中医英语期末画题

1、第一单元3临床经验clinical experience4辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation7四气五味four properties and five tastes8针灸acupuncture and moxibustion9古代中国哲学 classical Chinese philosophy13补土派School of Reinforcing the Earth寒凉派 school of cold and cool攻下派 school of purgation滋阴派 school of nourishing yin17治疗原则th

2、erapeutic principles18寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature1中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese peoples experience in their struggle against diseases.4黄帝内经为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。Huangdis Inner Canon has laid a foundation for the formation of

3、theoretical system of TCM.7阳常有余，阴常不足。 Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.11金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”的医学流派。In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called “four great physicians” in medical school. 13.刘完素认为“火热”为主要病因，用药以寒凉为主。 Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the ma

4、in cause of diseases and the drugs he used were mainly those cold and cool in nature第二单元4整体观念holism5有机整体organic whole12风寒感冒common cold due to wind and cold13同病异治treating the same disease with different therapies14异病同治treating different diseases with the same therapy15水液代谢平衡 balance of water metaboli

5、sm1中医理论体系有两个基本特点：一是整体观念，二是辨证论治。The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.2中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体。TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.3人体各个组成部分在功能上相互为用，在病理上相互影响。The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent i

6、n function and mutually influential in pathology.4整体观念贯穿于中医生理、病理、诊法、辨证和治疗的各个方面。The holism permeates through various aspects of the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases5自然界的变化又可以直接或间接地影响人体。 Changes in the natural world directly or indirectly influence t

7、he human body 6人的气血春夏趋向于表，秋冬趋向里 Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter. 7心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里。 The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine.14证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质，以及邪正关系。Synd

8、rome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi. 18不同的疾病可因相同的病机而出现相同的证。Different diseases may present the same syndrome because they are of the same pathological mechanism.第三单元2相互转化mutual transformation5寒极生热 extreme cold turning int

9、o heat 6病理变化pathological changes9补其不足 supplementing what is deficient11相互消长mutual wane and wax12相互制约mutual restriction16有机整体 organic whole2阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括。Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.3宇宙间一切事物的发生、

10、发展和变化都是阴阳对立统一矛盾运动的结果。 The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the contradictory movement of yin and yang with unity of opposites.15正气指整个机体的结构与功能，包括人体对疾病的抵抗力等。The so-called vital qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resist

11、ance against diseases. 16. 机体阴或阳的任何一方虚损到一定程度，必然导致另一方的不足。 If either part of yin or yang of the body becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part.19治疗的基本原则是补其不足，泻其有余。The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement the defficient and reduce the exce

12、ssive.第四单元1五行学说the theory of five elements8相乘相侮subjugation and counter-restriction11母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ(不同见课文)1木、火、土、金、水是不渴缺少的五种最基本的物质。Wood fire,earth,metal and water are the five indispensable and most essential materials.3水具有滋润和向下的特性。Water is characterized by

13、moistening and downward flow.4肝主升而归属于木。The liver pertains to wood because its qi is characterized by ascending.5脾主运化而归属于土。The spleen pertains to earth because it governs transportation and transformation.6肾主水而归属于水.The kidney governs water and thus pertains to water.9. 相乘即以强凌弱的意思。 Subjugation means t

14、o launch an attack on the weak.11心阳有温煦之功能，故心属火。Since its yang is of warming function, the heart pertains to fire.12肝藏血以济心。The liver stores blood to supplement the heart.13肾藏精以滋养肝的阴血。The kidney stores essence to nourish yin-blood in the liver.第五单元1藏象学说theory of visceral manifestations2五脏六腑 five zang-

15、organs and six fu-organs3奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs4水谷精微essence of water and food3五脏的共同生理特点是化生和贮藏精气。The common physiological function of the five zang-organs is to produce and store essential qi.4六腑的共同生理特点是受盛和传化水谷。The common physiological function of the six fu-organs is to receive, transport and t

16、ransform water and food. 5脏病多虚，腑病多实。Diseases of the zang-organs are often of deficiency in nature while diseases of the fu-organs are frequently of excess in nature8肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。Kidney essence can promote the growth of skeleton.9心与小肠相表里。The heart is internal-externally related to the small intesti

17、ne.11脾开窍于口，其华在唇四白。The spleen opens into the mouth and its luster is manifested over the lips.12五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关。The physiological functions of the five zang-organs are closely related to minds and emotions. 第六单元9汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin11宣发肃降 dispersion, purification and descent13

18、脾主运化the spleen governing transportation and transformation1心脏的主要生理功能是主血脉和主神志。The main physiological function of the heart is to control blood and vessels, and govern the spirit.2脉是血液运行的通道。The vessels are the passages in which blood flows.3血液的正常运行必须以心气充沛，血液充盈和脉道通利为其基本的前提条件。Sufficient heart qi, abunda

