初级语法PPT(YY版黑色)66老师

1、刘鎏6 6我眼中的语法起源语法之于法律 语法之于普通话语法不是原则，而是规范，目的在于消除歧义、避免误解课程主线及目的 简单语法简单语法 阅读：从此眼中无难句从此眼中无难句只有啰嗦的句子，没有复杂的句子复杂语法复杂语法 写作：规则正道在母语写作：规则正道在母语正确的中文思维正确的中文思维 = = 流畅的英文句子流畅的英文句子 语法考试：具体的语法常考点语法考试：具体的语法常考点简单语法 词法单词的功能，如何构成句子 连词、表示关系的副词及词组连词、表示关系的副词及词组 功能：连句成段功能：连句成段 连段成文连段成文一、关系词汇 1. “因果、条件”关系词 （as a result, resul

2、t in, result from, lead to, because of, due to, contribute to, owning to, hence, since, accordingly, consequently, therefore, in that, etc.） 2. “转折、对立”关系词 （despite, in spite of, but, although, though, while, yet, otherwise, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, etc.） 3. “比较、递进”关系词 （

3、 equally, likewise, similarly, in comparison, as far as, as long as, etc.） 4. “并列、选择”关系词 （ first, secondfinally, and, or, as well as, one the other, notnor, etc.） 二、动词 By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. People who lived in the cities and were

4、not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. 非谓语动词 现在分词 doing 过去分词 done 不定式 to do非谓语动词 现在分词 doing 主动发出，正在进行 过去分词 done 被动接受，已经完成 不定式 to do 目的意图，将来趋势从此眼中无难句 Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernat

5、ural beings, and mined the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. 从此眼中无难句 Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the comin

6、g rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. 从此眼中无难句 The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieti

7、es of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods. 从此眼中无难句 The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing

8、their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods. 动词分为两类 及物动词 不及物动词 三、介词 go _ school; co

9、me _ the room; Sit _ the desk ；point _ the book ; _ last year; _ Monday； _ 6:00; aim _ ; laugh _ ; throw _ ; look _ up/ down on/ out/ into/ for/ forward to/ after/ back/ over/ through介词的功能 1 辅助不及物动词，补充动作的程度、方向、范围充当副词 An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric

10、wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the

11、end of the Pleistocene epoch介词的功能 2 连接名词修饰名词，表达相互关系 A in B of C on D by E over F with G从此眼中无难句 But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.从此眼中无难句 Bu

12、t these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth. What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with in

13、creasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Ofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleAbrahamLincoln Offthepeople,buythepeople,foolthepeople介词的功能 3 直接行使逻辑功能表示状态（搭配be动词） I am over you. / Get over it ! / He is just not that into you. / Im in ! She is

14、 out of my life. We are with you. He is underbelow me.介词的功能 3 直接行使逻辑功能表示状态（搭配be动词） I am on it ! He is off / not in. You are all by your self. 四、定性的形容词和副词 五、名词 抽象名词 具体名词+A in B of C on D by E over F with G修饰性从句名词性从句主从表从宾从同位从What you wantis what I wantI know what you want,插入语,非谓语动词doingdoneto do障碍 1 中

15、英文修饰成分的习惯性位置 中文前置英文后置 我是北京XX英语培训教英语语法的老师 I am a teacher严重后果 倒装句 非强调目的完全倒装 主谓宾完全倒装？ NO! 主系表才完全倒装。 典型实例 there be 句型 非典型实例 (那些年被我们误以为强调句的句子们) Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Somewhat more promising have been recent experimen

16、ts for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground.其他用于强调的倒装（复杂语法） 表认同 -I am from China.-So am I. -His brother is not a good-tempered boy. -nor is mine . 表凸显 Here is your key. Here comes the bus. Only in this way can you solve this

17、problem.障碍 2 英文语法惯用的插入成分 定语从句 + 插入语 What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.从此眼中无难句 What we today call America folk art was, indeed,

18、art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.从此眼中无难句 What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leis

19、ure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.从此眼中无难句从此眼中无难句 The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to next.从此眼中无难句 T

20、he tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food (that) these highly capable farmers stored from one year to next.从此眼中无难句 Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the

21、 High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.从此眼中无难句 Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be t

22、he abundant, inexpensive resource (that) it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.从此眼中无难句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken aw

23、ay from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 从此眼中无难句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small

24、 group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 从此眼中无难句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems f

25、air, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 从此眼中无难句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studie

26、s have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 从此眼中无难句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown th

27、at some animal possess such a sense. 障碍 3 英文中特殊的惯用搭配 积累+练习从此眼中无难句 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 从此眼中无难句 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, th

28、e film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 从此眼中无难句 For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or

29、taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 从此眼中无难句 For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position w

30、as not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 从此眼中无难句 Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one-quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas and at least as much resistance to constructing more

