认知视角下英语体育新闻的概念隐喻分析

1、 认知视角下英语体育新闻的概念隐喻分析 An Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors on English Sports News Headlines from the Cognitive PerspectiveContents摘 要iAbstractiiI. Introduction11.1 object of the study1.2 importance of the study II. Literature Review22.1 The Definition 2.2 .1traditional view om metaphor 2.2.2cognitive v

2、iew on metaphor2.3 Previous research on conceptual metaphor in News headlines 2.3.1 Conceptual metaphor in News headlines 2.3.2 Conceptual metaphors in sports News headlinesIII. Metaphors in English Sports News Headlines4 3.1Structural Metaphor in English Sports News Headlines 3.1.1 War Metaphor 3.1

3、.2 Journey Metaphor 3.1.3 Natural phenomenon Metaphor 3.2 Orientational Metaphor in English sports news headline 3.2.1Up Metaphor 3.2.2 Down MetaphorIV.Conclusion 4.1 Findings 4.2 Limitations ReferencesAppendixAcknowledgment摘 要 体育新闻标题作为报刊体育新闻的窗户,起着重要的作用。而隐喻又时常用于体育新闻中。随着国际媒体业，英文报纸，尤其是体育报纸行业的快速发展。英语体育

4、报纸标题的重要性逐渐增大。本文是采用认知视角研究英语体育新闻标题的概念隐喻。本研究以2012年伦敦奥运会的英语体育新闻标题为研究对象，采用了三种不同的方法，对相关资料和书籍进行了研究，了解相关知识。阅读有关概念隐喻理论的书籍，了解概念隐喻的定义和如何研究。然后向相关老师进行咨询，搜集2012年伦敦奥运会的英语体育新闻标题，进行分类整理。进行数据分析。使读者对英语体育新闻标题得概念隐喻有更正确的认识和了解。能从认知角度解读英语体育新闻标题。关键词： 概念隐喻； 认知； 英语体育新闻； AbstractSports news headlines，as the Windows of the news

5、paper sports news, play an important role. And metaphor is often used in sports news. As the international media, English newspapers, especially the sports newspaper industry developed rapidly，English sports newspaper headlines are more important. This paper is to study English sports news headlines

6、 under the view of cognitive metaphor. This study uses the London 2012 Olympics English sports news headlines as the research object, adopted three different methods, studied the relevant information and books to understand related knowledge. Read books about conceptual metaphor theory, understand t

7、he definition of conceptual metaphor and how to study. Then I consult relevant teachers, collecting the London 2012 Olympics English sports news headlines, carries on the sorting and data analysis. Make readers of English sports news headlines about the conceptual metaphors have more correct knowled

8、ge and understanding and they can read English sports news headlines from the cognition Angle.Key word: Conceptual metaphor ; Cognitive ; English sports news 1.1 Objective of the StudyBoth in ancient and in modern times, people ave the interested in studying the metaphor, especially at the sports as

9、pects. As we all know, English sports news headlines play a important role to express the pint and of the news. But the headlines especially the sports headlines is very short. So many rhetorical devices are used in the headlines. In which the metaphor is often used. So this thesis gives a specific

10、interpretation of conceptual metaphors on English sports news headlines under the cognitive perspective. The thesis study on English sports news headlines of London Olympic Games from 2012. Therefore, the purposes for the thesis are as follows: according to the check the data. It is found that previ

11、ous studies of news headlines mostly pay much attention on the news of basketball, tennis, economy, etc. While, scholars seldom from 2012 to now talk about the London Olympic Games. Previous studies focus on analyzing the structure, function and constitution of English sports headlines; people seldo

12、m choose a cognitive perspective to study on conceptual metaphors on English sports news headlines, especially Olympic Games news headlines. So, my thesis aims to analyze news headlines of London Olympic Games. The thesis pay more attention to discuss different conceptual metaphors about the sport n

13、ews headlines.from the cognitive perspective and dont focused on the stylistic features and writing techniques. In this thesis many metaphors will be talked about. such as sports is war metaphor, sports is show metaphor, sports is journey metaphor, and sports is natural phenomenon metaphor.Thirdly,

14、the thesis conveys how conceptual metaphors play a significant role on English sports news headlines by analysis.1.2Importance of the Study Many meanings will be found through the thesis. both the theoretical meanings and the practical meanings. At the theoretical level, the thesis makes development

15、 and further advancement in conceptual metaphor theory. The universality of metaphorical thinking is proved on English sports news headlines. Besides, the thesis will find out a new perspective for the study of sports news headlines, that is the cognitive perspective, which will enriches the theory

16、of conceptual metaphor. The result of the thesis will bring a lot of benefits. It contributes a lot to language learning on English sports news. At the practical level, readers can gain a lot after reading the thesis with the tendency that a lot of people read English sports news every day and the n

17、umber is still increasing. The first one they get is that the result can help readers to grasp the rules of conceptual metaphors on English sports news headlines. As a result, readers can grasp the deeper meaning of the news, which means the readers totally know what the news talking about and get t

