词法、句子及句子成分(整理版)

1、词法、句子及句子成分一、名词（n.）1.定义：表示名称的词叫名词。e.g. Tom, scientist, doctor, feeling, Internet, Shanghai, animal2.名词的句法功能1) The book is well worth reading.2) He knew 6 languages.3) They elected him monitor.4) Is it a color TV?5) I watch a football match last night.二、代词（pron.）1.定义：代词是代替名词的词。英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类：人称

2、代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词，关系代词。2.分类 单数 复数1）人称代词 主格：I, you, he, she, it we, you, they 宾格：me, you, him, her, it us, you, them2）物主代词 形容词：my, your, his, her, its our, your, their 名词：mine, your, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs3)反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves

3、, themselves itself 4)指示代词 this, that these, those5)相互代词 宾格: each other, one another 所有格：each others, one anothers6)不定代词 可数：each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither 不可数：much, (a) little 可数/不可数：all, some, none, such, any, other 复合不定代词：anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, some

4、thing, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything7)疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what8)连接代词：who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ver), which(ever), what(ever)9)关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as三、形容词（adj.）1.定义：形容词用于修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质和特征，在句中可作定语、表语、补语或状语。2.句法功能1) He lives in an old house.2) After a

5、long walk, I felt tired.3) He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.4) He found it easy to learn English.四、副词(adv.)1.定义：副词用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、句子，主要用作状语，少数与介词同形的副词还可作表语或补足语。注：副词有9种：时间，地点，方式，程度，疑问，连接，关系，频度和说明性副词。2.句法功能1) Its raining hard.2) This is a fairly useful tool.3) Perhaps he wi

6、ll telephone later.4) Is he up?5) She is out.6) Life here is full of joy.7) Ask him in, please.五、冠词(art.)1.定义：虚词，本身不能独立使用，一般出现在名词前，对名词加以限制。冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。定冠词the表特指，e.g. the man;不定冠词a(n)在名词前表泛指，e.g. a man。六、介词(prep)1.定义：介词又叫前置词，表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句子其他成分的关系。注：介词+宾语介词短语/介宾短语 n./pron./doing

7、/宾语从句等宾语一般是名词或与其功能相似的词或结构。2.句法功能1) The conference will be held on May 4th, in Beijing.2) The building at the end of the street is a hotel.3) The question is under discussion.4) We found the map quite out of date.5) To my surprise, they succeeded.七、连词(conj.)1.定义：连词是在词、短语、从句或句子之间起连接作用的词，是虚词，不单独作句子成分，按

8、其在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词两种。1）并列连词表词、短语、句子彼此之间具有并列关系, e.g. and, but, bothand, or, so等。2）从属连词表连接主句和从句的连词。e.g. I dont know whether he will go himself.八、动词(v.)1.定义：指表动作的词，还表状态和性质的词，有时态、语态和语气等的变化。2.功能：放在主语后充当谓语，称为谓语动词，充当其他句子成分时称为非谓语动词，此时有形式上的变化：doing, to do, done。3.分类：1）根据在句中的功能，可分为：实意动词（行为动词）系动词助动词情态动词2）根据其

9、后是否可直接跟宾语，可分为及物动词(vt.)不及物动词(vi.),有时同一个动词既可用作vt.，也可用作vi.。3）从是否延续来分，可分为延续性动词非延续性动词（短暂性动词）注：1）vt.不可单独使用，必须和其后的宾语一起使用，有被动语态。vi.后不能直接跟宾语，若跟宾语，必须借助于介词或其他词类；也可单独使用，无被动。2）系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后须跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。3）助动词协助主动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。它本身无词义，不可单独作谓语。基本动词有：be/do/have。4）情态动词有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和实意动词一起构成谓语。

10、青苔动词没有人称、数的变化，两个纯情态动词不能连用，但可以说：Ill have to句子及句子成分一、句子的定义句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或叹号。二、句子的种类和类型1.句子按其用途可分为四类1）陈述句，用以陈述事实。e.g. I dont care what she thinks.2)疑问句，用以提出问题。e.g. Your friend is a doctor, isnt he ? When do we meet again?3)祈使句，用以表示命令，请求等。e.g. Hav

