词汇构成 (1)

1、 2011.10.24一一. .化学中的常用数字词头化学中的常用数字词头一一. mono, uni二二. di, bi三三. tri, ter四四. tetra五五. penta六六. hexa七七. hepta八八. octa九九. nona十十. deca十一十一. hendeca, undeca十二十二. dodeca十三十三. trideca十四十四. tetradeca十五十五. pentadeca十六十六. hexadeca十七十七. heptadeca十八十八. octadeca十九十九. nonadeca二十二十. eicosa二十一二十一. heneicosa二十二二十二.

2、docosa二十三二十三. tricosa二十四二十四. tetracosa二十五二十五. pentacosa二十六二十六. hexacosa二十七二十七. heptacosa二十八二十八. octacosa二十九二十九. nonacosa三十三十. triaconta三十一三十一. hentriaconta三十二三十二. dotriaconta三十三三十三. tritriaconta三十四三十四. tetratriaconta三十五三十五. pentatriaconta三十六三十六. hexatriaconta三十七三十七. heptatriaconta三十八三十八. octatriacon

3、ta三十九三十九. nonatriaconta四十四十. tetraconta四十一四十一. hentetraconta四十二四十二. dotetraconta四十三四十三. tritetraconta四十四四十四. tetratetraconta四十五四十五. pentatetraconta四十六四十六. hexatetraconta四十七四十七. heptatetraconta四十四十. tetraconta四十八四十八. octatetraconta四十九四十九. nonatetraconta五五 十十. pentaconta六六 十十. hexaconta七七 十十. heptacon

4、ta八八 十十. octaconta九九 十十. nonaconta一一 百百. hecta二二. . 酸碱盐酸碱盐(acid, base, salt)的名称构成的名称构成2.1 常见酸的名称常见酸的名称2.1.1 含氧酸的名称（酸词尾含氧酸的名称（酸词尾 ic）碳碳 酸酸 carbonic acid氯氯 酸酸 chloric acid高氯酸高氯酸 perchloric acid铬铬 酸酸 chromic acid高锰酸高锰酸 permanganic acid磷磷 酸酸 phosphoric acid硫硫 酸酸 sulfuric acid硝硝 酸酸 nitric acid碘碘 酸酸 iodic

5、 acid重铬酸重铬酸 dichromic acid2.1.1 含氧酸的名称（酸词尾含氧酸的名称（酸词尾 ic）2.1.2 含氧亚酸的名称（亚酸词尾含氧亚酸的名称（亚酸词尾 ous）亚硫酸亚硫酸 sulfurous acid 亚硝酸亚硝酸 nitrous acid 亚铬酸亚铬酸 chromous acid 亚磷酸亚磷酸 phosphorous acid 2.1.3 卤代酸（不含氧）卤代酸（不含氧）（卤代含氧酸前加词头（卤代含氧酸前加词头 hydro）氢氟酸氢氟酸 hydrofluoric acid 氢氯酸氢氯酸 hydrochloric acid 氢溴酸氢溴酸 hydrobromic acid

6、 氢碘酸氢碘酸 hydroiodic acid 2.1.4 酸根名称的构成酸根名称的构成 除少数几种酸外，一般是用词尾除少数几种酸外，一般是用词尾ate取代酸基取代酸基本名字中词尾本名字中词尾ic，再去掉，再去掉acid。如：如：碳碳 酸酸 carbonic acid碳酸根碳酸根(盐盐) carbonate氯氯 酸酸 chloric acid氯酸根氯酸根(盐盐) chlorate铬铬 酸酸 chromic acid铬酸根铬酸根(盐盐) chromate重铬酸重铬酸 dichromic acid重铬酸根重铬酸根(盐盐) dichromate高氯酸高氯酸 perchloric acid高氯酸根高氯