18、he points just with the newspaper headlines. The readers can save a lot of time to do other things. The second is that the thesis can help news editors write more attractive news headlines. when the editor get the way how to attractive the readers, they can use the means to write the better and more

19、 attracting headlines. The last one is that it has a positive effect on the news. when the editors grasp the relationship between the conceptual metaphor and the newspaper headlines, they can be succeed in expressing the positive aspects. when the readers focus on the positive, they will be more pos

20、itive to the world. II. Literature Review2.1 The Definition 2.1.1News headlines newspaper headline - the heading or caption of a newspaper article. This is the definition from the dictionary. News headline,as an eye of a newspaper, is discussed in the field of “mass communication” firstly. The term

21、“headline” embodies the same meaning; any line or collection of lines typed larger that precedes a story, introducing or summarizing the content of the news. There are also different ideas about the understanding of the word. Defleur once pointed out three essential elements in mass communication: “

22、a sender formulates message and moves or records it via media; a medium is a device to move information transcending time or space constraints; a receiver is an individual to whom the message is directed.” On the other hand, Ingrid Mardh consumed much time and energy on the headlines from a range of

23、 English newspapers in 1980. And she identified many typical linguistic features such as “the omission of articles, verbs, auxiliaries and both verb and subject, initializations, adverbial headlines, etc” In short, news headline plays a significant role to attract the eyes of the readers and is a le

24、ading part of a piece of news, and people intend to analyze structures, component and features of news headlines in detail.2.2.2 Conceptual metaphorA metaphor is a figure of speech in which something is described by stating another thing with which it can be compared without using the words“as or“li

25、ke By knowing one of them well，the readers will understand what the reporter really states in news storyIn cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another. An example of this is the understanding of

26、 quantity in terms of directionality (e.g. the prices are rising).A conceptual domain can be any coherent organization of human experience. The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, which often appear to be perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping

27、 between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings in the brain 2.2 Previous research on Metaphor 2.2.1Traditional view on metaphor Traditionally, metaphor is considered as part of figures of speech, being used mainly in poetry. It is saying one thing in terms of something else. Robert Frost

28、 has said, “Poetry provides the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another.” Words do have their literal meaning, but they can also be used so that something other than the literal meaning is implied.The study of metaphor was originated from Aristotle, who has given metaphor a primi

29、tive definition in Poetics. In the traditional studies of linguistics, metaphor is considered as a rhetoric device and a language routine violation and deviation. From 1930s to 1970s, metaphor scholars began to pay close attention to the semantic and pragmatic problems. With the development of the c

30、ognitive science, the theory of conceptual metaphor was first put forward by Lakoff and Johnson in the 1980s. From his book Metaphors We Live By, proposing “metaphor is not only taken as a rhetoric device, but also as a way of thinking.” He said in his book: “70% of English daily language throbbed w

31、ith metaphor. It exits in our daily life.”Traditionally, metaphor is treated as part of figurative language such as simile. It is viewed as a characteristic of language alone. Philosophers like language to be literal.Some scholars have thought that metaphor is simply a matter of bringing out similar

32、ities between things and states of affairs. 2.2.2 Cognitive view on metaphor Cognitive linguists view metaphor as important and not marginal at all, emphasizing the construal of meanings and our embodied understanding of the situation. Shu Dingfang emphasized on cognitive functions of metaphor in he

33、r book Studies in Metaphor (2000). Cognitive Metaphor Study (2004), which was written by Hu Zhuanglin, introduces the essence of metaphor in detail. Lan Chun made a detailed analysis of cognitive science and metaphor study, especially from the cognitive perspective. Wang Yan made a research on metap

34、horical cognition in his book Cognitive Linguistics (2007).2.3 Previous research on Conceptual Metaphors in News Headlines 2.3.1 Conceptual Metaphors in News Headlines A lot more evidence of conceptual metaphor and metonymy can be found in headlines in newspapers. A good news headline presents the m

35、ain ideas of the text efficiently to the readers. Also, it has to be interesting to attract readers attention. Metaphor no doubt plays an important role in the headlines. In other words, conceptual metaphors are implemented to present main ideas efficiently and attract readers attention. 2.3.2 Conce

36、ptual Metaphors in Sports News Headlines The conceptual metaphors is one of the metaphor theory and is widely used in sports news headlines. there are some examples about the sports news headlines.Metaphor in the different wordExample from 2012 London olympics gameVerb 1. Burnedout Phelps Fizzles in

37、 the Water against Lochte (The Washington Post，07282012)2. Italy Sweeps WomenS Individual Foil Medals(The Washington Post，07292012)3. USGrabs Silver in Team Competition(The Washington Post07292012)4. Americans Crush Olympic Newcomer Angola(The Washington Post，07312012)Noun 5. At Paralympic Games，a L

38、esson in a Loss(The New York Times，09042012)6.Michael Phelps and Ye Shiwen in Medal Hunt-as it Happened(Th e Guardian，073 12012)7. USWithstands Late Push from Montenegro(The Washington Post，07302012)8. For Chinese Swimmer,Same Result(The New York Times，07312012)Others 9. USBoxers Off to Strong Start