19、nt blood and smooth vessels are essential prerequisite to normal circulation of blood.4若心有病变，可以从舌上反映出来。Pathological changes of the heart can be observed from the tongue.5肺的呼吸功能健全与否，直接影响着宗气的生成。The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of pectoral qi.7如果肺的通调水道功能减退，就可发生水液停

20、聚而生痰、成饮。 Hypofunction of the lung in regulating water passage will lead to production of phlegm and retained fluid due to stagnation of water.10脾失健运即脾运化水谷精微的功能减退。Failure of the spleen to transport soundly refers to hypofunction of the spleen in transporting and transforming the essence of foodstuff.

21、11脾为后天之本，气血生化之源。The spleen is the origin of acquired constitution and the source of qi and blood production.13肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。The main physiological functions of the liver are to control free flow of qi and store blood.17肾主生长、发育与生殖。 The kidney governs growth, development and reproduction.19肾的纳气功能正常

22、则呼吸均匀和调。When the kidney functions normally to receive qi, breath will be smooth and even.第七单元1奇恒之腑 extraordinary fu-organs6上焦upper energizer7泌别清浊separating the lucid from the turbid12初步消化 primary digestion20传化水谷transporting and transforming foodstuff5容纳于胃中的水谷经过胃的腐熟后，下传于小肠，其精微经脾的运化而营养全身。 After primar

23、y digestion, the foodstuff in the stomach is transmitted down to the small intestine. Its essence is then transported and transformed to nourish the whole body by the spleen. 7小肠在吸收水谷精微的同时，也吸收了大量的水液。 The small intestine also absorbs a large quantity of water as it is absorbing essence from the chyme

24、.10大肠接受经过小肠泌别清浊后所剩下的食物残渣，再吸收其中多余的水液，形成粪便，经肛门而排除体外。 The large intestine receives the waste part of foodstuff transmitted down from the small intestine, absorbs part of the water from the waste and transforms the rest part into feces to be discharged from the anus.第八单元1先天禀赋innateness4水液代谢water metabol

25、ism13.先天之气 innate qi   14.后天之气acquired qi15.正气 healthy qi      16.邪气pathogenic factors17元气primordial qi18宗气pectoral qi19营气nutritive qi20卫气defensive qi1气是构成人体的最基本物质。Qi is the most essential substance to constitute the body.2人体的气来源于禀受于父母的先天之精、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气Qi in

26、 the body is derived from innate essence inheriting from the parents, and acquired essence coming from both food nutrients and fresh air.16宗气是积于胸中之气，具有推动心脏的搏动、调节心率和心律的功能。The pectoral qi is a kind of qi accumulating in the thorax, functioning to enhance heart beat and regulate heart rate and cardiac

27、rhythm.17营气主要来自脾胃运化的水谷精气，由水谷精微中的精华部分所化生。The nutritive qi comes from the essential qi from water and food transformed and transported by the spleen and stomach, being produced from refined part of the foodstuff essence.第九单元1气生血qi generating blood 2气行血qi propelling blood3气摄血qi commanding blood4血载气 blo

28、od carry qi5血生气blood generating qi11津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same origin18益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse5血与津液在生理上具有非常密切的相互依存、相互转化的关系，在病理上也常相互影响。 The blood and body fluid have a very close relationship depending on and transforming into each other physiologically, and they often influ

29、ence each other pathologically.6.血与津液均为液态物质，都有营养和滋润作用，与气相对而言，两者都属阴。Both the blood and fluid,which pertain to yin in nature as compared to qi are liquid substance,that can nourish and moisten the body.7在生成津液的过程中，脾胃之气起着决定性的作用。 The spleen and stomach play an important role in the production of body flu

30、id.8血液是由津液和营气两部分所组成，故津液在脉内是血液的重要组成部分。 The blood is composed of body fluid and nutritive qi, and thus the body fluid is an important component of blood.15津液的代谢过程完全依赖于气的推动，气化作用。 Metabolism of body fluid depends on completely promotion and transformation of qi.18津液的生成、输布和排泄都离不开肺、脾、肾、三焦、膀胱等脏腑的气化功能。The p

31、roduction, distribution and discharge of body fluid depend on the qi transformation of the lung, spleen, kidney, tri-Jiao, bladder, etc.第十单元1经络学说meridian theory 2经络系统meridian system 3运行全身气血transporting qi and blood in the whole body4联络脏腑肢节to connect the viscera and limbs6十二正经twelve regular meridians