31、suburbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south.从此眼中无难句 Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one-quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas and at least as much resistance to constructing more subu

32、rbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south.从此眼中无难句 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be

33、fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles.从此眼中无难句 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would

34、 normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles.牛津动词短语搭配词典积累加练习的目的？输出英文口语和写作句子的形成step 1写出最基本的想法简单句 简单动作关系：主谓宾 对事物的表述：主系表句子的形成step 2加入时间和状态、情感和态度时态 和 情态1.句子的时态 为什么说话要时态？ 为了区分不同状态的先后顺序 时态的复杂化，是因为状态跟参考时间点的叠加 时 + 态 时 态过去现在将来过去将来一般diddo/does

35、shall/will doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingshall/will be doing should/would be doing完成had donehave/has doneshall/will have doneshould/would have done完成进行had been doinghave/has been doingshall/will have been doing should/would have been doing要点 关于时间参考点关于时间参考点 过去将来时态带有实际上没有发生的意味 所以常用th

36、ought planned expected 关于动作状态关于动作状态 进行时态一般需要强调 持续时间段 完成时态一般需要说明 动作结束点2.句子的情态情感态度will, would can, could may, mightneed, should, must, ought to, have towill, wouldwill：表示意愿will you marry me？I wont leave you.would ：表示委婉的意愿would you help me？would也可以表示1、不确定、揣测Tomorrow would be a nice day.2、不现实、虚拟I would

37、that I had stayed.can, couldcan ：表示能力can you make it？She can not finish her book.can not 也可表示不可能的The answer can not be true.He can not have seen me yesterday.比较：He could not see me yesterday.could ：表示不确定的可能My father could be home this afternoon. Where could a sad kid go?以上could换成can语气更坚定could ：在条件假设

38、句中，表示本来有可能但未实现的事If we knew our adversary well, we could have won that game.may, mightmay：表示许可You may leave after the test.反义词是may not或must notmay ：跟be或者条件句搭配表示可能、或许might：同 may 感情一致，态度偏谦虚委婉need, should, ought to, must, have to非情态的委婉 虚拟语气 条件还是假设？ 真实还是非真实？ If old Luo comes here, I will ask him some que

39、stions. If old Luo comes here, I would ask him some questions. 虚拟语气 能实现的条件通常不用虚拟 不能实现或与事实不符的：假设 1、与现在事实不符 If I had time, I would help you If I knew English, I should be able to read this. 2、与过去事实不符 If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone then. 3、与将来事实不符 If our company would settle

40、 a branch abroad, we would start a different career there.假设条件句的虚拟语气总结 现在： If I knew English, I should be able to read this. 过去： If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone then. 将来： If our company would settle a branch abroad, we would start a different career there.假设条件句的虚拟语气总结 只需将动

41、词时态往过去提一个级别虚拟条件的其他表达 1、倒装： 假设条件句中带were had could should 将他们提前作倒装可表示条件关系 Did I see your mother, I would tell her everything. Were we calling your name, will you be there?虚拟条件的其他表达 2、介词短语without but for： Without computer, there would be no hi-tech industry at all. But for the new revolution, the count

42、ry wouldnt develop like this fast.虚拟条件的其他表达 3、Were it no for But that： Were it no for a railroad, we could not touch the world outside. But that he saw it, he would not believe it at all.虚拟语气的注意事项 1、现代英语中 should 可以替换为 would，因为 2、could、might可以替代should、would，只是情态不同 3、当假设从句的主语是第一、第三人称时，可以使用was，但是在省略if、

43、前置was作倒装是，无论第几人称，都必须使用were.虚拟语气的注意事项 4、hope wish 表示希望时，用虚拟语气表示希望落空. I hope that you will would come.虚拟语气的注意事项 5、think intend mean want plan 结合过去完成时态，表示本打算做但是未做的事。 I had intended to have a dinner with you.句子的形成step 1写出最基本的想法:简单句step 2加入时态、情态step 3凸显主观意图倒装句表强调 原则：不影响含义、不产生歧义 将需要强调凸显的内容提前 1. only + 状语或

44、状语从句置于句首，句子用部分倒装。 Only in this way can you solve this problem. Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 2. nor, hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首，句子用部

45、分倒装。 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. Seldom do I go to work by bus. Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night . Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other. 3. so / such.that结构中的

46、so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. To such length did she go in rehearsal that even the director got tired. 4. 某些副词开头的句子构成的完全倒装 here、there、now、then、thus。 前提是谓语动词是不及物动词，如arise、be、come、exist、go、follow等。需要注意的是，当主语是代词时，不能构成倒装。 Here comes ou