7、酸根(盐盐) perchlorate碘碘 酸酸 iodic acid碘酸根碘酸根(盐盐) iodate硝硝 酸酸 nitric acid硝酸根硝酸根(盐盐) nitrate高锰酸高锰酸 permanganic acid高锰酸根高锰酸根(盐盐) permanganate硫硫 酸酸 sulfuric acid硫酸根硫酸根(盐盐) sulfate磷磷 酸酸 phosphoric acid磷酸根磷酸根(盐盐) phosphate2.1.5 亚酸根名称的构成亚酸根名称的构成用词尾用词尾ite代替酸根中的词尾代替酸根中的词尾ate构成亚酸根。构成亚酸根。硝酸根硝酸根(盐盐) nitrate亚亚硝酸根硝酸根

8、(盐盐) nitrite硫酸根硫酸根(盐盐) sulfate亚亚硫酸根硫酸根(盐盐) sulfite磷酸根磷酸根(盐盐) phosphate亚亚磷酸根磷酸根(盐盐) phosphite硫酸可写成硫酸可写成sulfuric acid 或或 sulphuric acid2.1.6 卤代酸根的构成卤代酸根的构成 将卤代酸的词头hydro和acid去掉，用ide代替词尾ic.氢氟酸氢氟酸 hydrofluoric acid氢氟酸根氢氟酸根(盐盐) fluoride氢氯酸氢氯酸 hydrochloric acid氢氯酸根氢氯酸根(盐盐) chloride氢溴酸氢溴酸 hydrobromic acid氢溴

9、酸根氢溴酸根(盐盐) bromide氢碘酸氢碘酸 hydroiodic acid氢碘酸根氢碘酸根(盐盐) iodide2.2 无机盐和无机酸酯的构成无机盐和无机酸酯的构成盐的构成：金属盐的构成：金属( (或铵根或铵根) + ) + 酸根酸根酯的构成：烃基酯的构成：烃基 + + 酸根酸根例如：例如：亚硝酸钠亚硝酸钠 sodium nitrite硫酸钡硫酸钡 barium sulfate氯化铵氯化铵(或氢氯酸铵或氢氯酸铵) ammonium chloride高锰酸钾高锰酸钾 potassium permanganate磷酸三甲酯磷酸三甲酯 trimethyl phosphate硫酸二乙酯硫酸二乙酯

10、 diethyl sulfate2.3 碱的名称的构成碱的名称的构成碱的构成：金属碱的构成：金属(或铵根或铵根) + hydroxide例如：例如：氢氧化钠氢氧化钠 sodium hydroxide氢氧化铵氢氧化铵 ammonium hydroxide氢氧化钙氢氧化钙 calcium hydroxide氢氧化钡氢氧化钡 barium hydroxide 2010.11.3Theories of Acids and Bases The word acid comes into our language from the Latin acere, meaning “to be sour” duri

11、ng the sixteen century, Robert Boyle used this characteristic to recognize acids. He also stated that acids turn certain vegetable dyes (such as litmus) certain definite colors, and that these colors were altered by bases during the reaction of neutralization. When Lavoisier discovered the role of o

12、xygen in the combustion process, he proposed the name “oxygen” for the element since he believed that it was present in all acids. In Greek, oxygen means “Acid-former”. In German, the name for oxygen is sauerstoff, which means “acid-stuff”. Latter, when it was found that some acid, such as HCl, do n

13、ot contain oxygen, the definition of acids was changed. After Arrhenius hadproposed his theory of ionization, acids were considered as to be those substances which produced hydrogen ions upon ionization. This did not mean that anything which contained hydrogen was an acid. It had to produce hydrogen

14、 ions to be called an acid. In a similar ways, bases were those substances which produces OH- upon ionization. Neutralization When acids and bases react, the H+ of the acid combines with OH- of the base and water is formed. The reaction is known as neutralization. Today we believe the hydrogen ion i

