免得忘了。(2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时：It seems like years since

13、 we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。四、when, while, as的用法区别：三者可表示“当时候”，区别如下：(1) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作，从句表示的是一个持续性动作，三者都可用：He fell asleep when while, as he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。【注】as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在期间”时，其谓语通常

14、只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development) 意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as：A：Im going to the post office. 我要去邮局。B：While youre there, can you get me some stamps? 当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗?(2) 若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性

15、动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，通常要用 while：Dont talk while youre eating. 吃饭时不要说话。I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候，我默不作声。 若从句是一个短暂性动作，主句是一个持续性动作，可用 as / when 但不用 while：It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。(3) 若主从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作，用 

16、;as / when：I thought of it just when as you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候，我也想到了。(4) 只能用as:若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”：Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚，天气越冷。若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意思：She sang as she went

17、along. 她边走边唱。 (5) 只能用when：表示“每当的时候”(暗示一种规律性)：Its cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。若主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时：I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时，我就回家去。(6) when 可用作并列连词，表示“这时(突然)”；while 也可以用作并列连词，表示“而”、“却”(表示对比)；但 as&#

18、160;则没有类似用法：We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要出发，这时天开始下雨了。He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡，而她却喜欢茶。(7) as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词，构成省略句，但 while 一般不这样用：As When a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。(8) when 和 while 后可接现在

19、分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句，但 as 一般不这样用：When While reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。When While in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。 总结：表示“当时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是：while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时，只能用 when；当表示“一边一边”或“随着”时，只能用 as。另外，用于此义的

20、 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词，不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是 B 而不能是A：“Im going to the post office.” “_ youre there, can you get me some stamps?”A. As                         &#

21、160;B. While                     C. Because                      D. If（二）地点状语从句一

22、、引导地点状语从句的从属连词地点状语从句主要用于回答Where?的问题，可以由where (在的地方)，wherever (无论什么地方)，anywhere (无论何处) 以及everywhere (到处) 等连词来引导。Put the medicine where children cant reach it. 把药放在孩子们拿不到的地方。You cant camp where wherever, anywhere you like these days. 如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。Everywhere Jenny goes shes mistake

23、n for her sister. 无论走到哪个地方，詹妮都被误认为是她妹妹。Im not living where I was. 我不在原处住了。You cant camp where wherever, anywhere you like these days. 如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。二、地点状语从句考点说明有的考生认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多，误认为考试不会涉及，但恰恰相反，地点状语从句却是各类语法考试经常考

24、查的一个知识点。这道题涉及where从句，是一道极易错的题：When you read the book, youd better make a mark _ you have any questions. A. which                        B. at which    

25、;                    C. where                        D. that分析：此题应选

26、60;C。容易误选 A，B，D，误认为这是定语从句。有的同学会根据试题所提供的选项想当然认为这是一道考查定语从句关系词的选择与辨析的试题，于是在A、B、C三项中绞尽脑汁，当然最终不可能得出正确答案。假若这是定语从句，A(which) D (that) 应是关系代词，但它们却不能充当定语从句中的主语或宾语，故不成立。至于 B (at which)，也不合语法，因为其中的介词at无法与从句中的任何一个词发生联系。这里的where 是引导地点状语从句的连词，意为“在的地方”，全题意为：当你读这本书时，最好在有问题的地方作一个记号。类似例子：There

27、 were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。You should let your children play where you can see them. 你应该让你的孩子在你能看到的地方玩。After the war, a new school building was put up where there had been a theatre. 战后人们在曾经是剧院的地方建了一幢新教学楼。You can find your umbrella where you left it. 

28、你可以在你放伞的地方找到你的伞。在以下结构中，where 暗示一种条件(=if)。如：Where there is a will, there is a way.Where you find high wages, youll generally find high prices. 工资高的地方通常物价就高。请做以下试题，看看是考查定语从句还是状语从句：(1) She found her wallet _ she lost it.A. where       

29、60;            B. when                      C. in which           

30、;          D. that答案选A，where 意为“在的地方”，引导地点状语从句。(2) The school was built _ there had once been a church.A. where                  &

31、#160; B. when                      C. in which                     D.&

32、#160;that答案选A，where 意为“在的地方”，引导地点状语从句。(3) You should let your children play _ you can see them.A. where                    B. when      

33、0;               C. in which                     D. that答案选A，where 意为“在的地方”，引导地点状语从句。(4) Now he work

34、s in the factory _ his father used to work.A. where                    B. when                 

35、     C. in which                     D. that答案选A，where引导定语从句，表示地点。(5) You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again.A. 