47、r headmaster。 Here is your key. 5. 感叹句 强调名词时使用what感叹 强调形容词或副词时使用how感叹 Today is a nice day。困惑 完全倒装 VS 局部倒装So is it.So it is.Easy does it.Here you are.句子的形成step 1写出最基本的想法:简单句step 2加入时态、情态step 3凸显主观意图：倒装强调step 4对主干进行修饰 主谓宾 + 定状补 主系表 一、一、定语：定语： 1、词间的修饰、词间的修饰 a、简单、简单定语的修饰顺序定语的修饰顺序 All冠代数好大形 新旧颜国材用类 All t

48、he three good big square new brown Chinese wooden writing home desks b、名词间加介词修饰 A in B of C on D by E over F with G c、名词直接修饰名词直接修饰 roomservice,machinegun,partymember d、带动作关系的名词修饰、带动作关系的名词修饰 music-lovingpeople man-madeplanet 区别？区别？ everlastinglove heartbrokenman 一、一、定语：定语： 1、用词修饰名词、用词修饰名词 2、用句子修饰名词：、

49、用句子修饰名词： 定语从句定语从句 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点1 限定限定or非限定非限定? （a）The travelers who knew about the floods took another road （b）The travelers，who knew about the floods，took another road 逗号的功能逗号的功能 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点1 限定限定or非限定非限定? 逗号的功能逗号的功能 限定性：对主句产生逻辑作用，不可分割， 不能加逗号 非限定：单纯进行补充说明或修饰，加逗 号。本质上可理解为插入语 The deserts, which a

50、lready occupy approximately a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The applied arts also pertain

51、to the laws of physics, which can bound their shapes, size and functions. The applied arts also pertain to the laws of physics, which can bound their shapes, size and functions. 由于非限定性定语从句常用于进行补充说明，所有它也可以针对整个主句，而不是仅仅修饰名词。 I had asked her to show me the new iphone, which she did. When deeply absorbed

52、 in work, which he often was, he would forget all other things. 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点2 同位语从句同位语从句or定语从句定语从句? it was a productivity boost that has confirmed the expert prediction that the improvement of energy sources would reform our manufacturing. 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点2 同位语从句同位语从句or定语从句定语从句? it was a productivit

53、y boost that has confirmed the expert prediction that the improvement of energy sources would reform our manufacturing. 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点3 定语从句引导词前面的介词定语从句引导词前面的介词? Thedoorof/towhichyoulostthekeycannotbeopened. 从句和先行词之间存在不及物关系从句和先行词之间存在不及物关系介词介词 Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked clos

54、ely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. 定语从句前的介词通常可以放置从句句尾，此时which可以省略 This is the lab which you ca

55、n take a laser test in. 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点4 什么情况下可省略引导词什么情况下可省略引导词? ThemanwhoteachesusEnglishhasneverbeentoEnglandbefore. Thebookwhichmyfatherboughttaughtmealotofthings. Doyouthinktheboyisdoingsomethingthatheshouldntdo? 定语从句定语从句纠结点纠结点4 Thesoftwarethat/whichwedevelopedcanbeusedtocontroltheprocess. 充当从句宾语

56、且不引起歧义的情况下可省充当从句宾语且不引起歧义的情况下可省略引导词略引导词step 4对主干进行修饰 主谓宾 + 定状补 主系表二、状语 表达句子逻辑动作的状况： 时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、频率二、状语 副词作状语 介词词组作状语 非谓语形式作状语 状语从句状语纠结点状语纠结点1： 插入语插入语or状语状语? （ 1 ） Frankly， he doesnt like music at all. （副词作插入语，表示说话人的态度） Here you should speak frankly. （副词作状语） （ 2 ） True， your daughter is at home now

57、. （形容词作插入语） He came back， hungry and tired. （形容词作状语） （ 3 ） Judging from what he said， he does look down his elder brother. （现在分词作插入语，其主语不是句中的主语，只是说话者的附加说明） Seeing from the window， he can see the lake. （现在分词作状语，逻辑主语是句中的主语 he ） （ 4 ） To tell you the truth， he doesnt quite agree with this idea. （不定式作插入

58、语，动作主体不是句中的主语，只是说话者的附加说明） To buy the machine， he went to Beijing. （不定式作目的状语，逻辑主语是句中的主语 he ）状语纠结点状语纠结点2： 非谓语动词作非谓语动词作状语状语or独立主格独立主格? Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow. Keeping silent, I walked through the crowd. Silently, I watched her weathered face, tears in my eyes. 两者的区别： 动词的非谓语形

59、式作状语：此动作的发出者是主句的主语。 独立主格作状语：其中的动作与主句的主语不相同，另有自己独立的主语。其动词的主被动形式跟非谓语动词的应用一致。 “Chairman！” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. Here are the first two volumes, the third

60、one to come out next month. 独立主格的来由？ 当状语从句主语跟主句主语不同时，省略状语从句的动词，只保留其状态为主句服务。 The meeting over, all of us went home. Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. The condition favorable, he may succeed. We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首; 表示原因时还可放在