15、n aqueous solution to be hydrated as the H3O+ ion, the hydronium ion. Thus, neutralization in water solution are more properly written: H3O+ + OH- 2H2OTherefore, acids can be classified as substances producing the hydronium ion in water. Bases may be classified as substances which produce hydroxyl i

16、ons in water. When written as HOH instead of H2O, water can be seen to be made of both hydronium and hydroxyl ions. Since the two ions, H+ and OH-, are present in equimolar amounts, water is neither acid nor basic. It is neutral. It is, however, dissociated to a small extent into the ions: OHHOH2OHH

17、OH2OHHOH2OHHOH2The arrows showing the reaction are written to indicate that the reverse reaction is much more predominant than the forward reaction. In a liter of water at room temperature, there is only 110-7 mole of each ion. When acids are added to water, the H+ ion concentration of the solution

18、is greatly increased. In basic solution, the OH- ions are increased in110-7: 1 multiplied by ten to the negative power of 7concentration. Also, it should be remembered that although the H+ ion is written as such, the H+ ion in aqueous solution is associated with a water molecule and should be writte

19、n as H+ (H2O) or as H3O+. For simplicity, however, unless the H2O part of the H3O+ ion is involved in a reaction, we will continue to write the hydrogen ion as H+. In each neutralization, another product is formed as well as water. This product is the result of that part of the acid molecule which i

20、s not H+ combining with that part of the base molecule which is not OH-. This product of neutralization of an acid and a base is called salt. NaOH + HCl H2O + NaCl2KOH + H2SO4 2H2O + K2SO43Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 6H2O + Mg3(PO4)2NH4OH + HNO3 H2O + NH4NO3Ba(OH)2 + 2HC2H3O2 2H2O + Ba(C2H3O2)2 T h e a b o v e

21、 r e a c t i o n s a r e a l l neutralizations. In all cases, bases and acids have reacted with one another to produce water and salt. The salts formed in the examples given above are sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and barium acetate. In order to indicate

22、that the reaction is between the H+ of the acid and the OH- of the base, and that the salt is only an incidental product, it is instructive to write the reaction: H+ + OH- H2O Of course, the H+ and OH- had to be combined with other things before the reaction. It is these “other things” that are foun

23、d in the reaction residue as salts. Whats the difference between base and alkali?base：Any of a large class of compounds, including the hydroxides and oxides of metals, having a bitter taste, a slippery solution, the ability to turn litmus blue, and the ability to react with acids to form salts.alkal

24、i：A carbonate or hydroxide of an alkali metal, the aqueous solution of which is bitter, slippery, caustic, and characteristically basic in reactions.Any of various soluble mineral salts found in natural water and arid soils.Alkali metal. Confusion between alkali and baseThe terms base and alkali are

25、 often used interchangeably, particularly outside of a scientific context, but they do not have the same meaning. While all alkaline solutions are basic, not all bases are alkaline.The following are common mistakes:The phrase measuring the alkalinity of soil is incorrect since the property measured

26、is actually the pH (base property). Calling bases that are not alkalis, such as ammonia, alkaline (ammonia is a base but not an alkali).Also, not all salts formed by alkali metals are alkaline; this designation applies only to those salts that are basic. And while most electropositive metal oxides a

27、re basic, only the soluble alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides can be correctly called alkalis.这么看来这么看来base是碱的总称，是碱的总称，alkali是是base的一种，的一种，指碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐。指碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐。Exercise：translation 根据电离理论，酸是在电离时能够产生氢根据电离理论，酸是在电离时能够产生氢离子的物质，碱是在电离时能够产生氢氧根离离子的物质，碱是在电离时能够产生氢氧根离子的物质。当酸和碱反应时，酸中的氢

28、离子和子的物质。当酸和碱反应时，酸中的氢离子和碱中的氢氧根离子结合生成水，这个反应叫中碱中的氢氧根离子结合生成水，这个反应叫中和反应。因此酸又可以看作在水溶液中能够产和反应。因此酸又可以看作在水溶液中能够产生氢离子的物质，碱可以看作在水溶液中能够生氢离子的物质，碱可以看作在水溶液中能够产生氢氧根离子的物质。产生氢氧根离子的物质。 According to the theory of ionization, acids were considered as to be those substances which can produce hydrogen ions upon ionization