36、;when                     B. where                     C. then   

37、                         D. there答案选B，where 意为“在的地方”，引导地点状语从句。(6) After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _ he grew up as

38、 a child.A. where                    B. when                      C. in whi

39、ch                      D. that答案选A，where引导定语从句，表示地点。比较以下两句，含义大致相同，但where 的用法不同：第一句中 where 引导的是状语从句，第二句引导的是定语从句：Well go where working conditions are difficult. 我们要去工

40、作条件艰苦的地方。Well go to the place where working conditions are difficult. 我们要去工作条件艰苦的地方。三、地点状语从句四个要点地点状语从句一般置于主句之后Sit wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿都可以。Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。He lives where the climate is mild. 他住在一个气候温暖的地方。Ill take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到

41、哪儿。You cant camp where / wherever / anywhere you like these days. 如今你可不能随意在哪儿宿营。根据强调的需要，anywhere, everywhere和wherever也可以 (where则一般不可以) 放在句首。如：Anywhere she goes, he goes too. 不论她去哪儿，他也去哪儿。Wherever I am l will be thinking of you. 我不论在哪儿，都会想你的。Everywhere I go, I find the same t

42、hing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。Everywhere Jenny goes shes mistaken for Princess Diana. 无论詹妮走到什么地方，她都会被误认为是戴安娜公主。where一般表示一个确定的但非特指的地点。wherever, anywhere 和everywhere 表示“任何地方”。如：The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 教堂建在曾一度是罗马神庙的地方。Next time I hope youll go wh

43、ere I tell you to. 下次我希望你去我告诉你去的地方。With a special train ticket you can travel wherever / anywhere / everywhere you like in Europe for just over100. 你如持有专车票，仅花一百多一点英镑，就可以到欧洲各地旅行。有些地点状语从句中有的词可以省略。如：Where possible, they tried to acquire colonies. 只要可能，他们就设法取得殖民地。Avoid structures of this

44、kind wherever possible. 只要可能，就要避免这种结构。（三）条件状语从句一、定义：条件状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生条件的状语从句。二、引导词：1. 用if引导：“如果”，通常表示正面条件。如：You cant take photographs if the light is bad. 光线不足，就无法拍照。If you cheat in the exam youll never get away with it. 考试作弊必予追究。2. 用unless引导：“如果不”“除非”，通常表示负面条件。如：Dont ac

45、t unless youre certain. 没有把握就不要做。Unless you go at once you will be late. 如果你不马上走，就会迟到的。3. 用as so long as引导：“如果”“只要”。如：Ill remember that day as long as I live. 只要我活着，我就不会忘记那个日子。You may take my dictionary as long as you dont keep it too long. 只要使用时间不太长，你可以把我的词典拿去。5. 除以上基本的引导条件

46、状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing（假设）provided, providing that（如果，设想，假设)和介词短语(如in case, on condition （that）条件是等)也可用作连词表示条件：比if更为书面化In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。He may go with us pro

47、vided providing he arrives in time. 他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。In case Im late, start without me. 万一我迟到，就不等我了。Suppose 和supposing 引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去?三、时态

48、：当主句为将来时态或含有将来意义时，条件状语从句习惯上要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。如：不知道明天是否会下雨，但要是下雨的话，我就呆在家里。误：I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. But if it will rain tomorrow, Ill stay at home.正：I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. But if it rains tomorrow, Ill stay at home.句中的第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句(if是否)，从句谓语用将来时态表示将来意

49、义；第二个if引导的是条件状语从句(if=如果)，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。有时也可见到 if you will 这样的说法，但那不是将来时态，而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(此处的 will是情态动词)：If you will wait for a moment, Ill go and tell the manager that you are here. 请等一下，我去告诉经理说你来了。（四）目的状语从句一、定义：目的状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生目的的状语从句。二、引导词：1. 用in order that引导： “为了”。如

50、：He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考试及格。He left early in order that he should / would / might arrive on time. 他早早动身好按时到达。2. 用so that引导： “以便”。如：Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。She burned the letters so that her husband would nev

51、er read them. 她把信都烧了，这样一来她丈夫就永远看不到了。3. 用in case, lest, for fear that引导：“以防”“以备”。如：I always keep a bottle of wine by in case friends call round. 我平时总存着一瓶酒以备朋友来时喝。It may rainyoud better take an umbrella (just) in case it does. 可能会下雨你，最好带把伞，以防万一。注意in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而

52、定：In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式：Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。三、目的状语从句与状语短语的转换：如果表示“为了，以便”的目的状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换：in order to, so as to引导目的

53、状语从句。He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. =He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床很早以便赶上早班车。He came in quietly in order that he shouldnt wake his wife. =He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。He is working hard in order to pass the exami