39、s(Th e Washington Post，07292012)10. Ye Shiwen Shrugs of Suspicions to Set Olympic Record(Th e Guardian，O7302012)11. Farewell Michael Phelps，the Olympian beyond Comparison (The Guardian，08042012) 2012 London olympics gameThe “fizzle” means fail in the table example 1. The original idea of fizzle is t

40、o end weakly. In the sport news headlines, the verb fizzle is succeed in expressing the process of fail and use the metaphor of the word to describe the result that Phelps still lose even trying his best. The verbs “sweep”,“grab”,“crush” all mean win. Those words have the similarity with the word wi

41、n. So they can used in the headlines and have the same meaning with different forms.3. Metaphors in English Sports News Headlines3.1 Structural Metaphor in English Sports News Headlines Metaphor is a pervasive and important phenomenon, both in literature and in ordinary language. It is also an immen

42、sely variable phenomenon. The term metaphor is often used to refer to nonliteral comparisons that are novel and vivid and that convey ideas that might otherwise be difficult to express (Ortony, 1975). But the term has also been used to refer to systems of extended meanings that are so familiar as to

43、 be almostinvisible, such as the spatial metaphors soaring spirits or falling GNP (Lakoff & Johnson, 1979; Nagy,1974).3.1.1 War Metaphor The use of war as metaphor is a longstanding literary and rhetorical trope. In political usage, war metaphors are used to manage a perceived societal problem, with

44、 the concept taking the place of an individual or state enemy in true war. James Childress describes the use of war as a metaphor as a dilemma: In debating social policy through the language of war, we often forget the moral reality of war.In the sports game, people will talk it as a war. In the war

45、, someone will win and someone will lose. Just like the gamble, someone loses and someone wins. The origin of the olympics games is the war between the Sparta and Elis. There ae many similarities existing in sports game and war. They both have two sides. There is a commander in an war while there is

46、 a coach in a sport game. They both command others to win. No matter the war or the sport game, they have the beginning, development, climax and the ending. There is no wonder a lot of war metaphor in the sports news headlines for those similarity. There are several examples.(1). Italy Sweeps WomenS

47、 Individual Foil Medals(The Washington Post，07292012)(2). USGrabs Silver in Team Competition(The Washington Post07292012)(3). Americans Crush Olympic Newcomer Angola(The Washington Post，07312012)The above news headlines indicate that sports is drastic game just like war. Athletes in a sports team is

48、 just like the soldiers in a war. They try their best to beat up their opponents to win the game. “Sweeps”,”grabs”,”crush” those three words directly describe the cruelty of the game just like a war where there have defeat and win. Two different fields closely linked. Those words could be used not o

49、nly in describing the intense atmosphere of the confrontation but also in giving a description of the result.3.1.2 Journey Metaphor Journey metaphor means the process is just like a journey, which has the begin the top and the end. They have the similarity in a certain aspects. In the process, the c

50、ourse of a sports competition is the route of a journey and athletes are travelers. A traveler has his own plan about his route and destination and athlete in a sports team also has the right to decide where to go. There are wonderful thing in the sports game ,for example,goaling. Of course, there m

51、ust be the unhappy thing-lose. In the journey. There are the good and bad things. For instance, beautiful scenery and lose away. There is an example,“Farewell Michael Phelps，the Olympian beyond Comparison (The Guardian，08042012)”. Beyond describes the uncomparative succeed. It also mean it beyond th

52、e journey or the route.3.1.3 Natural phenomenon MetaphorJust like the war metaphor and the show metaphor, natural phenomenon metaphor use the natural phenomenon to metaphor the target and use the similarity between the natural phenomenon and the target to express the meaning. Our daily lives and phy

53、sical conditions are directly affect by weather. When the natural phenomenon and the sports development combined together, it will be found that so many similarities between them. 3.2 Orientational Metaphor in English sports news headline Orientational metaphor “Organizes a whole system of concept w

54、ith respect to one another”.(lakoff and johnson, 2003:14) Orientational metaphor is also called specialization metaphor, because it mainly conceptualizes spatial orientations such as up-down, good-bad metaphor.3.2.1 Up Metaphor Up metaphor means some words standing for the good meanings even used in

55、 other fields. Such as “For the black bat, night, has flown (Tennyson)”.the voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses (Cummings). they are the good metaphor. It expresses the good aspects and meanings. That is to say that what is good for a person are all up. 3.2.2 Down Metaphor Down metaphor mean

56、s people use some ugly or bad meanings of word to discribe someone or an action. For instance, “She allowed life to waste like a tap left running (Virginia Wolfe).”and “For the black bat, night, has flown (Tennyson)”. They stand for bad phenomenon and bad symbol. Those that may lead to bad influence are down.4. Conclusion 4.1 Findings(1) there are many conceptual metaphor being found, it proves that the universality of met