29、, bases were those substances which can produce hydroxyl ions upon ionization. When acids and bases react, the hydrogen ion of the acid combines with the hydroxyl ion of the base and water is formed. The reaction is known as neutralization. Therefore, acids can be classified as substances producing

30、the hydronium ions in water. Base may be classified as substances which produce hydroxyl ions in water.三三. .化学中的常用缩写词化学中的常用缩写词aq.aqueous含水的含水的ARanalytical reagent分析纯试剂分析纯试剂atmatmosphere 大气压大气压chemchemistry, chemical化学（的）化学（的）compdcompound化合物化合物concd.concentrated浓的浓的C Pchemical pure化学纯化学纯deriv.deriva

31、tive衍生物衍生物Lliter升升f.p.freezing point冰点，凝固点冰点，凝固点m.p.melting point熔点熔点b.p.boiling point沸点沸点IRinfrared红外线的，红外光谱红外线的，红外光谱NMRnuclear magnetic resonance核磁共振核磁共振PMRproton magnetic resonance质子磁共振质子磁共振UVultraviolet紫外的，紫外光谱紫外的，紫外光谱msmass spectra质谱质谱四四. .烷烃烷烃(alkane)的名称与构成的名称与构成甲烷甲烷 methane乙烷乙烷 ethane丙烷丙烷 pro

32、pane丁烷丁烷 butane戊烷戊烷 pentane己烷己烷 hexane庚烷庚烷 heptane辛烷辛烷 octane壬烷壬烷 nonane癸烷癸烷 decane十一烷十一烷 hendecane十二烷十二烷 dodecane十三烷十三烷 tridecane十九烷十九烷 nonadecane二十烷二十烷. eicosane二十一烷二十一烷. heneicosane二十二烷二十二烷. docosane二十三烷二十三烷. tricosane二十九烷二十九烷. nonacosane三十烷三十烷. triacontane三十一烷三十一烷. hentriacontane三十二烷三十二烷. dotria

33、contane三十三烷三十三烷. tritriacontane三十九烷三十九烷. nonatriacontane四十烷四十烷. tetracontane四十一烷四十一烷. hentetracontane四十二烷四十二烷. dotetracontane四十三烷四十三烷. tritetracontane四十九烷四十九烷. nonatetracontane五五 十十 烷烷. pentacontane六六 十十 烷烷. hexacontane七七 十十 烷烷. heptacontane八八 十十 烷烷. octacontane九九 十十 烷烷. nonacontane一一 百百 烷烷. hectane

34、五五. .环烷烃环烷烃(cycloalkane)，烯烃，烯烃(alkene)和炔烃和炔烃(alkyne)的名称与构成的名称与构成5.1 单环烃单环烃(monocyclic hydrocarbon)的名称的名称和构成和构成单环烃名字的构成：单环烃名字的构成：cyclo + 相应烷烃名相应烷烃名 例如：例如：己己 烷烷环己烷环己烷hexanecyclohexane戊戊 烷烷pentane环戊烷环戊烷cyclopentane5.2 烯烃烯烃(alkene)的名称和构成的名称和构成构成：将相应烷烃的词尾构成：将相应烷烃的词尾 ane 改为改为 ene例如：例如：乙乙 烷烷ethane乙乙 烯烯ethe

35、ne环己烷环己烷cyclohexane环己烯环己烯cyclohexene5.3 炔烃炔烃(alkyne)的名称和构成的名称和构成构成：将相应烷烃的词尾构成：将相应烷烃的词尾 ane 改为改为 yne例如：例如：丙丙 烷烷propane丙丙 炔炔propyne环庚烷环庚烷cycloheptane环庚炔环庚炔cycloheptyne2010.11.17Alkanes There are many organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Such compounds are known as hydrocarbons. On

