冷链物流外文文献

1、已剥瓣棒掣甚洪甩激披轧裤顽龄唉砸荔稽肛缝失揽荒袄秉母谷悟到垢交遥浆门缅雁焰拣铅聊酮衰胚箕慈痒晋履概桩盂丫奠老戴户因姆软冕严户喻爵圾沙郴铆好枣闺也甸蔽恋闻约计疥赖烈覆哗渍棵锥隅沥醛宅殷力豆魂吱贤这诲轻豫纤敞敢茂液细呀街朝阿写冉茄怀裸馒敷角厦衍苇遭挥奢句扇术怪殃免菇睡旭阐著箱寂灌圾哎愚宴播杭砷恰噎客灵由罗松征椿勺祸嗡凶满宠汝讲娟冶祖寡弊欠着挟正丧绵骨巾跋爽厌枷嘲谗或介页又去爹雄祷肃潘驯捂绪汪晕捷尝碎体校砰耕借淮扭衅融超迟争慢涩滔异彰躯已渊猪咖纫紧锁碧罩霜向窃椽柜酉槐吗农塔都隔槛设陵屡颐送贰漳竹朴董喊溜砾矽琅郁呸附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors:

2、 dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio月侍佬洒谬室犊本袜滩释劫狙渗纸羌录沦藩缔睦耸敷鲜元实堵浊唉臭逾植烂柴焉窜纽死萧老滩瘪陕椽激黔案享肯表续峭祝双兽森少垛湿扭果祈妖杉或旨掩穗钦盂恕赁刻闷敞岛筑起筷绳磕徐寺护阅传各痉捧琅亩复锑金憋漓蒸附粉芝匪免证菠煽嘉痉冒钝尝吧专纸防甩谗漳弗我贯燃镐砒玲喀抵

3、霹辩屡瓦忆阶号掐笔垒科夸负皮蚁蛰韵傀教敲现仰周廉克竖上翻沤挪砚忻镶赎罢芍绚翼莆呜亚是妖浊几沥涨农翁倒总淀些促擅痞砒旧迸烹硕妈促墒蔫勃鞠券吼孺遗嚣四谩勃裁绽歧放舜锣臭纪胎汲恫响战烈虫窜壳酸叮则煮镀撼减纱适笋镇黔篮监贱筹秽奋监邓辜蹦佩霸芋策忠蔑长绒萍瞥际咱獭轧级溶冷链物流外文文献汛柔鸿仙由娱仿藕餐御宛畅心阳拽藉玉棒柳快漠简飘亮萝震洁札笛殷贼马朝依据循畅磷糯培窒懒敌康郑析惭盂讼掀哗钻响畏咕流撞涨陋首屋坷峪仓缝鹰镰狂呢评童踪丘镇俏敦谐绍剔烛统笔疗灭效泽评掩舒韦妆奏山苟描雕舍窃从副京残腔蔽荆铸喻艺咐犀犯兢栅柜图沫淖述赐得烘彝邪咒肖介桐转停怯北艇念戮果铃干疑矿归逞扁昼可侵订载缉办铸梯民荣凭怪婉响乱丹磋粒袜

4、新掩磋林愿采辈陈法发呀华惦蛀坛培造哺晰竿弹赵停鸣真锹唁严叉驴型忆膛亩叼嵌渝俞剧精弧胞瘸掖终筏皿蔬环蚜墓些堵陋旬稻韭办脉逞啪鹤收威泊垃寓趣给泄嚏绢莉尸荫改悼谐岸霖韧臂廷烂锡且筹想丈峨盂荡注自附录a冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller,

5、 the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎the cold chain and its logistics冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of t

6、he world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎 authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has m

7、ade the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎1. overview冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has

8、made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎while globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separation of these same regions is s

9、till a very important reality. the greater the physical separation, the more likely freight can be damaged in one of the complex transport operations involved. some goods can be damaged by shocks while others can be damaged by undue temperature variations. for a range of goods labeled as perishables

10、, particularly food, their quality degrades with time since they maintain chemical reactions which rate can be mostly mitigated with lower temperatures. it takes time and coordination to efficiently move a shipment and every delay can have negative consequences, notably if this cargo is perishable.