54、nation.He is working hard in order that he can pass the examination. 为了考试及格，他正在努力学习。有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换:He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train. / He left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。（五）结果状语从句学习指导一、定义：结果状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作所导致结果的状语从句。用于引导结果状语从句连词也不

55、多，主要的有so that, sothat, suchthat等。二、引导词：1. 用so that引导：“结果”“所以”。如：Write out this word ten times so that you learn how to spell it. 把这个字抄写十遍就能记住怎么拼写了。I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早，所以找了个好座位。2. 用sothat引导：“如此以至于”，其中的 so 后接形容词或副词。如：He was so

56、angry that he couldnt speak. 他气得话都说不出来。He runs so fast that none of us can catch up with him. 他跑得很快，我们没一个能追上他。3. 用suchthat引导：“如此以至于”，其中的 such 后接名词(名词前通常有形容词修饰)。如：It gave him such a shock that his face turned white. 这使他那样震惊，他脸都白了。He is such a clever boy that we all like

57、him. 这个孩子这样聪明，我们都喜欢他。4. sothat和suchthat中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略：I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldnt go out. 雨那么大，我们没法出去。三、引导词的比较：sothat 与 suchthat 的用法比较 从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这

58、个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)：正：He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。正：They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。误：They are so clever children that we all like them.此时的sothat结构可与suchthat结构转换：Its such an interesting film that we all want t

59、o see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。Its so interesting a film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。 在much, many, little, few 这四个词前总是用so而不用such：He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family. 他赚的钱很少几

60、乎不能养家糊口。总结：so+adj./adv.+that, so+adj.(+a/an)+n.+that;so(many/few/much/little)such(+a/an)(+adj.)+n.+that;such+adj.+u.n.+that;such+adj.+c.n.(pl.)+that 四、结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换由so that和sothat引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和soas to引出的不定式短语转换：He arrived late so that he missed the train. / He arrived late so as to mis

61、s the train. 他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。He wrote so carefully that he made no mistakes. / He wrote so carefully as to make no mistakes. 他写得很仔细，所以没有出错。五、so that引导目状语和结果状语的区别:(1)含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果从句时表示的是一种事实。(2) 形式上的区别：引导目的从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，

62、此时可看从句中是否有 can / could, may / might, will /would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果从句。比较：Weve come early so that the meeting can begin promptly. 我们来得很早，以便可以马上开会。(so that 引导目的状语从句)We are all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 (so that 引导结果状语从句)

63、I am going to the lecture early so that Ill get a good seat. 我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。(so that 引导目的状语从句)I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早，所以找个好座位。(so that 引导结果状语从句)另外，so that引导目的从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导结果从句时却不能：正：So that he could buy a new car, he saved a lot of mo

64、ney. 他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。(引导目的状语从句)误：So that I could hardly stand, I was tired.(引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为I was tired so that I could hardly stand. 我很累，几乎站不稳了。) 3. so that 引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可只用so： Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。Ill show you so you can see

65、how its done. 我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样干。六、sothat和suchthat有时不引导结果状语句：Im so happy that you could visit us. 我很高兴你能来看望我们。(其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very)Its such a great pleasure that you are here. 你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。(其中的that引导的是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语)（六）原因状语从句学习指导一、定义：原因状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生原因的状语从句。用于引导原因状语从句最常用的连词是becau

66、se，另外还有as, since, now that, when等。二、引导词：1. 用because引导：一般放于主句之后，表示直接的原因，语气较强，常回答why引导的疑问句。其意为“因为”。如：The little boy was crying because he was lost. 那小孩因迷路而哭。I bought the house simply because it was large. 就是因为这所房子大我才买的。 because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换：He cant come because he is

67、 ill. / He cant come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。2. 用as引导：表示附带说明的双方已知的原因，语气比since弱，较为正式，位置比较灵活（常放于主句之前），意思是“由于”。如：As he is ill, he cant come to the meet

68、ing. 由于生病了，他不能来参加会议。As you werent there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿，我留了个信儿。3. 用since引导：一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由，较为正式，语气比because弱，意思是“既然”。如：Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去，我也去。4. 用now t(hat)，seeing (that), considering (that), in

69、that引导：意思也是“既然”。如：Now that you have come you may as well stay. 既然你来了，你就留下。Now that youre growing up you must learn to stand on your own two feet. 你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。5. when有时也可引导原因状语从句，表示“既然”：I cant tell you when you wont listen. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。 三、关于 notbecause 结构该结构中的否

70、定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：I didnt go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的：You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。四、有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点：(1) as 与 since, now that 一样表示双方都知道的原因，通常位于主句前，且均不可用于强调结构被强调。(2) 当表示直接的因果关