36、the basis of their structural features, hydrocarbons are classified as either aliphatic or aromatic. These two main divisions are further subdivided into various classes. The first class of aliphatic hydrocarbons is calledthe alkanes or paraffin hydrocarbon. Members of this class of compounds have t

37、he type formula CnH2n+2, Where n is the number of carbon. You are familiar, in general terms, with the alkanes, as they are the major component of petroleum. The first 10 members of the alkane series are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, and decane. The alka

38、nes are inert to most of the common reagants at room temperature. This inertness is indicated in the name paraffin hydrocarbons, as paraffin is derived from the Latin parum affinis, meaning “little affinity”. The alkanes are not attacked by strong bases, strong acids, powerful oxidizing agents, such

39、 as potassium permanganate, nor strong reducing agents such as the hydrides. The alkanes can be made to undergo reactions of extreme commercial importance. These reactions are not of much value in the laboratory, since they often involve extreme conditions and give a mixture of products. The alkanes

40、 are said to be saturated, for they have only single bonds between any two atoms. The alkanes do not undergo the addition reactions, such as the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, which are characteristic of compounds containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds.Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes

41、 are compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which the carbon atoms form a ring. The cycloalkanes are also known as the alicyclic compounds, as their properties are very similar to those of the aliphatic hydrocarbons already studied, the alkanes. The cycloalkanes have the general type formula CnH2n, whe

42、re n is the number of carbons in the molecule. As the cycloalkane has one more carbon-carbon bond, in order to form the ring, than does the alkane which has the same number of carbons, the cycloalkane has two hydrogens fewer than the corresponding alkane. The first 8 members of the cycloakane series

43、 are cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclononane, cyclodecane. The chemical properties of the cycloalkanes are very similar to the chemical properties of the alkanes. The cycloalkanes are inert to alkaline solutions and oxidizing agents, as are the al

44、kanes. With certain reagents, cyclopropane and cyclobutane give reactions that are not characteristic of the open chain alkanes. Hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst and at elevated temperatures, will addQuantitatively to cyclopropane and to cyclobutane to form the corresponding normal alkane. In

45、 order for the hydrogen to add, a carbon-carbon bond must be broken. This results in cleavage of ring. As indicated, more drastic condition are required for the addition of hydrogen to cyclobutane than to cyclopropane. There are reagents such as bromine, iodine (but not chloride), hydrogen bromide,

46、hydrogen iodide, and others - thatwill add to the cyclopropane ring to open the ring, but will not add to any other cycloalkane, including cyclobutane.Alkenes There are several homologous series of hydrocarbons in which the members contain fewer hydrogens than are in the alkane containing the same n

47、umber of carbon atoms. The alkanes have the type formula CnH2n+2, the alkanes (also knownas the Olefins ) have the type formula CnH2n. Thus, the alkenes are isomeric with the cycloalkanes. The first member of the alkene series has the molecular formula C2H4 and the common name ethylene. It is obtain

48、ed commercially by heating certain petroleum fractions in the absence of air. The first 9 members of the alkene series are ethene, propene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene. Unlike the alkanes, which do not show many different chemical reactions, the alkenes are quite reactiv

49、e chemically. In the alkanes, carbon is bonded to four other atoms, and therefore alkanes can react only by substitution. The alkyl portion of alkenes can undergo substitution reactions. Unlike the alkanes, alkenes can also undergo a rapid reaction in which atoms are added to the moleculeto obtain a

50、 product containing more atoms than were in the starting material. This kind of reaction is called addition reaction. Alkenes are said to be unsaturated because they are capable of adding atoms to form molecules containing a larger number of atoms. The alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Al