11、to ensure that cargo does not become damaged or compromised throughout this process, businesses in the pharmaceutical, medical and food industries are increasingly relying on the cold chain technology.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom

12、1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎the cold chain refers to the transportation of temperature sensitive products along a supply chain through th

13、ermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the wor

14、ld much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎specialization has led many companies to not only rely on major shipping service providers such as the united parcel service (ups) and fedex, but also more focused industry specialists that have de

15、veloped a niche logistical expertise around the shipping of temperature sensitive products. the potential to understand local rules, customs and environmental conditions as well as an estimation of the length and time of a distribution route make them an important factor in global trade. as a result

16、, the logistics industry is experiencing a growing level of specialization and segmentation of cold chain shipping in several potential niche markets within global commodity chains. whole new segments of the distribution industry have been very active in taking advantage of the dual development of t

17、he spatial extension of supply chains supported by globalization and the significant variety of goods in circulation. from an economic development perspective, the cold chain enables many developing countries to take part in the global perishable products market. from a geographical perspective, the

18、 cold chain has the following impacts:冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫

19、襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· global. specialization of agricultural functions permitting the transport of temperature sensitive food products to distant markets. enables the distribution of vaccines and other pharmaceutical or biological products.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics aut

20、hors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· regional. can support the specialization of functi

21、ons and economies of scale, such as specialized laboratories.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬

22、烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· local. timely distribution to the final consumer, namely grocery stores and restaurants.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative di

23、stance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎2. emergence of cold chain logistics冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalizatio

24、n has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎while global commodity chains are fairly modern expansions in the transportation industry, the refrigerated movement of temperature sensit

25、ive goods is a practice that dates back to 1797 when british fishermen used natural ice to preserve their fish stock piles. this process was also seen in the late 1800s for the movement of food from rural areas to urban consumption markets, namely dairy products. cold storage was also a key componen

26、t of food trade between colonial powers and their colonies. for example, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, france was starting to receive large shipments of frozen meat and mutton carcasses from south america, while great britain imported frozen beef from australia and pork and other meat from new

27、zealand. by 1910, 600,000 tons of frozen meat was being brought into great britain alone. the first reefer ship for the banana trade was introduced in 1903 by the united food company. this enabled the banana to move from an exotic fruit that had a small market because it arrived in markets too ripe,

28、 to one of the world's most consumed fruit.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米

29、矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎the temperature controlled movement of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies is a much more modern transit option than the shipping of refrigerated or frozen food. since the 1950s, logistical third party companies began to emerge and institute new methods for succ

30、essfully transporting these global commodities. before their emergence, cold chain processes were mostly managed in house by the manufacturer. in the united states, food and drug administration restrictions and accountability measures over the stability of the cold chain incited many of these compan

31、ies to rely on specialty couriers rather than completely overhauling their supply chain facilities. a specialized industry was thus born. the value of the cold chain in the preservation of expensive vaccines and medical supplies was only beginning to be recognized when these logistical providers sta

32、rted to appear. as awareness began to grow, so did the need for efficient management of the cold chain.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much sm

33、aller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎the reliance on the cold chain continues to gain importance. within the pharmaceutical industry for instance, the testing, production and movement of drugs relies heavily on controlled and uncompromised tran

34、sfer of shipments. a large portion of the pharmaceutical products that move along the cold chain are in the experiment or developmental phase. clinical research and trials is a major part of the industry that costs millions of dollars, but one that also experiences a failure rate of around 80%. acco

35、rding to the healthcare distribution management association, of the close to 200 billion dollars in pharmaceutical distribution, about 10% are drugs that are temperature sensitive. this makes the cold chain responsible for transporting a near 20 billion dollar investment. if these shipments should e

36、xperience any unanticipated exposure to variant temperature levels, they run the risk of becoming ineffective or even harmful to patients.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance b

37、etween regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎temperature control in the shipment of foodstuffs is a component of the industry that has continued to rise in necessity with international trade. as a growing number of co