11、e a good sleep and think it over.4）感叹句，用以表示各种强烈的感情。e.g. What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco!2.句子按其结构分为四种形式1）简单句，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。e.g. The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.2)并列句，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。 结构：分句+并列连词+分句 分句；分句（此结构中，分号相当于并列连词，且第二个分句的第一个字母不大写。）e.g. Cotton is falling in prices, and buyer

12、s hold off. Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.3)复合句，由主句和其他从句组成。结构：主句+从属连词-从句 从属连词-从句+主句注：分析主从句时，应先找出主句，再判断从句类型。e.g. He was an old man who wore thick glasses.4）并列复合句，即含有复合句的并列句。结构：主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+主句+从属连词+从句. 主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+分句.注：此句型中，并列连词起连接作用，连接前后复句或分句，因此应分别分析前后复句。翻译

13、：1) The ad. said the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.2) I ask a man who has a wife and 3 children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.三、句子成分（一）五种基本句型：1）主语+谓语2）主语+谓语+宾语3）主语+系动词+表语4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（二）句子成分：1.主语：是一个

14、句子所叙说的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。注：祈使句无主语，但隐含一个主语you,常表两人面对面说话，已知说话对象，所以无需加主语。找出下面句子的主语：1) Children grow very fast.2) Nobody knows who took the key.3) Three plus five equals eight.4) My brother gave me two books. The first was a novel.5) To see is to believe.6) Looking up all the words in the dictionary to

15、ok him a lot of time.7) The blind are well cared for in our country.8) How to do it well is an important question.9) What he said is quite true.10) That the sun rises in the east is common knowledge.注：一般情况下，主语在谓语前面，即自然语序（陈述句语序），还有一种倒装语序，即谓语在前，主语在其后。翻译：Hardly had they reached home when it began to sn

16、ow.2.谓语：谓语或谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词/情态动词/be+主要动词）构成。找出下面句子的谓语：1) What happened?2) The plane took off at 10 oclock.3) We were beaten by their team.4) You can do it if you try hard.3.表语：说明或表述主语的身份、特征和状态的，位置在连系动词之后。找出下列句子的表语：1) Africa is a big continent.2) My father became an army officer during

17、 the Anti-Japanese War.3) Oh, its you.4) Our teacher was satisfied with my work.5) Three times five is fifteen.6) She was the third to arrive.7) Our chief method is to learn English through practice.8) Their job is teaching English.9) The patient is out of danger.10) I must be off now.11) What surpr

18、ised us most was that he spoke Chinese so well.4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受着。宾语一般放在vt.或prep.之后。找出下列句子的宾语：1) He takes a cold bath every morning.2) All of us like him.3) Give me four.4) He began to learn English a year ago.5) Do you mind my opening the window?6) They teach the blind to read Braille.7) He did n

19、ot know what to say.8) I wonder if youd like to go with us.9) Before the sales started, I made a list of what my kids would need for the coming season.5.宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）在宾语的后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾语补足语。找出下列句子的宾补：1) We made him our monitor.2) I dont believe the story true.3) He found the meeting over

20、when he arrived there.4) You should put your things in order.5) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.6) We saw the pupils playing basketball.7) He tried to make himself understood.6.定语：用来修饰n.或pron.的成分是定语。单词作定语时常放在它所修饰的n.之前，但修饰复合代词（即nothing, anything, everything, something等）时，放在其后。短语和从句作定

21、语时，也放在被修饰的n.之后。找出下列句子的定语：1) We will build our motherland into a great modern socialist country.2) I have something important to tell you.3) There are few women workers in the factory.4) The oil workers here come from Daqing.5) We have got ten desks in the room.6) Yesterday the scientist made a repor

22、t on modern science.7) As he has a lot of work to do, he is often the last one to leave the office after work.8) This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.9) The girl playing the violin is Lis younger sister.10) The dormitory built last year is for post-graduate.7.同位语：在一个n.或pron.后面，对前面的性质或

23、情况作进一步说明，这样的词或结构叫做同位语。结构：n./pron.+同位语找出下面句子里的同位语：1) They girls may go there by bus.2) This is Miss Green, the new English teacher.3) We all wanted to see her.4) You three go and look for it in your room.5) You may leave this work to us two.6) We are facing the question whether he has known it.8.状语修饰v., adj., adv., 介词短语，从句或全句的成分是状语。修饰adj.的状语常放adj.之前，修饰v.的状语常放v.之后。但有些表频率的adv.(如often, always, usually等)作状语时，则放行为动词之前。找出下列句子的状语：1) He knows how to te