51、kynes The alkynes, another homologous series of hydrocarbons, contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. Thus the alkynes contain two hydrogens fewer than the alkenes with the same number of carbon atoms and are characterized by the type formula CnH2n-2. The alkynes are isomeric with the dienes and cycloa

52、lkenes but differ considerably from them in chemical properties. The first and most important member of this series is ethyne (or known as acetylene). The formula for acetylene is CHCH. The three pairs of the electrons between the carbons from the triple bond. The first 9 members of the alkyne serie

53、s are ethyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, heptyne, octyne, nonyne, decyne. Like alkenes, alkynes can undergo addition reaction at the multiple bond. One surprising difference between the double and the triplebond is in their reactivities toward addition. The carbon-carbon double bond is nucleophilic an

54、d its most characteristic reaction is addition of electrophilic agents. With an extra pair of elctrons between the two carbon, one might expect the carbon-carbon triple bond to be even more nucleophilic than carbon-carbon double bond. Actually, such is not the case. The carbon-carbon triple bond is

55、less reactive to electrophilic agents and more reactive to nucleophilic agents than is the carbon-carbon double bond. One further difference between doubly and triply bonded carbon atoms relates to the activity of a hydrogen attached to them. The hydrogen attached to the triply bonded carbon is easi

56、ly replaceable by metals; it is referred to as an “active hydrogen” or as an “acidic hydrogen”. Hydrogens attached to a doubly bonded carbon atom as in ethylene, are not active and are not replaceable by metals.Exercise：translation 环烷烃是碳原子形成环的碳氢化合物。环烷烃是碳原子形成环的碳氢化合物。由于环烷烃的性质很类似脂肪烃，环烷烃也由于环烷烃的性质很类似脂肪烃，

57、环烷烃也称为脂肪烃。环烷烃的通式为称为脂肪烃。环烷烃的通式为CnH2n，其中，其中n是碳原子的数目。为了形成一个环，环烷是碳原子的数目。为了形成一个环，环烷烃比相同碳原子的烷烃多一个碳碳健，少两烃比相同碳原子的烷烃多一个碳碳健，少两个氢原子。个氢原子。 Cycloalkanes are compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which the carbon atoms form a ring. The cycloalkanes are also known as the alicyclic compounds, as their properties are

58、very similar to those of the aliphatic hydrocarbons. The cycloalkanes have the general formula CnH2n, where n is the number of carbons in molecule. The cycloalkane has one more carbon-carbon bond than the alkane which has the same number of carbons and has two hydrogens fewer than the corresponding

59、alkane. 2010.11.24六六. .烷基烷基、烯基和炔基、烯基和炔基的构成的构成6.1 烷基的构成烷基的构成用词尾用词尾yl取代相应烷烃取代相应烷烃ane。烷烃烷烃(alkane) 烷基烷基(alkyl) 例如：例如：甲甲 烷烷methane甲甲 基基methyl环壬烷环壬烷cyclononane环壬基环壬基cyclononyl烷烃中通常将直链烷烃叫正烷烃，烷烃中通常将直链烷烃叫正烷烃， (normal alkane)正烷烃用正烷烃用n-表示，表示，n通常可省略不写。通常可省略不写。例如：例如：正癸烷（或叫癸烷）正癸烷（或叫癸烷）n-decane（或或decane）正丁烷（或叫丁烷）

60、正丁烷（或叫丁烷）n-butane（或或butane）正己基（或叫己基）正己基（或叫己基）n-hexyl（或或hexyl）正十一烷基（或叫十一烷基）正十一烷基（或叫十一烷基）n-undecyl（或或undecyl） 烃中还有四个常用结构词头烃中还有四个常用结构词头iso - (isomeric的缩写的缩写) (异异)：CH3CH3CH(CH2)nCH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH2型型例如：例如：CH3CHCH3iso-hexyl（异己基）（异己基）iso-propyl（异丙基）（异丙基）sec - (secondary的缩写的缩写) (仲仲)：CH3(CH2)nCHCH3型型例如：例如：