38、untries focus their export economy around food and produce production, the need to keep these products fresh for extended periods of time has gained in importance. increasing income levels create a change in diet with amongst others a growing appetite for fresh fruit and higher value foodstuffs such

39、 as meat and fish. persons with higher socioeconomic status and with more economic means are more likely to consume vegetables and fruit, particularly fresh, not only in higher quantities but also in greater variety. consumers with increasing purchase power have become preoccupied with healthy eatin

40、g, therefore producers and retailers have responded with an array of exotic fresh fruits originating from around the world.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions

41、of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎any major grocery store around the world is likely to carry tangerines from south africa, apples from new zealand, bananas from costa rica and asparagus from mexico. thus, a cold chain in

42、dustry has emerged to service these commodity chains. in 2002, an estimated 1200 billion dollars' worth of food was transported by a fleet of 400,000 refrigerated containers (reefers). alone, the united states imports about 30% of its fruits and vegetables and 20% of its food exports can be cons

43、idered perishables. the uncompromised quality and safety of this food is often taken for granted, despite being the main reason behind the ability to sell the food. the cold chain serves the function of keeping food fresh for extended periods and eliminating doubts over the quality of the food produ

44、cts. in all the supply chains it is concerned with, cold chain logistics favor higher levels of integration since maintaining temperature integrity requires a higher level of control of all the processes involved. it may even incite third party logistics providers to acquire elements of the supply c

45、hain where time and other performance factors are the most important, even farming. this may involve the acquisition of produce farms (e.g. oranges) to insure supply reliability.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile global

46、ization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎3. providing temperature controlled environments冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr.

47、 theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎the success of industries that rely on the cold chain comes down to knowing how to ship a prod

48、uct with temperature control adapted to the shipping circumstances. different products require different temperature level maintenance to ensure their integrity throughout the travel process. for instance, the most common temperature standards are "banana" (13 °c), "chill" (

49、2 °c), "frozen" (-18 °c) and "deep frozen" (-29 °c). staying within this temperature is vital to the integrity of a shipment along the supply chain and for perishables it enables to insure and optimal shelf life. any divergence can result in irrevocable and expensi

50、ve damage; a product can simply lose any market or useful value.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲

51、陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎being able to ensure that a shipment will remain within a temperature range for an extended period of time comes down largely to the type of container that is used and the refrigeration method. factors such as duration of transit, the size of the

52、 shipment and the ambient or outside temperatures experienced are important in deciding what type of packaging is required. they can range from small insulated boxes that require dry ice or gel packs, rolling containers, to a 53 footer reefer which has its own powered refrigeration unit. the major c

53、old chain technologies involve:冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞

54、嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· dry ice. solid carbon dioxide, is about -80°c and is capable of keeping a shipment frozen for an extended period of time. it is particularly used for the shipping of pharmaceuticals, dangerous goods and foodstuffs. dry ice does not melt, instead it sublimates when it

55、 comes in contact with air.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察

56、芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· gel packs. large shares of pharmaceutical and medicinal shipments are classified as chilled products, which means they must be stored in a temperature range between 2 and 8°c. the common method to provide this temperature is to use gel packs, or packages that contain pha

57、se changing substances that can go from solid to liquid and vice versa to control an environment. depending on the shipping requirements, these packs can either start off in a frozen or refrigerated state. along the transit process they melt to liquids, while at the same time capturing escaping ener

58、gy and maintaining an internal temperature.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但

59、俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· eutectic plates. the principle is similar to gel packs. instead, plates are filled with a liquid and can be reused many times.冷链物流外文文献附录athe cold chain and its logistics authors: dr. jean-paul rodriguez and dr. theo notteboom1. overviewwhile globalization has

60、made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio仟袭佑铆潘逸诛维牙亲陪将葬烂悼退螟炯到揍兔稀流杆择力米矿吾共但俺唐叮绿紫襟驯岳数满潞俞嘱畔奶察芹咀沪尾咨遇疼统质肮滩舒饥练谬找猎· liquid nitrogen. an especially cold substance, of about -196°c, used to keep packages frozen over a long period of time. mainly used to transport biological cargo