32、10十二经别twelve branches of meridians9奇经八脉 eight extraordinary meridians1经络是运行全身气血的通道。Meridians are the pathways for qi and blood to circulate in the whole body.2经脉是经络系统的主干，大多循行于深部；而络脉是经脉的分支，循行于较浅的部位，有的络脉还显现于体表。 The meridians, which are the major trunks in the meridian system, mainly run in the deep re

33、gions of the body; while the collaterals, which are the branches of the meridians, run in the shallow regions of the body or being visible on the surface of the body.3十二经脉有一定的起止、一定的循行部位和交接顺序、在肢体的分布有一定的规律，同体内脏腑有直接的络属关系。 The twelve regular meridians start from and end at certain points, run through or

34、 along certain regions, follow certain orders to connect with each other, distribute in the body with given rules and directly connect with and subordinate to the viscera.10同样的，当脏腑发生病变时，也会通过经脉反映于体表。 Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest in the surface of the body through meridia

35、n system.14十二经别的作用主要是加强十二经脉中相为表里的两经之间的联系。 The twelve meridians divergences function mainly to strengthen the relationship between the two internal-externally related meridians.十一单元1外感六淫six exogenous pathogenic factors 2饮食劳倦improper diet and overstrain6风邪外袭pathogenic wind attacking the exterior 18七情内

36、伤internal impairment due to seven emotions2六淫是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称。The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for six exogenous pathogens of wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire. 16饮食不节主要是损伤脾胃，导致脾胃功能失常。Immoderate diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunctio

37、n of them. 18痰和饮都是水液代谢障碍所形成的病理产物。Phlegm and stagnant fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water.20瘀血所致的疼痛多为刺痛，痛处固定不移，拒按，夜间痛甚。Pain caused by stagnant blood is usually stabbing, fixed in location, aggravated by pressure and worsen at night.十二单元1疾病的发生、发展与变化occurrence, progress,

38、 and changes of disease5邪正盛衰exuberance or decline of pathogenic factors and healthy qi8五心烦热feverish sensation inr the five centers (palms, soles, and chest)3正胜邪退，疾病趋向好转和痊愈Healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, leading to improvement of or recovery from an illness.4阳虚是指机体阳气虚损，功能减退或衰弱、热量不足的病理状态。

39、Yang deficiency refers to a morbid state in which the bodys function decreases or declines and the heat energy is short because of insufficiency of Yang Qi.5阴虚是指机体精，血，津液等物质亏耗Yin deficiency refers to a morbid state of relative hyperactivity of yang due to shortage of materials in the body like essenc

40、e, blood and body fluid.13气滞血瘀是由于气的运行不畅而导致的血运障碍。Blood stagnation due to qi stagnation means that the unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of blood circulation.十三单元1神色形态spirit,complexion,figure and behavior4表情淡漠indifferent facial expressions12面部表情facial expressions14精神不振dispiritedness20脉象pulse co

41、nations2闻诊指凭听觉和嗅觉以辨别患者的声音和气味的变化.The listening-smeling method refers to an diagnosing approach by listening to the voices of the patients and smelling the odors from the patients.10常色指人在正常生理状态时的面部色泽。Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.11青色主寒证、痛证、瘀血和惊风.Bluish c

42、olor indicates cold syndrome, pain syndrome, blood stasis and infantile convulsion.十五单元3寒热错杂co-existence of cold and heat/ mixture of cold and heat5真寒假热true cold with false heat 6恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat7口淡不渴 tasteless in the mouth without thirst16热证转寒transformation of heat syndrom

43、e into cold one1疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可用八纲加以归纳。The manifestations of a disease, though complicated, can be generalized into a certain pattern in the light of the eight principles. 13虚症是对人体正气虚弱各种临床表现的病理概括。Deficiency syndrome is a pathological generalization of various manifestations due to deficiency of h

44、ealthy qi. 14实证是对人体感受外邪，或体内病理产物蓄积而产生的各种临床表现的病理概括。Excess syndrome is a pathological generalization of various manifestations caused by exogenous pathogens or accumulation of pathological substances in the body. 十六单元2四气五味four properties and five flavors12升降沉浮ascending, descending, sinking and floating

45、13归经channel tropism of medicines14用药禁忌medication contraindication 1植物药根据入药部分的不同，采集季节和方法也不同。The seasons and methods of collecting herbs vary with the parts used for medicinal purpose of the herbal plants. 5寒性药物具有清热、泻火、解毒的作用。Cold-natured herbs have the functions of clearing away heat, purging fire, an

46、d removing toxin. 9辛味药多有发散和行气血的作用。Herbs pungent in flavor have the functions of dispersing and promoting flow of qi and blood. 18毒性剧烈的药物用量过多就会发生副作用或中毒。Overuse of herbs with acute toxicity will cause side-effects or intoxication. 简答题(仅供参考)1. What is traditional Chinese medicine?Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, with a history of thousands years, unique and integrated theoretica